In homeopathy, we have an important class of drugs called sarcodes derived from animal tissues. From scientific point of view, we have to understand them in terms of the biological ligands they contain. When these sarcodes are potentized, Molecular Imprints of their constituent biological ligands are produced. These molecular imprints play a crucial role as therapeutic agents in homeopathy.
Bio-molecular interactions are fundamental to all biological processes in the living system, they and occur through the binding of biological molecules with their natural ligands. These include cellular and intercellular receptors, enzymes, and transport molecules. For these interactions to initiate, natural ligands must bind to specific binding or active sites on biological molecules. Pathogenic molecules, which mimic these natural ligands, can bind to these sites, leading to molecular inhibition and pathology.
Molecular Imprints of natural ligands act as artificial binding sites for these pathogenic molecules, preventing them from causing harm. Thus, molecular imprints of natural ligands, or potentized sarcodes, serve as powerful therapeutic agents.
Two critical questions arise when considering sarcodes from the Molecular Imprint Theory (MIT) perspective:
1. How can sarcodes, as natural biological ligands, become pathogenic agents requiring intervention by their own potentized forms?
2. Will the potentized forms of sarcodes negatively affect their physiological functions, given that potentized drugs can antidote the effects of the same drugs in their crude forms?
Pituitary hormones, essential for metabolism and enzyme control, are termed the ‘master gland.’ How can they act as pathogenic agents needing potentized pituitary extract intervention Additionally, will using potentized pitutrin as a sarcode disrupt endocrine activities mediated by pituitary hormones?
Pepsin, crucial for protein digestion, raises concerns about whether administering pepsinum 30 could deactivate pepsin molecules and hinder digestion. If it does not antidote pepsin, how can it act therapeutically?
Thyroid hormones are vital for metabolic activities. How can they become pathogenic agents requiring potentized thyroidinum? Will potentized thyroidinum hinder biological processes mediated by thyroid hormones?
To answer these questions, understanding the dynamics of molecular processes in biochemical interactions is crucial. Biological molecules, particularly hormones, signaling molecules (cytokines), neurochemicals, antibodies, and enzymes, engage in two types of interactions:
1. On-Target Interactions: These occur between natural ligands and their genuine biological targets, essential for unhindered biochemical pathways. These interactions involve, molecular identification and binding through complementary conformational affinity, and actual chemical interaction through perfect charge affinity.
2. Off-Target Interactions: These are accidental interactions between ligands and incorrect targets with conformational affinity only. Lacking exact charge affinity, these are inhibitory and can deactivate involved biological molecules, leading to pathological states.
Off-target inhibitions caused by biological molecules can result in a range of pathological conditions. Potentized sarcodes, containing molecular imprints of these molecules, can remove these inhibitions and act as therapeutic agents. This is where the therapeutic importance of molecular imprinted sarcodes in homeopathy lies.
Molecular Imprints in potentized sarcodes do not interfere with the interactions between natural ligands and their genuine targets because these involve both conformational and charge affinity. Since molecular imprints act only through conformational affinity, they can interfere only in inhibitory off-target interactions. Consequently, potentized sarcodes like thyroidinum 30 or pitutrin 30 will not disrupt essential biochemical processes mediated by their respective hormones. This principle applies to all potentized sarcodes, ensuring their safety and efficacy when used above 12c potency.
Sarcodes or potentized biological ligands play a significant role in treating various diseases, including those related to metabolic, emotional, psychosomatic, and ontological factors. They can also be part of constitutional prescriptions. Pathogenic molecules cause diseases by mimicking natural ligands and inhibiting biological targets. Molecular Imprints of biological ligands can bind and deactivate these pathogenic molecules, making them vital in homeopathic therapeutics.
Since pathogenic molecules produce molecular inhibitions and diseases by competitively binding to natural targets of biological ligands, molecular imprints of biological ligands can act as artificial binding pockets for the pathogenic molecules. This is the biological mechanism by which potentized sarcodes or molecular imprinted biological ligands work as powerful therapeutic agents.
Here is an exhaustive list of important biological Ligands, their functional groups , molecular targets, biological roles and competing drugs. By preparing molecular imprints of these biological ligands as well as their competing drugs, through the process of potentization, and incorporating them into our therapeutic arsenal, homeopathy will be raised into a new level of its advancement.
1. Ligand: Acetylcholine
Functional groups: Ester (acetyl + choline)
Molecular Targets: Acetylcholine receptors
Biological Roles: Neurotransmitter in CNS and PNS
Competing drugs: Atropine, scopolamine
2. Ligand: Adrenaline
Functional groups: Catechol, amine
Molecular Targets: Adrenergic receptors
Biological Roles: Fight-or-flight response
Competing drugs: Propranolol, metoprolol
3. Ligand: Estrogen
Functional groups: Phenolic, hydroxyl, ketone
Molecular Targets: Estrogen receptor
Biological Roles: Regulation of reproductive system
Competing drugs: Tamoxifen, raloxifene
4. Ligand: Glucose
Functional groups: Aldehyde, hydroxyl
Molecular Targets: Glucose transporters
Biological Roles: Primary energy source
Competing drugs: Phlorizin
5. Ligand: Cortisol
Functional groups: Ketone, hydroxyl
Molecular Targets: Glucocorticoid receptor
Biological Roles: Stress response, metabolism regulation Competing drugs: Mifepristone
6. Ligand: Insulin
Functional groups: Peptide (amino acids)
Molecular Targets: Insulin receptor
Biological Roles: Regulation of glucose uptake
Competing drugs: Synthetic insulins (e.g., lispro, aspart)
7. Ligand: Nitric oxide
Functional groups: Nitric oxide (NO)
Molecular Targets: Guanylate cyclase
Biological Roles: Vasodilation, neurotransmission
Competing drugs: Sildenafil, tadalafil
8. Ligand: Dopamine
Functional groups: Catechol, amine
Molecular Targets: Dopamine receptors
Biological Roles: Reward, pleasure, motor function
Competing drugs: Haloperidol, chlorpromazine
9. Ligand: Retinoic acid
Functional groups: Carboxylic acid
Molecular Targets: Retinoic acid receptors
Biological Roles: Cell differentiation and growth
Competing drugs: Bexarotene, tretinoin
10. Ligand: Vitamin D
Functional groups: Hydroxyl, secosteroid
Molecular Targets: Vitamin D receptor
Biological Roles: Calcium homeostasis, bone remodeling Competing drugs: Calcipotriene
11. Ligand: Serotonin,
Functional groups: Amino, indole,
Molecular Targets: Serotonin receptors,
Biological Roles: Mood regulation, digestion, sleep,
Competing drugs: Ondansetron, fluoxetine
12. Ligand: GABA,
Functional groups: Amino, carboxylic acid,
Molecular Targets: GABA receptors,
Biological Roles: Inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS,
Competing drugs: Benzodiazepines, barbiturates
13. Ligand: Testosterone,
Functional groups: Keto, hydroxyl,
Molecular Targets: Androgen receptor,
Biological Roles: Male sexual development, muscle growth,
Competing drugs: Flutamide, bicalutamide
14. Ligand: (T4),
Functional groups: Amino, iodine, phenolic,
Molecular Targets: Thyroid hormone receptor
Biological Roles: Metabolism regulation, growth and development,
Competing drugs: Levothyroxine (synthetic T4)
15. Ligand: Folic acid,
Functional groups: Pteridine, glutamate, para-aminobenzoic acid,
Molecular Targets: Dihydrofolate reductase,
Biological Roles: DNA synthesis, cell division,
Competing drugs: Methotrexate
16. Ligand: Oxytocin,
Functional groups: Peptide (amino acids),
Molecular Targets: Oxytocin receptor,
Biological Roles: Social bonding, childbirth, lactation,
Competing drugs: Atosiban
17. Ligand: Leptin,
Functional groups: Peptide (amino acids),
Molecular Targets: Leptin receptor,
Biological Roles: Appetite regulation, energy expenditure,
Competing drugs: Synthetic leptin analogs
18. Ligand: Norepinephrine,
Functional groups: Catechol, amine,
Molecular Targets: Adrenergic receptors,
Biological Roles: Attention, stress response, heart rate control,
Competing drugs: Phenoxybenzamine, prazosin
19. Ligand: Progesterone,
Functional groups: Keto, hydroxyl,
Molecular Targets: Progesterone receptor,
Biological Roles: Menstrual cycle, pregnancy maintenance,
Competing drugs: Mifepristone, ulipristal acetate
20. Ligand: Histamine,
Functional groups: Imidazole, amine,
Molecular Targets: Histamine receptors,
Biological Roles: Immune response, gastric secretion, sleep,
Cetirizine, ranitidine
21. Ligand: Melatonin, Functional groups: Amino, acetyl, Molecular Targets: methoxy,Melatonin receptors, Biological Roles: Sleep-wake cycle regulation, Competing drugs: Ramelteon, agomelatine
22. Ligand: Aldosterone, Functional groups: Keto, aldehyde, Molecular Targets: Mineralocorticoid receptor, Biological Roles: Electrolyte and water balance, Competing drugs: Spironolactone, eplerenone
23. Ligand: Epinephrine, Functional groups: Catechol, amine, Molecular Targets: Adrenergic receptors Biological Roles: Cardiovascular control, anaphylaxis response, Competing drugs: Epinephrine antagonists
24. Ligand: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Functional groups: Glycoprotein, Molecular Targets: TSH receptor, Biological Roles: Thyroid gland stimulation, Competing drugs: Recombinant TSH (Thyrotropin)
25. Ligand: Calcitonin, Functional groups: Peptide (amino acids), Molecular Targets: Calcitonin receptor, Biological Roles: Bone resorption and calcium homeostasis, Competing drugs: Calcitonin-salmon
26. Ligand: Endorphins,
Functional groups: Peptide (amino acids),
Molecular Targets: Opioid receptors,
Biological Roles: Pain relief, pleasure sensation,
Competing drugs: Naloxone, naltrexone
27. Ligand: Angiotensin II,
Functional groups: Peptide (amino acids),
Molecular Targets: Angiotensin II receptors,
Biological Roles: Blood pressure regulation, fluid balance,
Competing drugs: Losartan, valsartan
28. Ligand: Bradykinin,
Functional groups: Peptide (amino acids),
Molecular Targets: Bradykinin receptors,
Biological Roles: Inflammatory response, vasodilation,
Competing drugs: Icatibant, bradykinin antagonists
29. Ligand: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP),
Functional groups: Peptide (amino acids),
Molecular Targets: ANP receptors,
Biological Roles: Sodium excretion, lowers blood pressure,
Competing drugs: Nesiritide (synthetic ANP)
30. Ligand: Substance P, Functional groups: Peptide (amino acids), Molecular Targets: Neurokinin receptors, Biological Roles: Pain transmission, stress response, Competing drugs: Aprepitant, fosaprepitant
31. Ligand: Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: IGF-1 receptor,
Biological Roles: Growth and development,
Competing drugs: Mecasermin
32. Ligand: Somatostatin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Somatostatin receptors,
Biological Roles: Inhibit growth hormone release,
Competing drugs: Octreotide
33. Ligand: Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) – Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: CRH receptor,
Biological Roles: Stress response,
Competing drugs: Antalarmin
34. Ligand: Gastrin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Gastrin/CCK-B receptor,
Biological Roles: Stimulates gastric acid secretion,
Competing drugs: Proglumide
35. Ligand: Cholecystokinin (CCK) –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: CCK receptors,
Biological Roles: Digestive enzyme secretion, gastrointestinal motility,
Competing drugs: Devazepide
36. Ligand: Secretin – ml
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Secretin receptor,
Biological Roles: Regulates water homeostasis and bicarbonate secretion,
Secretin (synthetic)
37. Ligand: Ghrelin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Growth hormone secretagogue receptor, Stimulates appetite, Biological Roles: Growth hormone release, Competing drugs: Netazepide
38. Ligand: Vasopressin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Vasopressin receptors,
Biological Roles: Water retention, vasoconstriction,
Competing drugs: Conivaptan
39. Ligand: Orexin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Orexin receptors,
Biological Roles: Regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite, Competing drugs: Suvorexant
40. Ligand: Prolactin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Prolactin receptor, Biological Roles: Lactation, Competing drugs: Bromocriptine
41. Ligand: Thrombopoietin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: MPL receptor,
Biological Roles: Platelet production,
Competing drugs: Eltrombopag
42. Ligand: Erythropoietin (EPO) –
Functional groups: Glycoprotein:
Molecular Targets: EPO receptor,
Biological Roles: Red blood cell production,
Competing drugs: Epoetin alfa
43. Ligand: Glucagon –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Glucagon receptor,
Biological Roles: Raises blood glucose levels,
Competing drugs: Glucagon (synthetic)
44. Ligand: Growth Hormone (GH) –
Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: Growth hormone receptor,
Biological Roles: Growth promotion,
Competing drugs: Somatropin
45. Ligand: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: PTH receptor,
Biological Roles: Calcium and phosphate metabolism,
Competing drugs: Teriparatide
46. Ligand: Calcitriol (Vitamin D3) –
Functional groups: Secosteroid:
Molecular Targets: Vitamin D receptor,
Biological Roles: Calcium absorption,
Calcitriol (synthetic)
47. Ligand: Triiodothyronine (T3) –
Functional groups: Amino acid derivative:
Molecular Targets: Thyroid hormone receptor,
Biological Roles: Metabolic regulation,
Competing drugs: Liothyronine
48. Ligand: Neurotensin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Neurotensin receptors,
Biological Roles: Pain modulation, gastrointestinal function,
Competing drugs: SR 48692
49. Ligand: Motilin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Motilin receptor,
Biological Roles: Gastric motility,
Competing drugs: Erythromycin
50. Ligand: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) –
Functional groups: Glycoprotein:
Molecular Targets: LH receptor,
Biological Roles: Regulates reproductive system,
Competing drugs: Lutropin alfa
51. Ligand: Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) –
Functional groups: Glycoprotein:
Molecular Targets: FSH receptor,
Biological Roles: Reproductive system regulation,
Competing drugs: Follitropin alfa/beta
52. Ligand: Vasopressin (ADH) –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: V1a and V2 receptors,
Biological Roles: Water retention, blood pressure regulation,
Competing drugs: Desmopressin
53. Ligand: Bile Acids –
Functional groups: Steroids:
Molecular Targets: FXR receptor,
Biological Roles: Fat digestion and cholesterol regulation, Competing drugs:
54. Ligand: Amylin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Amylin receptor,
Biological Roles: Modulates gastric emptying, glucagon secretion, Competing drugs: Pramlintide
55. Ligand: Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: GLP-1 receptor,
Biological Roles: Enhances insulin secretion,
Competing drugs: Exenatide, Liraglutide
56. Ligand: Catestatin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,
Biological Roles: Modulates cardiovascular function,
Competing drugs: No direct drugs but related to nicotinic antagonists.
57. Ligand: Angiotensin I –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Converted to Angiotensin II by ACE,
Biological Roles: Precursor to active peptide,
Competing drugs: ACE inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril).
58. Ligand: Endothelin-1 –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Endothelin receptors,
Biological Roles: Vasoconstriction,
Competing drugs: Bosentan, Ambrisentan.
59. Ligand: Renin –
Functional groups: Aspartic protease:
Molecular Targets: Renin receptors,
Biological Roles: Regulates blood pressure via RAAS,
Competing drugs: Aliskiren.
60. Ligand: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) –
Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: IL-1 receptors,
Biological Roles: Immune response modulation,
Competing drugs: Anakinra.
61. Ligand: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) –
Functional groups: Glycoprotein: Molecular Targets: IL-6 receptor,
Biological Roles: Inflammatory and immune response,
Competing drugs: Tocilizumab.
62. Ligand: Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) –
Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: TNF receptors,
Biological Roles: Regulation of immune cells,
Competing drugs: Infliximab.
63. Ligand: Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) – Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: TGF-β receptors,
Biological Roles: Cell growth and differentiation,
Competing drugs: Galunisertib.
64. Ligand: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) – Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: VEGF receptors,
Biological Roles: Angiogenesis,
Competing drugs: Bevacizumab.
65. Ligand: Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) –
Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: IFN-γ receptors,
Biological Roles: Immune response against pathogens,
Competing drugs: direct competing drugs; used as therapeutic itself.
66. Ligand: Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) –
Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: IFN-α receptors,
Biological Roles: Antiviral responses,
Competing drugs: Peginterferon alfa-2a.
67. Ligand: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) – Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: TrkB receptor,
Biological Roles: Neuronal survival and growth,
Competing drugs: No direct competing drugs; research focus.
68. Ligand: Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) –
Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: FGF receptors,
Biological Roles: Tissue repair, cell growth,
Competing drugs: Dovitinib.
69. Ligand: Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) –
Functional groups: Eicosanoid:
Molecular Targets: LTB4 receptor,
Biological Roles: Inflammatory response,
Competing drugs: Montelukast.
70. Ligand: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) –
Functional groups: Eicosanoid:
Molecular Targets: Prostaglandin receptors,
Biological Roles: Inflammation and pain,
Competing drugs: NSAIDs like Ibuprofen.
71. Ligand: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) –
Functional groups: Lipid:
Molecular Targets: S1P receptors,
Biological Roles: Immune cell trafficking,
Competing drugs: Fingolimod.
72. Ligand: Corticotropin (ACTH) –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Melanocortin receptors,
Biological Roles: Stimulates cortisol production,
Competing drugs: No direct competitors; synthetic ACTH used for diagnostic.
73. Ligand: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: NPY receptors,
Biological Roles: Appetite regulation, stress response,
Competing drugs: No direct competing drugs; research focus.
74. Ligand: Somatocrinin (GHRH) –
Functional groups: Peptide: Molecular Targets: GHRH receptors, Biological Roles: Stimulates GH release, Competing drugs: Sermorelin.
75. Ligand: Kisspeptin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: Kisspeptin receptor,
Biological Roles: Regulates hormone secretion related to reproduction,
Competing drugs: No direct competing drugs; research focus.
76. Ligand: Relaxin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: RXFP1 receptor,
Biological Roles: Pregnancy-related changes in tissues,
Competing drugs: No widely used competing drugs.
77. Ligand: Adiponectin –
Functional groups: Protein:
Molecular Targets: AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 receptors,
Biological Roles: Glucose regulation and fatty acid breakdown,
Competing drugs: No direct competing drugs; research focus.
78. Ligand: Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: GIP receptors,
Biological Roles: Inhibits gastric acid secretion, enhances insulin release,
Competing drugs: No direct competing drugs; research on GLP-1 analogues overlaps.
79. Ligand: Urocortin –
Functional groups: Peptide:
Molecular Targets: CRF receptors,
Biological Roles: Stress response,
Competing drugs: No direct competing drugs; research focus.
80. Ligand: Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) –
Functional groups: Enzyme:
Molecular Targets: Tissue matrix Biological Roles: Tissue remodeling, Cancer metastasis,
Competing drugs: Marimastat.
REDEFINING HOMEOPATHY 
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