REDEFINING HOMEOPATHY

Tag: homeopathy

  • AN OVERVIEW OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NIPAH VIRUS INFECTION

    Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic pathogen, first identified in Malaysia in 1998. It is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Henipavirus. NiV infections cause severe respiratory and neurological diseases in both humans and animals. Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural hosts of NiV.

    Human-to-human transmission has been documented, with transmission through direct contact with infected bats, pigs, or people.

    Incubation period is typically 4-14 days, with some cases reported up to 45 days.

    Early Symptoms are Fever, Headache, Myalgia, Sore throat, Vomiting etc. Severe Symptoms include Acute respiratory distress, Encephalitis, Seizures , Altered mental status and Coma

    NiV has a complex pathophysiology involving multiple organ systems. The virus can enter through respiratory routes or through consumption of contaminated food (e.g., date palm sap). Primary Replication Sites are epithelial cells in the respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract. Virus spreads to regional lymph nodes and then to the bloodstream (viremia).

    Nipah virus (NiV) encodes two key glycoproteins critical for its entry and pathogenesis: the fusion (F) glycoprotein and the attachment (G) glycoprotein. These glycoproteins play essential roles in viral attachment to host cells, fusion of the viral and cellular membranes, and subsequent entry of the viral genome into the host cell.

    Attachment Glycoprotein (G) is a type II transmembrane protein. It mediates attachment of the virus to the host cell receptors. The primary receptors for NiV G glycoprotein are ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3. Binding of the G glycoprotein to ephrin-B2/B3 receptors triggers conformational changes that activate the F glycoprotein, facilitating membrane fusion. The interaction between G glycoprotein and ephrin-B2/B3 is critical for the virus’s ability to infect endothelial and neuronal cells, leading to the characteristic vascular and neurological manifestations of NiV infection.

    Fusion Glycoprotein (F) is a class I viral fusion protein, synthesized as a precursor (F0) that is cleaved into two subunits, F1 and F2, linked by a disulfide bond. The F glycoprotein facilitates the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane, allowing entry of the viral RNA into the host cell cytoplasm. After the G glycoprotein binds to the host cell receptor, the F glycoprotein undergoes a series of conformational changes, resulting in the insertion of the fusion peptide into the host cell membrane and subsequent fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. The F glycoprotein’s fusion activity is essential for viral entry and cell-to-cell spread, contributing to the formation of multinucleated giant cells (syncytia), a hallmark of NiV infection in tissue cultures.

    The ability of NiV G and F glycoproteins to mediate entry into endothelial cells is a key factor in the virus’s capacity to cause vasculitis and widespread vascular damage. The affinity of NiV glycoproteins for ephrin-B2/B3 receptors, which are highly expressed in the central nervous system, underpins the virus’s neurotropism and resultant encephalitis. Glycosylation of the G and F glycoproteins may aid in evading host immune responses by masking critical epitopes from neutralizing antibodies.

    Targeting the G and F glycoproteins with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies has shown promise in preclinical studies. These antibodies can block the interaction of the G glycoprotein with its receptors or inhibit the fusogenic activity of the F glycoprotein. Glycoproteins are key antigens in the development of NiV vaccines. Subunit vaccines incorporating the G and/or F glycoproteins have demonstrated protective efficacy in animal models.

    NiV glycoproteins are critical determinants of the virus’s pathogenicity and host range. Understanding their structure, function, and interaction with host receptors provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of NiV infection and pathogenesis, and informs the development of targeted therapies and vaccines.

    NiV targets endothelial cells, leading to widespread vasculitis. Infection spreads to small blood vessels in the brain, lung, kidney, and other organs, causing thrombosis and hemorrhage. Through infected endothelial cells, the virus disseminates to various organs.

    NiV can cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to encephalitis. Brain involvement causes inflammation, necrosis, and vasculitis in the brain. Affected areas include the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex. Neurological manifestations include confusion, disorientation, drowsiness, and seizures.

    Infection can cause severe respiratory symptoms, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). NiV infects epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, causing necrosis and hemorrhage in lung tissues.

    Diagnostic Methods include RT-PCR for detection of viral RNA from throat/nasal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, or blood, serological tests for detection of IgM and IgG antibodies, Virus Isolation from clinical samples in specialized labs and MRI/CT Scans to detect brain involvement and assess encephalitis.

    Mainstay of treatment includes intensive supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation and management of seizures. Even though with limited evidence, ribavirin has been used in some cases. Experimental therapies involving monoclonal antibodies (e.g., m102.4) are under investigation.

    Prevention and Control includes surveillance of animal populations, especially fruit bats and pigs, and quarantine and culling of infected animals.

    Use of protective equipment by healthcare workers, Isolation of infected patients and Community awareness and education are also important.

    Research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines for NiV.

    Nipah fever is a severe, often fatal zoonotic infection with significant public health implications. Early detection, supportive care, and stringent preventive measures are crucial to managing outbreaks. Understanding the pathophysiology is essential for developing targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes.

    MIT HOMEOPATHY requests scientific community to take up serious research for development of molecular imprints of nipah viral glycoproteins, to be used for prevention and treatment of nipah virus infection. These molecular imprints can act as artificial binding pockets for nipah glycoproteins, thereby preventing their pathological interactions with biological molecules. Molecular imprints of nipah glycoproteins will be 100% safe to use, as they will not contain molecular forms of the viral material.

  • THE CURRENT STATUS OF HOMEOPATHY IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES

    Homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine founded by Samuel Hahnemann in the late 18th century, has long been a subject of debate within the medical community. Despite its controversial nature, homeopathy continues to be practiced and regulated in various ways across different countries. This article explores the current status of homeopathy in several countries around the world, highlighting its acceptance, regulation, and public perception, as well as insights into the homeopathy drug market.

    GERMANY

    Homeopathy in Germany, the birthplace of this alternative medicine practice, holds a significant place in the country’s healthcare landscape. It enjoys widespread acceptance, robust regulatory frameworks, and integration into both public and private healthcare systems.

    Homeopathy is highly accepted in Germany and is integrated into the healthcare system. Many Germans use homeopathic treatments for various health conditions, from chronic illnesses to acute ailments. Homeopathy is often sought as a complementary approach to conventional medicine, valued for its holistic and gentle treatment methods.

    Homeopathy in Germany is regulated by stringent laws and standards to ensure safety and efficacy. The Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) oversees the regulation of homeopathic medicines. Homeopathic products must meet specific criteria for safety, quality, and efficacy to be approved for sale.

    Homeopathic education in Germany is rigorous and comprehensive. Medical doctors can pursue specialized training in homeopathy after completing their medical degrees. The German Central Association of Homeopathic Doctors (DZVhÄ) provides certification and continuing education programs for homeopathic practitioners. Additionally, non-medical practitioners (Heilpraktiker) can also study homeopathy through accredited programs and must pass a state examination to practice legally.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Germany is generally positive. Many Germans trust homeopathic treatments for their perceived efficacy, minimal side effects, and holistic approach. Homeopathy is particularly popular for treating chronic conditions, allergies, and pediatric ailments. Despite this broad acceptance, there is also a segment of the population and medical community that remains skeptical of homeopathy’s scientific basis.

    The German government supports homeopathy through its regulatory frameworks and by allowing its practice within the healthcare system. Homeopathic treatments are covered by some public health insurance plans, particularly if administered by a licensed medical doctor. This support helps to ensure that homeopathic treatments are accessible to a broad segment of the population.

    The homeopathy drug market in Germany is well-developed and includes both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers. Germany is home to some of the leading homeopathic pharmaceutical companies in the world, such as DHU (Deutsche Homöopathie-Union), Hevert-Arzneimittel, and Weleda. These companies adhere to strict quality control measures and produce a wide variety of homeopathic remedies to meet local and international demand. In addition to domestic production, Germany imports homeopathic medicines from other countries with established homeopathic industries. These imported products provide German consumers with access to a broad range of high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in Germany through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, health food stores, and online platforms. The accessibility and affordability of these treatments contribute to their popularity among the German population.

    Germany is a hub for homeopathic research and development. Various institutions and organizations conduct studies to explore the efficacy and applications of homeopathic treatments. The Karl and Veronica Carstens Foundation, for example, supports scientific research into complementary and alternative medicine, including homeopathy. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations further support the development of evidence-based homeopathy in Germany.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards and quality control across the country is challenging. Ongoing efforts aim to harmonize regulations and ensure uniform quality and safety standards for homeopathic medicines and practices.

    Homeopathy in Germany is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment, supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and government backing. The extensive educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and regulatory issues, homeopathy continues to thrive in Germany, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating traditional and alternative medicine into its healthcare system.

    FRANCE

    Homeopathy in France has a long and established history and remains a widely accepted form of alternative medicine. It enjoys significant public support and is integrated into the healthcare system.

    Homeopathy is highly accepted in France and is used by a substantial portion of the population. It is integrated into the healthcare system, and many French people use homeopathic treatments for a variety of health conditions, ranging from chronic diseases to acute ailments. Homeopathy is often sought as a complementary approach to conventional medicine, especially for its perceived holistic and gentle nature.

    Homeopathy in France is regulated by the National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM). Homeopathic medicines are subject to the same rigorous standards of safety and quality as conventional medicines. The French government has traditionally supported the use of homeopathy, although recent years have seen some changes in policy.

    Homeopathic education in France is provided through several institutions that offer specialized training programs for medical doctors. The French Homeopathic Doctors Association (Société Savante d’Homéopathie) and other organizations provide education and certification for homeopathic practitioners. Medical doctors can pursue postgraduate courses in homeopathy to become certified practitioners.

    The public perception of homeopathy in France is generally positive. Many people trust homeopathic treatments for their natural and non-invasive approach, particularly for chronic conditions, allergies, and preventive care. Homeopathy is widely used in pediatric care and for treating common ailments such as colds, flu, and stress-related conditions.

    The French government has historically supported homeopathy, and it was previously reimbursed by the national health insurance system. However, starting in 2021, the French government decided to gradually reduce and eventually eliminate reimbursement for homeopathic treatments due to a lack of conclusive scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. Despite this, homeopathic treatments remain popular and widely used.

    The homeopathy drug market in France is well-developed and includes both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers.

    France is home to some of the world’s leading homeopathic pharmaceutical companies, such as Boiron and Lehning. These companies produce a wide variety of homeopathic medicines, adhering to high standards of quality and safety.

    In addition to domestic production, France imports homeopathic medicines from other countries with established homeopathic industries. These imported products provide French consumers with access to a broad range of high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in France through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, health food stores, and online platforms. The accessibility and affordability of these treatments contribute to their popularity among the French population.

    France is active in homeopathic research and development, with various institutions and organizations conducting studies to explore the efficacy and applications of homeopathic treatments. Companies like Boiron invest significantly in research to validate the effectiveness of their products. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations further support the development of evidence-based homeopathy in France.

    The decision to eliminate reimbursement for homeopathic treatments has been a significant challenge for the homeopathy sector. This change may impact the accessibility and affordability of homeopathic treatments for some patients.

    Homeopathy in France is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment, supported by a robust regulatory framework and a strong tradition of use. The extensive educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the homeopathy drug market is vibrant and diverse. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and changes in government policy, homeopathy continues to thrive in France, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating alternative and complementary medicine into its healthcare system.

    UNITED KINGDOM

    Homeopathy in the United Kingdom has a long history and remains a popular form of alternative medicine. Despite facing significant scrutiny and criticism from parts of the medical community, it continues to attract a dedicated following.

    Homeopathy in the UK is practiced by a wide range of healthcare professionals, including doctors, dentists, and independent practitioners. It is considered complementary to conventional medicine and is used by many people for a variety of health issues, particularly chronic conditions and preventive care.

    However, homeopathy is not as integrated into the mainstream healthcare system as it once was. In recent years, the National Health Service (NHS) has significantly reduced funding for homeopathic treatments due to ongoing debates about its efficacy and cost-effectiveness.

    In the UK, homeopathic practitioners are not subject to statutory regulation. However, many choose to voluntarily register with professional bodies such as the Faculty of Homeopathy and the Society of Homeopaths. These organizations set standards for education, training, and professional conduct, providing a level of assurance to the public.

    The regulation of homeopathic medicines falls under the jurisdiction of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). The MHRA ensures that homeopathic products are safe and properly labeled. Homeopathic medicines are categorized and must meet specific regulatory requirements, including proof of safety and efficacy for over-the-counter products.

    Several institutions in the UK offer training programs in homeopathy. The Faculty of Homeopathy provides training for healthcare professionals who wish to integrate homeopathy into their practice. There are also specialized schools and colleges that offer diploma and degree programs in homeopathy for those seeking to become independent practitioners.

    Public perception of homeopathy in the UK is mixed. While a dedicated group of users advocates for its benefits, a significant portion of the population remains skeptical. This skepticism is fueled by high-profile campaigns from the scientific community and organizations like the British Medical Association (BMA), which have called for a ban on NHS funding for homeopathic treatments due to the lack of conclusive scientific evidence supporting its efficacy.

    Despite this, homeopathy maintains a loyal following, particularly among those seeking natural and holistic treatments. Many people appreciate the personalized approach of homeopathic care and its focus on treating the whole person rather than just the symptoms.

    Government support for homeopathy in the UK has waned in recent years. The NHS has cut funding for homeopathic treatments, and homeopathy is no longer available in most NHS clinics. However, the government continues to allow the sale and practice of homeopathy under regulated conditions, ensuring that those who choose to use homeopathic treatments can do so safely.

    The homeopathy drug market in the UK is well-developed, with a range of products available to consumers. Several UK-based companies produce homeopathic medicines, adhering to the regulatory standards set by the MHRA. These companies ensure that their products meet safety and quality requirements. Nelsons, a leading manufacturer, has been producing homeopathic remedies in the UK for over a century. The UK also imports homeopathic medicines from international manufacturers. Companies like Boiron, a global leader in homeopathy, have a significant presence in the UK market, providing a wide array of remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in the UK through pharmacies, health food stores, and online platforms. While the NHS no longer funds homeopathic treatments, the affordability and accessibility of these products contribute to their continued use among the public.

    Research and development in homeopathy in the UK are ongoing, albeit with challenges. The lack of robust clinical trials and conclusive evidence remains a critical issue. Some institutions and private organizations continue to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of homeopathic treatments, contributing to a growing body of research. The Faculty of Homeopathy and other professional organizations also support research initiatives aimed at validating homeopathic practices.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards and quality control for homeopathic medicines is challenging. The MHRA’s efforts to regulate these products aim to address these concerns, but the debate over the efficacy and scientific basis of homeopathy persists.

    Homeopathy in the UK is a well-established form of alternative medicine, supported by a dedicated community of practitioners and users. While it faces significant challenges, including skepticism and reduced government support, homeopathy continues to thrive as a complementary treatment option. The regulatory framework ensures the safety and accessibility of homeopathic products, while the educational infrastructure provides comprehensive training for practitioners. Despite the controversies, homeopathy remains a popular choice for many seeking holistic and natural healthcare options in the UK.

    SWEDEN, NORWAY, DENMARK, FINLAND

    In Scandinavian countries, homeopathy is practiced but is generally less popular compared to other parts of Europe. Regulation varies, with some countries having strict controls and others being more lenient. Public health insurance typically does not cover homeopathic treatments. The homeopathy drug market is relatively small but supported by a dedicated segment of the population.

    UNITED STATES

    Homeopathy in the United States is a widely available form of alternative medicine, characterized by its natural and holistic approach to treatment. Despite its controversial status within the broader medical community, homeopathy maintains a significant following among consumers.

    Homeopathy is widely available across the United States and is practiced by a diverse group of healthcare professionals, including licensed homeopaths, naturopaths, and some medical doctors. While not formally integrated into the mainstream healthcare system like conventional medicine, homeopathy is often used as a complementary approach to conventional treatments, particularly for chronic conditions, allergies, and preventive care.

    The regulation of homeopathy in the United States is multifaceted, involving federal oversight for homeopathic products and state-level regulation for practitioners. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees the regulation of homeopathic medicines. In recent years, the FDA has increased scrutiny on homeopathic products, focusing on ensuring that they meet safety, efficacy, and quality standards. The FDA’s compliance policy guide (CPG) outlines specific criteria for the manufacture and sale of homeopathic drugs, emphasizing the need for proper labeling and the absence of harmful ingredients.

    The regulation of homeopathic practitioners varies by state. Some states have specific licensing requirements for homeopaths, while others allow practitioners of naturopathy or other alternative medicine fields to practice homeopathy. Organizations like the Council for Homeopathic Certification (CHC) offer certification to ensure practitioners meet established standards of education and competency.

    Homeopathic education in the United States is offered through various accredited institutions and professional programs. These programs provide comprehensive training in homeopathic principles, diagnostics, and treatment methodologies. Notable institutions include the American Medical College of Homeopathy (AMCH) and the National University of Natural Medicine (NUNM). Graduates of these programs often seek certification from professional bodies like the CHC to enhance their credentials.

    Public perception of homeopathy in the United States is mixed. While a substantial number of consumers advocate for the benefits of homeopathy, particularly for its natural and gentle approach to healing, others remain skeptical due to the lack of large-scale, conclusive clinical evidence supporting its efficacy. The divide in perception often aligns with broader debates within the medical community about the validity of alternative medicine practices. The United States government does not directly fund homeopathy through public health insurance programs like Medicare or Medicaid. However, the regulatory framework established by the FDA ensures that homeopathic products available in the market are safe and properly labeled. Additionally, the government supports research initiatives through agencies like the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), which investigates the efficacy of various alternative medicine practices, including homeopathy.

    The homeopathy drug market in the United States is diverse and dynamic, with a wide range of products available to consumers. This market includes both domestically produced and imported homeopathic medicines. Several American companies produce homeopathic medicines, adhering to quality control measures set by the FDA. Leading manufacturers include Hyland’s and Standard Homeopathic Company, both of which offer a variety of homeopathic remedies for different health conditions. In addition to domestic production, the United States imports homeopathic medicines from international brands. Companies like Boiron, a global leader in homeopathic products, have a significant presence in the U.S. market, offering a wide array of remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely accessible in the United States. They can be purchased over the counter in pharmacies, health food stores, and through online platforms. The affordability and ease of access to homeopathic treatments contribute to their popularity among American consumers.

    Research and development in homeopathy in the United States are ongoing, supported by both private and public institutions. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) funds and conducts research to evaluate the efficacy and safety of homeopathic treatments. Despite ongoing research, the need for more robust clinical trials remains a critical challenge in gaining broader scientific acceptance.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards and quality control for homeopathic medicines is challenging, especially given the diversity of products and manufacturers. Recent efforts by the FDA to tighten regulations aim to address these concerns.

    Homeopathy in the United States is a well-established form of alternative medicine, supported by a diverse community of practitioners and consumers. The regulatory framework ensures the safety and accessibility of homeopathic products, while the educational infrastructure provides comprehensive training for practitioners. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and regulatory issues, homeopathy continues to thrive in the United States, reflecting the country’s commitment to offering diverse healthcare options.

    INDIA

    Homeopathy in India holds a significant place in the healthcare system, blending traditional and modern medical practices. As one of the largest users of homeopathy in the world, India has a robust framework supporting its practice, education, and integration into mainstream healthcare.

    India is one of the strongest proponents of homeopathy. The practice is widely accepted and integrated into the national healthcare system. Homeopathic treatments are offered alongside conventional medicine in public and private healthcare facilities. Millions of Indians use homeopathy for various health conditions, from chronic diseases to acute ailments, often considering it a safe and effective alternative to allopathic medicine.

    The regulation of homeopathy in India is comprehensive, ensuring high standards of practice and education. The Central Council of Homeopathy (CCH), established under the Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy), governs the educational standards and professional practice of homeopathy.

    Numerous institutions across India offer undergraduate (BHMS – Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery) and postgraduate (MD in Homeopathy) programs. These courses are rigorous, combining theoretical knowledge with practical training. The National Institute of Homeopathy (NIH) in Kolkata is one of the premier institutions dedicated to homeopathic education and research.

    Homeopathy enjoys widespread popularity and trust among the Indian populace. Many Indians perceive homeopathy as a holistic and gentle approach to healing, with minimal side effects compared to conventional drugs. The acceptance spans across urban and rural areas, with homeopathic clinics and practitioners available throughout the country.The Indian government actively supports homeopathy through the Ministry of AYUSH. This support includes funding for research, education, and the integration of homeopathy into public health initiatives. The government also promotes awareness about the benefits of homeopathy through various campaigns and programs.

    India’s homeopathy drug market is one of the largest in the world. India is home to numerous homeopathic pharmaceutical companies that produce a wide range of medicines. Some of the leading manufacturers include Dr. Batra’s, SBL (Sharda Boiron Laboratories), Bakson Homeopathy, and Schwabe India. These companies follow stringent quality control measures to ensure the efficacy and safety of their products.

    Indian homeopathic products are also exported to various countries, contributing significantly to the global homeopathy market. The country’s reputation for high-quality homeopathic medicines makes it a preferred supplier for many international markets.

    Homeopathic medicines in India are easily accessible. They are available in dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, and even online. The affordability of homeopathic treatments compared to conventional medicine further boosts their popularity.

    India is at the forefront of homeopathic research, with numerous studies being conducted to explore and validate the efficacy of homeopathic treatments. Institutions like the Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (CCRH) play a pivotal role in advancing homeopathic research. The CCRH conducts clinical trials, publishes research papers, and collaborates with international homeopathic organizations to promote evidence-based homeopathy.

    Ensuring uniformity and adherence to regulatory standards across such a vast country is challenging. There are concerns about the quality and standardization of homeopathic medicines produced by smaller manufacturers.

    Homeopathy in India is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment, supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and strong government backing. The extensive educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges, homeopathy continues to thrive in India, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating traditional and alternative medicine into its healthcare system.

    CHINA

    Homeopathy in China is a relatively nascent and niche practice compared to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has a long and established history in the country. Despite this, there is a growing interest in homeopathy among those seeking alternative and complementary treatments.

    Homeopathy is not widely practiced or integrated into the mainstream healthcare system in China. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine dominate the healthcare landscape. However, there is a small but growing interest in homeopathy, primarily among urban populations and expatriates seeking natural and holistic treatment options.

    Homeopathy in China is not formally regulated by the government. There are no specific legal frameworks or regulatory bodies dedicated to overseeing homeopathic practice or the use of homeopathic medicines. This lack of regulation poses challenges for standardization and quality control. However, efforts are being made by practitioners and associations to advocate for recognition and regulation.

    The availability of formal education and training in homeopathy within China is limited. Interested individuals often seek training through international programs or workshops conducted by visiting homeopaths. There is a growing need for structured educational programs and institutions dedicated to homeopathy in China to ensure proper training and professional standards.

    The public perception of homeopathy in China is mixed. Among those familiar with alternative medicine, homeopathy is seen as a gentle and natural approach to treatment. However, awareness and understanding of homeopathy among the general population remain limited. Traditional Chinese medicine is deeply ingrained in Chinese culture, and it is often the preferred choice for natural and holistic healthcare.

    The Chinese government currently does not provide formal support or recognition for homeopathy. The focus remains primarily on promoting and regulating traditional Chinese medicine and integrating it with Western medical practices. However, there is potential for future integration and support as awareness and acceptance of homeopathy grow.

    The homeopathy drug market in China is in its early stages of development, with a limited range of products available to consumers. The market primarily consists of imported homeopathic medicines, as there are few domestic producers.

    Domestic production of homeopathic medicines in China is minimal. Most homeopathic products available in the country are imported from regions with well-established homeopathic industries, such as Europe and North America.

    Homeopathic medicines are primarily imported from countries such as Germany, France, and the United States. These imported products provide Chinese consumers with access to high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are available in specialized health stores and through online platforms. However, the availability of these products in conventional pharmacies is limited. Efforts to increase the accessibility and availability of homeopathic medicines are needed to support the growing interest in homeopathy.

    Research and development in homeopathy are still in the early stages in China. There is limited local research on the efficacy and applications of homeopathic treatments. Collaboration with international homeopathic organizations and institutions could help advance research efforts and build a stronger evidence base for homeopathy in China.

    The absence of formal regulation and standardized training programs poses challenges for ensuring the quality and safety of homeopathic practice. Efforts are needed to establish regulatory frameworks and professional standards to support the growth of homeopathy in China.

    Homeopathy in China is an emerging field with growing interest among those seeking natural and holistic healthcare options. While it faces challenges such as skepticism, lack of regulation, and limited public awareness, there is potential for growth and integration into the broader healthcare system. Efforts to increase education, establish regulatory frameworks, and promote research are essential to support the development of homeopathy in China. As awareness and acceptance of homeopathy continue to grow, it may become a valuable complementary treatment option for many seeking holistic healthcare solutions in the country.


    BANGLADESH

    Homeopathy is a popular form of alternative medicine in Bangladesh, widely practiced and accepted by a significant portion of the population. The practice is supported by government regulations and a structured educational system.

    Homeopathy is highly accepted in Bangladesh and is integrated into the healthcare system alongside conventional medicine. Many Bangladeshis prefer homeopathy for its perceived efficacy, minimal side effects, and holistic approach to treatment. Homeopathy is often used for a variety of health conditions, including chronic diseases, acute ailments, and preventive healthcare.

    The regulation of homeopathy in Bangladesh is overseen by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The Bangladesh Homeopathic Board (BHB) is responsible for ensuring that homeopathic practitioners are properly trained and licensed, maintaining high standards of practice and education.

    Homeopathic education in Bangladesh is comprehensive, with several institutions offering degree programs in homeopathy. The Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (BHMS) is a popular course that includes rigorous theoretical and practical training. Graduates of these programs are eligible to register with the Bangladesh Homeopathic Board and practice legally in the country.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Bangladesh is generally positive. Many people trust homeopathic treatments for their natural and gentle approach, which is believed to have fewer side effects compared to conventional medicines. Homeopathy is particularly popular in rural areas, where access to conventional medical facilities may be limited, but it is also widely used in urban centers.

    The Bangladeshi government supports homeopathy through various initiatives, including funding for education, research, and the regulation of practice. The government’s commitment to promoting homeopathy is evident in its inclusion in public health policies and programs. Homeopathy is recognized as a legitimate form of medical treatment, and homeopathic practitioners are integrated into the national healthcare system.

    The homeopathy drug market in Bangladesh is well-developed, with a range of homeopathic medicines available to consumers. The market is characterized by both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers.

    Several Bangladeshi companies produce homeopathic medicines, ensuring that a variety of treatments are available locally. These companies follow strict quality control measures to ensure the safety and efficacy of their products. Notable manufacturers include Bangladesh Homeopathic Pharmacy and Dr. Reckeweg Bangladesh.

    In addition to domestic production, Bangladesh imports homeopathic medicines from leading international brands. These imports provide Bangladeshi consumers with access to a broader range of high-quality homeopathic products.

    Homeopathic medicines in Bangladesh are easily accessible through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, and online platforms. The affordability of homeopathic treatments compared to conventional medicine further enhances their popularity among the public.

    Research and development in homeopathy are actively pursued in Bangladesh, with several institutions conducting studies to explore and validate the efficacy of homeopathic treatments. The Bangladesh Homeopathic Board (BHB) and various academic institutions play a crucial role in advancing homeopathic research. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations also contribute to the development of evidence-based homeopathy in Bangladesh.

    Ensuring uniformity and adherence to regulatory standards across the country is challenging. There are concerns about the quality and standardization of homeopathic medicines produced by smaller manufacturers.

    Homeopathy in Bangladesh is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment, supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and strong government backing. The extensive educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges, homeopathy continues to thrive in Bangladesh, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating traditional and alternative medicine into its healthcare system.

    INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, THAILAND, VIETNAM

    In Southeast Asia, homeopathy is less prevalent compared to traditional medicine practices like Ayurveda and TCM. However, there is a growing interest, particularly in urban areas where alternative medicine is gaining popularity. The homeopathy drug market is emerging, with increasing availability of homeopathic products in health stores and pharmacies.

    BRAZIL

    Homeopathy in Brazil is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment. It is recognized as a legitimate medical specialty and is integrated into the healthcare system.

    Homeopathy is highly accepted in Brazil and is integrated into both public and private healthcare systems. It is recognized by the Federal Council of Medicine as a medical specialty, allowing medical doctors to practice homeopathy legally. Homeopathic treatments are used for a variety of health conditions, from chronic diseases to acute ailments, and are often sought as a complementary approach to conventional medicine.

    Homeopathy in Brazil is regulated by several official bodies, ensuring high standards of practice and education. The Federal Council of Medicine (Conselho Federal de Medicina – CFM) and the Federal Council of Pharmacy (Conselho Federal de Farmácia – CFF) oversee the regulation of homeopathic practice and the production of homeopathic medicines. Homeopathic medicines must comply with strict regulations set by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – ANVISA).

    Homeopathic education in Brazil is comprehensive, with several institutions offering specialized training programs. Medical doctors can pursue postgraduate courses in homeopathy, which are accredited by the CFM. There are also institutions that provide homeopathic training for pharmacists and veterinarians. Notable institutions include the Hahnemannian Institute of Brazil and the Brazilian Homeopathic Medical Association (Associação Médica Homeopática Brasileira – AMHB).

    The public perception of homeopathy in Brazil is generally positive. Many Brazilians trust homeopathic treatments for their holistic approach and minimal side effects. Homeopathy is particularly popular among those seeking natural and preventive healthcare options. It is widely used for pediatric care, chronic conditions, and stress-related ailments.

    The Brazilian government supports homeopathy through various initiatives, including its integration into the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS). This allows homeopathic treatments to be accessible to the broader population, including those who rely on public healthcare services. Government support extends to funding for research and development in the field of homeopathy.

    The homeopathy drug market in Brazil is robust, with a wide range of products available to consumers. The market includes both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers.

    Brazil is home to several prominent homeopathic pharmaceutical companies, such as Almeida Prado and Weleda Brazil. These companies adhere to stringent quality control measures and produce a variety of homeopathic remedies to meet local demand.

    In addition to domestic production, Brazil imports homeopathic medicines from countries with established homeopathic industries, such as Germany and France. These imported products provide Brazilian consumers with access to a broader range of high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in Brazil, sold through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, and health food stores. The affordability and accessibility of these treatments contribute to their popularity among the Brazilian population.

    Brazil is active in homeopathic research and development, with numerous studies being conducted to explore the efficacy and applications of homeopathic treatments. The Brazilian Homeopathic Medical Association (AMHB) and various academic institutions play a pivotal role in advancing homeopathic research. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations further support the development of evidence-based homeopathy in Brazil.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards and quality control across the country is challenging. There are ongoing efforts to harmonize regulations and ensure uniform quality and safety standards for homeopathic medicines and practices.

    Homeopathy in Brazil is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment, supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and strong government backing. The extensive educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and regulatory issues, homeopathy continues to thrive in Brazil, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating traditional and alternative medicine into its healthcare system.

    ARGENTINA

    Homeopathy in Argentina is a widely accepted and practiced form of alternative medicine. It is recognized as a legitimate medical specialty and is integrated into both public and private healthcare systems.

    Homeopathy is highly accepted in Argentina and is integrated into the healthcare system. Many Argentinians use homeopathy for various health conditions, from chronic diseases to acute ailments. Homeopathy is often sought as a complementary approach to conventional medicine, and it is particularly popular among those seeking natural and holistic treatments.

    Homeopathy in Argentina is regulated by several official bodies to ensure high standards of practice and education. The Argentine Ministry of Health recognizes homeopathy as a medical specialty, allowing medical doctors to practice homeopathy legally. Homeopathic medicines are regulated to comply with safety and quality standards.

    Homeopathic education in Argentina is robust, with several institutions offering specialized training programs. Medical doctors can pursue postgraduate courses in homeopathy, accredited by relevant professional bodies. Notable institutions include the Argentine Homeopathic Medical Association (Asociación Médica Homeopática Argentina – AMHA) and the School of Homeopathic Medicine in Buenos Aires.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Argentina is generally positive. Many people trust homeopathic treatments for their natural and non-invasive approach, particularly for chronic conditions, allergies, and preventive care. Homeopathy is widely used for pediatric care and stress-related ailments. However, as in many countries, there is also a segment of the population and medical community that remains skeptical about its efficacy.

    The Argentine government supports homeopathy through its inclusion in the national healthcare system. Homeopathic treatments are available in public health institutions and are often covered by health insurance plans. This support ensures that homeopathic treatments are accessible to a broad segment of the population.

    The homeopathy drug market in Argentina is well-developed, with a wide range of products available to consumers. The market includes both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers.

    Several Argentine companies produce homeopathic medicines, adhering to strict quality control measures. Notable manufacturers include Laboratorios Similia and Homeopática Alemana, which provide a variety of homeopathic remedies to meet local demand.

    In addition to domestic production, Argentina imports homeopathic medicines from countries with established homeopathic industries, such as Germany and France. These imported products provide Argentine consumers with access to a broad range of high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in Argentina through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, health food stores, and online platforms. The affordability and accessibility of these treatments contribute to their popularity among the population.

    Argentina is active in homeopathic research and development, with various studies conducted to explore the efficacy and applications of homeopathic treatments. Institutions like the Argentine Homeopathic Medical Association (AMHA) and academic institutions play a crucial role in advancing homeopathic research. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations further support the development of evidence-based homeopathy in Argentina.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards and quality control across the country is challenging. Ongoing efforts aim to harmonize regulations and ensure uniform quality and safety standards for homeopathic medicines and practices.

    Homeopathy in Argentina is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment, supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and government backing. The extensive educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and regulatory issues, homeopathy continues to thrive in Argentina, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating alternative medicine into its healthcare system.

    CUBA

    Cuba has a unique healthcare system that integrates both conventional and alternative medicine practices, including homeopathy. The Cuban government supports the use of various forms of alternative medicine as part of its comprehensive approach to public health.

    In Cuba, homeopathy is accepted as a legitimate form of medical treatment and is integrated into the national healthcare system. The Cuban Ministry of Public Health oversees the regulation and promotion of alternative medicine practices, including homeopathy. This integration allows homeopathic treatments to be accessible to the general population, often provided alongside conventional medical treatments in public health institutions.

    Homeopathy in Cuba is regulated by the government, ensuring that practitioners are properly trained and qualified. The University of Havana and other medical schools in the country offer courses in homeopathy and other alternative medicine practices. Healthcare professionals, including doctors and pharmacists, can receive training in homeopathy as part of their continuing education, ensuring a high standard of care.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Cuba is generally positive. Many Cubans view homeopathy as a natural and effective complement to conventional medicine. The widespread acceptance of homeopathy is partly due to the government’s promotion of alternative medicine and the success of homeopathic treatments in various health conditions. Homeopathy is particularly popular in treating chronic illnesses, allergies, and pediatric conditions.

    The homeopathy drug market in Cuba is relatively well-developed, with a range of homeopathic products available through both public and private channels. The state-run pharmaceutical industry produces homeopathic medicines that are distributed to public health institutions across the country. Additionally, private pharmacies and health stores offer a variety of homeopathic remedies.

    The Cuban government actively supports the use of homeopathy and other forms of alternative medicine as part of its broader healthcare strategy. This support includes funding for research, training programs, and the production of homeopathic medicines. The government’s commitment to integrating alternative medicine into the healthcare system has helped to ensure that homeopathic treatments are widely available and accessible to all Cubans.

    Homeopathy in Cuba is a well-integrated and accepted form of medical treatment, supported by the government and embraced by the public. The regulatory framework ensures that practitioners are well-trained, and the homeopathy drug market is robust, providing a wide range of products to meet the needs of the population. As part of Cuba’s comprehensive healthcare system, homeopathy plays an important role in promoting health and well-being across the country.

    Cuba is also involved in research and development related to homeopathy. The government funds studies to explore the efficacy and applications of homeopathic treatments. This research is conducted by various institutions, including the University of Havana and the Cuban Ministry of Public Health, contributing to the global body of knowledge on homeopathy.

    SOUTH AFRICA

    Homeopathy in South Africa is a recognized and regulated form of alternative medicine. It holds a distinct place within the country’s diverse healthcare landscape, which includes traditional African medicine, Western medicine, and various complementary and alternative therapies.

    Homeopathy in South Africa is widely accepted and practiced by a growing number of healthcare professionals and patients. It is used to treat a variety of health conditions, ranging from chronic diseases to acute ailments. Homeopathy is often sought as a complementary approach to conventional treatments, particularly for its perceived holistic and natural benefits.

    Homeopathy in South Africa is regulated by the Allied Health Professions Council of South Africa (AHPCSA), a statutory body established to oversee the practice of various complementary and alternative health professions. The AHPCSA ensures that homeopathic practitioners meet stringent educational and professional standards and are registered to practice legally.

    Homeopathic education in South Africa is rigorous, with several institutions offering accredited degree programs in homeopathy. These programs typically span five to six years and include extensive training in homeopathic principles, diagnostics, pharmacology, and clinical practice. Notable institutions include the University of Johannesburg and the Durban University of Technology. Graduates of these programs are eligible to register with the AHPCSA and practice as professional homeopaths.

    The public perception of homeopathy in South Africa is generally positive. Many South Africans value homeopathic treatments for their holistic approach and minimal side effects. Homeopathy is particularly popular for treating chronic conditions, allergies, and stress-related ailments. However, there is also skepticism from some segments of the medical community and the public, who question the scientific validity and efficacy of homeopathic treatments.

    The South African government supports the practice of homeopathy through its regulatory framework under the AHPCSA. While homeopathy is not extensively covered by public health insurance schemes, it is accessible through private healthcare providers and is sometimes included in private health insurance plans. This support ensures that homeopathic treatments are available to those who seek them.

    The homeopathy drug market in South Africa is well-developed, offering a wide range of products to consumers. The market includes both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers

    South Africa has several companies that produce homeopathic medicines, adhering to high-quality standards set by regulatory authorities. These companies ensure that a variety of homeopathic remedies are available to meet local demand.

    In addition to domestic production, South Africa imports homeopathic medicines from countries with established homeopathic industries, such as Germany, France, and the United States. These imported products provide South African consumers with access to a broad range of high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in South Africa through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, health food stores, and online platforms. The accessibility and affordability of these treatments contribute to their popularity among the population.

    Research and development in homeopathy are ongoing in South Africa, with various institutions conducting studies to explore the efficacy and applications of homeopathic treatments. The AHPCSA and academic institutions play a significant role in advancing homeopathic research. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations also contribute to the development of evidence-based homeopathy in South Africa.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards and quality control across the country is challenging. Ongoing efforts aim to harmonize regulations and ensure uniform quality and safety standards for homeopathic medicines and practices.

    Homeopathy in South Africa is a recognized and regulated form of alternative medicine, supported by a comprehensive regulatory framework and positive public perception. The educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and regulatory issues, homeopathy continues to thrive in South Africa, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating alternative and complementary medicine into its diverse healthcare system.

    NIGERIA, KENYA, GHANA

    In many African countries, homeopathy is practiced but is not as widely recognized as traditional or Western medicine. However, there is a growing interest in alternative treatments. The homeopathy drug market is developing, with a mix of local and imported products available in health stores and pharmacies.

    UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)

    In the UAE, homeopathy is gaining popularity, especially among expatriates. The government regulates the practice, and homeopathic treatments are available in many private clinics. The homeopathy drug market is growing, with both local and international products available.

    SAUDI ARABIA

    Homeopathy is practiced in Saudi Arabia, but it remains less popular compared to traditional Islamic medicine and Western medicine. The market for homeopathic drugs is small but expanding as awareness increases.

    OTHER MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES (QATAR, KUWAIT, OMAN)

    Homeopathy is gradually being recognized in other Middle Eastern countries, with an increasing number of practitioners and clinics offering homeopathic treatments. The market for homeopathic drugs is emerging, supported by growing consumer interest in natural and alternative therapies.

    RUSSIA

    Homeopathy in Russia has a long history and maintains a significant presence in the country’s healthcare landscape. It is widely practiced and accepted as a complementary form of medicine.

    Homeopathy is widely accepted in Russia and is integrated into both public and private healthcare systems. It is recognized by the Russian healthcare authorities, and many Russians use homeopathy for various health conditions, from chronic diseases to acute ailments. Homeopathy is often sought as a complementary approach to conventional medicine.

    Homeopathy in Russia is regulated by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Homeopathic medicines are produced according to strict pharmaceutical standards, and practitioners must be licensed medical professionals. The regulatory framework ensures the quality and safety of homeopathic treatments and products.

    Homeopathic education in Russia is comprehensive, with several institutions offering specialized training programs. Medical doctors can pursue postgraduate courses in homeopathy. The Russian Homeopathic Society and other organizations provide education and certification for homeopathic practitioners. These programs ensure that practitioners are well-trained and adhere to high standards of professional conduct.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Russia is generally positive. Many people trust homeopathic treatments for their holistic approach and minimal side effects. Homeopathy is popular for treating chronic conditions, allergies, and preventive care. Despite this, there is also skepticism from some segments of the medical community, who question the scientific validity of homeopathy.

    The Russian government supports homeopathy through regulatory oversight and inclusion in the healthcare system. Homeopathic treatments are available in public health institutions and are often covered by health insurance plans. The government’s support helps to ensure that homeopathic treatments are accessible to a broad segment of the population.

    The homeopathy drug market in Russia is well-developed, with a range of products available to consumers. The market includes both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers.

    Russia has several prominent homeopathic pharmaceutical companies, such as Talion and Materia Medica, which produce a wide variety of homeopathic medicines. These companies adhere to stringent quality control measures and produce remedies that meet local demand.

    In addition to domestic production, Russia imports homeopathic medicines from countries with established homeopathic industries, such as Germany and France. These imported products provide Russian consumers with access to a broad range of high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in Russia through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, and health food stores. The accessibility and affordability of these treatments contribute to their popularity among the Russian population.

    Russia is active in homeopathic research and development. Numerous studies are conducted to explore the efficacy and applications of homeopathic treatments. Institutions such as the Russian Homeopathic Society and various academic institutions play a crucial role in advancing homeopathic research. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations further support the development of evidence-based homeopathy in Russia.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards and quality control across the country is challenging. Ongoing efforts aim to harmonize regulations and ensure uniform quality and safety standards for homeopathic medicines and practices.

    Homeopathy in Russia is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment, supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and government backing. The extensive educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and regulatory issues, homeopathy continues to thrive in Russia, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating traditional and alternative medicine into its healthcare system.


    UKRAINE

    Homeopathy is also popular in Ukraine, where it is practiced widely and accepted as a complementary form of medicine. Homeopathic treatments are used for a variety of health conditions, often in conjunction with conventional medical treatments.

    The Ukrainian Ministry of Health regulates homeopathy. Practitioners must be licensed healthcare providers with additional training in homeopathy. Several institutions offer training and certification, including the Ukrainian Homeopathic Association.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Ukraine is positive, with many people using it for chronic illnesses and preventive care. Homeopathy is seen as a safe and effective alternative to conventional medicine, particularly for those seeking natural treatments.

    The homeopathy drug market in Ukraine includes both domestic and imported products. Local manufacturers produce a range of homeopathic remedies, while international brands also have a strong presence. Products are readily available in pharmacies and health stores across the country.

    BELARUS

    Homeopathy in Belarus is accepted and practiced by many healthcare providers. It is integrated into the healthcare system, with homeopathic treatments available in both public and private healthcare settings.

    The Belarusian Ministry of Health regulates homeopathy. Practitioners are required to have medical qualifications and additional training in homeopathy. Institutions like the Belarusian Homeopathic Society provide education and certification for practitioners.

    Belarusians generally have a positive perception of homeopathy, using it for a variety of health conditions. Homeopathic treatments are popular for their perceived safety and holistic approach, particularly among those seeking natural healthcare options.

    The homeopathy drug market in Belarus is well-established. Domestic production is complemented by imported products, providing a wide range of homeopathic remedies. These products are available in pharmacies and health stores throughout the country.

    BALTIC STATES (ESTONIA, LATVIA, LITHUANIA)

    In the Baltic states, homeopathy is practiced and accepted as a complementary form of medicine. It is used by many people for chronic conditions, allergies, and preventive care.

    Each Baltic state has its own regulatory framework for homeopathy. Practitioners typically need to be licensed healthcare providers with additional training in homeopathy. Various institutions offer education and certification in homeopathy across these countries.

    The public perception of homeopathy in the Baltic states is generally positive. Many people trust homeopathic treatments for their natural and non-invasive approach, despite some skepticism from the medical community

    The homeopathy drug market in the Baltic states includes both domestic production and imported products. Homeopathic remedies are widely available in pharmacies, health stores, and online platforms, ensuring accessibility for consumers.

    Homeopathy in the former Soviet countries is a well-established and widely accepted form of alternative medicine. Supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and a positive public perception, homeopathy continues to thrive as a complementary treatment option. The homeopathy drug market in these countries is robust, offering a diverse range of products from both domestic and international manufacturers. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism from parts of the medical community, homeopathy remains a popular choice for many seeking holistic and natural healthcare options in the region.

    AUSTRALIA

    Homeopathy in Australia is a well-known but somewhat controversial form of alternative medicine. While it has a dedicated following among certain segments of the population, it faces significant scrutiny and skepticism from the mainstream medical community.

    Homeopathy is practiced and accepted by a portion of the Australian population who seek natural and holistic treatment options. It is used for a variety of health conditions, including chronic diseases, allergies, and preventive care. However, homeopathy is not integrated into the mainstream public healthcare system and is primarily available through private practitioners and clinics.

    Homeopathy in Australia is not subject to the same level of regulation as conventional medicine. The Australian Register of Homoeopaths (AROH) is the primary professional body that oversees the registration and regulation of homeopaths. AROH sets standards for education, training, and professional conduct, and maintains a register of qualified practitioners.

    Several institutions in Australia offer training programs in homeopathy. These programs provide comprehensive education in homeopathic principles, diagnostics, and treatment methodologies. Notable institutions include the Australian College of Natural Medicine and Endeavour College of Natural Health. Graduates from accredited programs are eligible for registration with AROH and can practice as professional homeopaths.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Australia is mixed. While many people value homeopathy for its holistic approach and minimal side effects, it also faces significant skepticism from the medical community and some segments of the public. This skepticism is often due to the lack of robust scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of homeopathic treatments. Media coverage and public debates frequently highlight this controversy, contributing to a polarized perception of homeopathy.

    The Australian government does not formally support homeopathy through public health funding. In 2015, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) published a review concluding that there is no reliable evidence that homeopathy is effective for treating any health condition. As a result, homeopathic treatments are not covered by the public health system (Medicare). However, they are accessible through private healthcare providers, and some private health insurance plans may offer limited coverage for homeopathic treatments as part of complementary and alternative medicine benefits.

    The homeopathy drug market in Australia is relatively small but established, including both domestically produced and imported products. Several Australian companies produce homeopathic medicines, adhering to high-quality standards set by regulatory authorities such as the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). These companies ensure a variety of homeopathic remedies are available to meet local demand. Australia imports homeopathic medicines from countries with established homeopathic industries, such as Germany, India, and the United States. These imported products provide Australian consumers with access to a broad range of high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in Australia through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, health food stores, and online platforms. The accessibility and affordability of these treatments contribute to their popularity among certain segments of the population.

    Research and development in homeopathy are ongoing in Australia, though on a smaller scale compared to conventional medicine. Various institutions and private organizations conduct studies to explore the efficacy and mechanisms of homeopathic treatments. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic bodies also play a role in advancing homeopathic research in Australia.

    The absence of formal government regulation and the reliance on self-regulation pose challenges for ensuring consistent standards of practice and quality control of homeopathic medicines. Efforts are needed to establish more rigorous regulatory frameworks to support the growth of homeopathy in Australia.

    Homeopathy in Australia is a recognized form of complementary and alternative medicine, supported by professional organizations and educational institutions. While it faces challenges such as skepticism and lack of formal government support, homeopathy continues to thrive among those seeking natural and holistic healthcare options. The homeopathy drug market is diverse, offering both domestic and imported products, and ongoing research aims to validate and enhance the practice of homeopathy in Australia.

    NEW ZEALAND

    Homeopathy in New Zealand is a recognized form of complementary and alternative medicine. Although it is not as widely practiced or integrated into the healthcare system as conventional medicine, it has a dedicated following and is supported by a framework of professional organizations and educational institutions.

    Homeopathy in New Zealand is accepted by a segment of the population that prefers natural and holistic treatment approaches. While it is not fully integrated into the public healthcare system, homeopathy is practiced by a variety of healthcare professionals and is available in many private clinics. It is commonly used for chronic conditions, allergies, and preventive care.

    Homeopathy in New Zealand is not regulated by the government in the same way as conventional medicine. However, there are professional bodies that self-regulate the practice to ensure standards of education and ethical conduct. The New Zealand Council of Homeopaths (NZCH) is a key organization that oversees the professional practice of homeopaths in the country. It provides certification and maintains a register of qualified practitioners.

    There are several institutions in New Zealand that offer training in homeopathy. These programs provide comprehensive education in homeopathic principles, diagnostics, and treatment methodologies. The College of Natural Health and Homeopathy (CNHH) is a prominent institution offering diploma courses in homeopathy. Graduates from accredited programs are eligible for registration with professional bodies such as the NZCH.

    The public perception of homeopathy in New Zealand is mixed. A significant portion of the population values homeopathy for its holistic approach and minimal side effects, particularly for chronic and preventive care. However, there is also skepticism, especially from the conventional medical community, regarding the scientific validity and efficacy of homeopathic treatments. This skepticism is often highlighted in public debates and media coverage.

    The New Zealand government does not formally support homeopathy through public health funding. Homeopathic treatments are generally not covered by the public health system (New Zealand’s Accident Compensation Corporation – ACC). However, they are accessible through private healthcare providers and some private insurance plans may cover homeopathic treatments as part of complementary and alternative medicine benefits.

    The homeopathy drug market in New Zealand is relatively small but growing. It includes both domestically produced and imported products, ensuring a variety of options for consumers.

    New Zealand has several companies that produce homeopathic medicines, adhering to high-quality standards. These companies ensure that a variety of homeopathic remedies are available to meet local demand.

    In addition to domestic production, New Zealand imports homeopathic medicines from countries with well-established homeopathic industries, such as Germany, India, and the United States. These imported products provide New Zealand consumers with access to a broad range of high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in New Zealand through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, health food stores, and online platforms. The accessibility and affordability of these treatments contribute to their popularity among certain segments of the population.

    Research and development in homeopathy are ongoing in New Zealand, though on a smaller scale compared to conventional medicine. Various institutions and private organizations conduct studies to explore the efficacy and mechanisms of homeopathic treatments. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic bodies also play a role in advancing homeopathic research in New Zealand.

    The absence of formal government regulation and the reliance on self-regulation pose challenges for ensuring consistent standards of practice and quality control of homeopathic medicines.

    Homeopathy in New Zealand is a recognized and practiced form of complementary and alternative medicine, supported by professional organizations and educational institutions. While it faces challenges such as skepticism and lack of formal government support, homeopathy continues to thrive among those seeking natural and holistic healthcare options. The homeopathy drug market is diverse, offering both domestic and imported products, and ongoing research aims to validate and enhance the practice of homeopathy in New Zealand.

    PAKISTAN

    Homeopathy is a well-established and popular form of alternative medicine in Pakistan. It is widely practiced and accepted by both the public and healthcare professionals. The Pakistani government supports homeopathy through regulatory frameworks and educational programs.

    Homeopathy is highly accepted in Pakistan, where it is integrated into the healthcare system alongside conventional medicine. Many Pakistanis turn to homeopathy for various health issues, ranging from chronic illnesses to acute conditions. The practice is seen as a complementary approach to allopathic medicine, providing holistic and natural treatments.

    Homeopathy in Pakistan is regulated by the National Council for Homeopathy (NCH), which operates under the Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations, and Coordination. The NCH ensures that homeopathic practitioners are properly trained and licensed, maintaining high standards of practice.

    Homeopathic education in Pakistan is well-structured, with several institutions offering degree programs in homeopathy. The Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (BHMS) is a popular course that combines theoretical knowledge with practical training. These programs are designed to equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge to practice homeopathy effectively.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Pakistan is generally positive. Many people trust homeopathic treatments for their natural and gentle approach, which is believed to have minimal side effects compared to conventional medicines. Homeopathy is particularly popular in rural areas, where access to conventional medical facilities may be limited.

    The Pakistani government supports homeopathy through various initiatives, including funding for research, education, and the regulation of practice. The government’s commitment to promoting homeopathy is evident in its inclusion in public health policies and programs.

    The homeopathy drug market in Pakistan is well-developed, with a wide range of homeopathic medicines available to consumers. The market is characterized by both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers.

    Several Pakistani companies produce homeopathic medicines, ensuring that a variety of treatments are available locally. These companies follow strict quality control measures to ensure the safety and efficacy of their products. Notable manufacturers include Dr. Masood Homeopathic Pharmaceuticals and Reckeweg Pakistan.

    In addition to domestic production, Pakistan imports homeopathic medicines from leading international brands. These imports provide Pakistani consumers with access to a broader range of high-quality homeopathic products.

    Homeopathic medicines in Pakistan are easily accessible through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, and online platforms. The affordability of homeopathic treatments compared to conventional medicine further enhances their popularity among the public.

    Research and development in homeopathy are actively pursued in Pakistan, with several institutions conducting studies to explore and validate the efficacy of homeopathic treatments. The National Council for Homeopathy (NCH) and various academic institutions play a crucial role in advancing homeopathic research. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations also contribute to the development of evidence-based homeopathy in Pakistan.

    Ensuring uniformity and adherence to regulatory standards across the country is challenging. There are concerns about the quality and standardization of homeopathic medicines produced by smaller manufacturers.

    Homeopathy in Pakistan is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment, supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and strong government backing. The extensive educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges, homeopathy continues to thrive in Pakistan, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating traditional and alternative medicine into its healthcare system.

    SRILANKA

    Homeopathy in Sri Lanka is part of a diverse healthcare landscape that includes traditional Ayurvedic medicine and Western medical practices. While not as prominent as these other forms of healthcare, homeopathy has carved out a niche for itself, supported by government regulations and a growing base of practitioners and patients.

    Homeopathy is recognized and accepted in Sri Lanka, although it is not as widely practiced as Ayurveda or conventional medicine. It is viewed as a complementary approach to health and wellness, often used alongside other treatments. The government acknowledges homeopathy as part of the country’s healthcare system, allowing it to be practiced legally and ethically.

    The regulation of homeopathy in Sri Lanka falls under the purview of the Ministry of Health. Homeopathic practitioners must be registered with the Sri Lanka Homeopathic Medical Council (SLHMC), which ensures that they meet the required educational and professional standards.

    Homeopathic education in Sri Lanka is available through several institutions that offer diploma and degree programs in homeopathy. These programs provide comprehensive training in homeopathic principles, diagnostics, and treatment methodologies. Graduates are eligible to register with the SLHMC and practice legally in the country.

    Public perception of homeopathy in Sri Lanka is generally positive, particularly among those seeking natural and holistic treatment options. Many Sri Lankans appreciate the gentle and non-invasive nature of homeopathic remedies, which are believed to have fewer side effects compared to conventional medicines. Homeopathy is particularly popular for treating chronic conditions, allergies, and pediatric ailments.

    The Sri Lankan government supports homeopathy through regulatory oversight and by incorporating it into the broader healthcare framework. The Ministry of Health promotes the use of alternative medicine, including homeopathy, as part of its strategy to provide comprehensive healthcare to the population. This support includes funding for education and research in homeopathy.

    The homeopathy drug market in Sri Lanka is growing, with increasing demand for homeopathic remedies. The market comprises both locally produced and imported products, ensuring a wide range of treatments are available to consumers. Several Sri Lankan companies produce homeopathic medicines, adhering to quality standards set by the regulatory authorities. These companies ensure that homeopathic treatments are accessible and affordable to the local population. In addition to domestic production, Sri Lanka imports homeopathic medicines from leading international manufacturers. This allows for a diverse range of products to be available, catering to various health needs and preferences.

    Homeopathic medicines are available in specialized homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, and through online platforms. The affordability of homeopathic treatments compared to conventional medicine contributes to their popularity among Sri Lankans.

    Research and development in homeopathy are encouraged in Sri Lanka, with several institutions conducting studies to evaluate the effectiveness of homeopathic treatments. The Sri Lanka Homeopathic Medical Council (SLHMC) and other academic institutions are involved in advancing homeopathic research. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations also play a role in promoting evidence-based homeopathy in the country.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards and quality control across the country can be challenging. There are concerns about the standardization and efficacy of homeopathic medicines, particularly those produced by smaller manufacturers.

    Homeopathy in Sri Lanka is a recognized and accepted form of alternative medicine, supported by government regulations and a growing community of practitioners and patients. The educational infrastructure ensures that homeopathic practitioners are well-trained, while the homeopathy drug market provides a wide range of treatments to meet the needs of the population. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and regulatory issues, homeopathy continues to thrive in Sri Lanka, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating traditional and alternative medicine into its healthcare system.

    BANGLADESH

    Homeopathy is a popular form of alternative medicine in Bangladesh, widely practiced and accepted by a significant portion of the population. The practice is supported by government regulations and a structured educational system.

    Homeopathy is highly accepted in Bangladesh and is integrated into the healthcare system alongside conventional medicine. Many Bangladeshis prefer homeopathy for its perceived efficacy, minimal side effects, and holistic approach to treatment. Homeopathy is often used for a variety of health conditions, including chronic diseases, acute ailments, and preventive healthcare.

    The regulation of homeopathy in Bangladesh is overseen by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The Bangladesh Homeopathic Board (BHB) is responsible for ensuring that homeopathic practitioners are properly trained and licensed, maintaining high standards of practice and education.

    Homeopathic education in Bangladesh is comprehensive, with several institutions offering degree programs in homeopathy. The Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (BHMS) is a popular course that includes rigorous theoretical and practical training. Graduates of these programs are eligible to register with the Bangladesh Homeopathic Board and practice legally in the country.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Bangladesh is generally positive. Many people trust homeopathic treatments for their natural and gentle approach, which is believed to have fewer side effects compared to conventional medicines. Homeopathy is particularly popular in rural areas, where access to conventional medical facilities may be limited, but it is also widely used in urban centers.

    The Bangladeshi government supports homeopathy through various initiatives, including funding for education, research, and the regulation of practice. The government’s commitment to promoting homeopathy is evident in its inclusion in public health policies and programs. Homeopathy is recognized as a legitimate form of medical treatment, and homeopathic practitioners are integrated into the national healthcare system.

    The homeopathy drug market in Bangladesh is well-developed, with a range of homeopathic medicines available to consumers. The market is characterized by both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers.

    Several Bangladeshi companies produce homeopathic medicines, ensuring that a variety of treatments are available locally. These companies follow strict quality control measures to ensure the safety and efficacy of their products. Notable manufacturers include Bangladesh Homeopathic Pharmacy and Dr. Reckeweg Bangladesh.

    In addition to domestic production, Bangladesh imports homeopathic medicines from leading international brands. These imports provide Bangladeshi consumers with access to a broader range of high-quality homeopathic products.

    Homeopathic medicines in Bangladesh are easily accessible through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, and online platforms. The affordability of homeopathic treatments compared to conventional medicine further enhances their popularity among the public.

    Research and development in homeopathy are actively pursued in Bangladesh, with several institutions conducting studies to explore and validate the efficacy of homeopathic treatments. The Bangladesh Homeopathic Board (BHB) and various academic institutions play a crucial role in advancing homeopathic research. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations also contribute to the development of evidence-based homeopathy in Bangladesh

    Ensuring uniformity and adherence to regulatory standards across the country is challenging. There are concerns about the quality and standardization of homeopathic medicines produced by smaller manufacturers.

    Homeopathy in Bangladesh is a well-established and widely accepted form of medical treatment, supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and strong government backing. The extensive educational infrastructure ensures a steady supply of qualified practitioners, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges, homeopathy continues to thrive in Bangladesh, reflecting the country’s commitment to integrating traditional and alternative medicine into its healthcare system.

    CANADA

    Homeopathy is a popular alternative medicine practice in Canada, known for its natural and holistic approach to treatment. It is practiced by licensed professionals and regulated by both federal and provincial authorities.

    Homeopathy is widely accepted in Canada, particularly among those seeking natural and non-invasive treatment options. While not integrated into the public healthcare system as extensively as conventional medicine, homeopathy is a recognized and respected field within the broader healthcare landscape. Many Canadians use homeopathy to complement conventional treatments, particularly for chronic conditions, allergies, and preventive care.

    Homeopathy in Canada is regulated at both the federal and provincial levels to ensure the safety and efficacy of treatments.

    The Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate (NNHPD) under Health Canada oversees the regulation of homeopathic medicines. This includes ensuring that products meet safety, efficacy, and quality standards before they are marketed to the public.

    Each province has its own regulatory body that oversees the practice of homeopathy. In Ontario, for example, the College of Homeopaths of Ontario (CHO) regulates homeopathic practitioners, ensuring they meet rigorous standards of education and professional conduct. Similar regulatory bodies exist in other provinces, each with its own standards and requirements.

    Homeopathic education in Canada is offered through several accredited institutions. These programs provide comprehensive training in homeopathic principles, diagnostics, and treatment methodologies. Graduates of these programs must pass rigorous licensing exams to practice legally. Institutions such as the Canadian College of Homeopathic Medicine (CCHM) in Toronto are well-known for their extensive homeopathic training programs.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Canada is generally positive, especially among individuals who prefer natural health products and holistic treatment approaches. However, homeopathy also faces criticism and skepticism from segments of the medical community and the public, particularly regarding its scientific validity and the lack of large-scale clinical evidence supporting its efficacy.

    While the Canadian government does not fund homeopathy through public health insurance plans, it supports the regulation and safe practice of homeopathy. Health Canada’s oversight ensures that homeopathic products are safe and meet quality standards. The government also provides a framework for the professional regulation of homeopathic practitioners.

    The homeopathy drug market in Canada is robust, with a wide range of products available to consumers. The market includes both domestically produced and imported homeopathic medicines.

    Several Canadian companies produce homeopathic medicines, adhering to stringent quality control measures set by Health Canada. These companies provide a variety of remedies for different health conditions, ensuring accessibility for Canadian consumers.

    Canada also imports homeopathic medicines from leading international brands. This allows for a diverse range of products to be available, catering to various health needs and preferences.

    Homeopathic medicines are widely available in Canada, sold through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, health food stores, and online platforms. The affordability of homeopathic treatments compared to conventional medicine further enhances their popularity among Canadians.

    Research and development in homeopathy are ongoing in Canada, with several institutions and organizations conducting studies to explore and validate the efficacy of homeopathic treatments. These efforts are supported by both academic institutions and private organizations. Collaborative research with international homeopathic bodies also contributes to the advancement of homeopathic knowledge and practice in Canada.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards across different provinces can be challenging. There are ongoing efforts to harmonize regulations and ensure uniform quality and safety standards for homeopathic medicines and practices.

    Homeopathy in Canada is a well-regulated and widely accepted form of alternative medicine, supported by comprehensive regulatory frameworks and a growing community of practitioners and patients. The educational infrastructure ensures that homeopathic practitioners are well-trained, while the robust homeopathy drug market makes treatments accessible and affordable. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and regulatory issues, homeopathy continues to thrive in Canada, reflecting the country’s commitment to offering diverse and holistic healthcare options to its citizens.

    SOUTH KOREA

    In South Korea, homeopathy is not a mainstream form of medical treatment but has been gradually gaining recognition and acceptance, particularly among those seeking natural and holistic healthcare options. The practice of homeopathy in South Korea is often associated with integrative medicine clinics that offer a combination of conventional and alternative therapies.

    Homeopathy in South Korea is not formally regulated by the government, and there are no official licensure requirements for homeopathic practitioners. However, some practitioners choose to obtain certification from international homeopathic organizations to enhance their credibility and expertise.

    There are limited formal educational institutions for homeopathy in South Korea. However, interested individuals often seek training through international programs or workshops conducted by visiting homeopaths. The lack of formal education and regulation can pose challenges for the standardization and quality control of homeopathic practice in the country.

    The public perception of homeopathy in South Korea is mixed. While a growing number of people are turning to homeopathic treatments for chronic conditions, allergies, and preventive care, there is also significant skepticism, particularly among the medical community and those who prioritize evidence-based medicine.

    The homeopathy drug market in South Korea is still in its nascent stages. Homeopathic products are available primarily through online platforms and specialized health stores. Most homeopathic remedies are imported from countries with established homeopathic industries, such as Germany, France, and the United States.

    Homeopathic medicines are not widely available in conventional pharmacies but can be found in health food stores and through online retailers. The market is slowly expanding as consumer interest in natural and alternative treatments grows.

    The absence of formal regulation and standardized training programs for homeopathy in South Korea poses challenges for ensuring the quality and safety of homeopathic practice. This lack of oversight can lead to variability in the quality of care provided by homeopathic practitioners.

    Homeopathy in Korea, particularly in South Korea, is an emerging field within the broader context of alternative and integrative medicine. While it faces significant challenges, including skepticism and lack of regulation, there is growing interest among consumers seeking natural and holistic healthcare options. The homeopathy drug market is slowly expanding, primarily through imports and specialized health stores. For homeopathy to gain wider acceptance and integration into the Korean healthcare system, further efforts in regulation, standardization, and research are necessary.

    NEPAL

    Homeopathy in Nepal is a growing field within the broader landscape of traditional and alternative medicine practices. While not as deeply entrenched as Ayurveda or allopathic medicine, homeopathy is gaining recognition and acceptance among the Nepalese population.

    Homeopathy in Nepal is increasingly accepted as a complementary and alternative form of medical treatment. While it is not as widely practiced as traditional Ayurvedic medicine, homeopathy is gaining traction among those seeking natural and holistic approaches to health. It is used for a variety of health conditions, including chronic diseases, acute illnesses, and preventive care.

    The regulation of homeopathy in Nepal is overseen by the Nepal Health Professional Council (NHPC) under the Ministry of Health and Population. This regulatory body ensures that homeopathic practitioners meet the necessary qualifications and adhere to professional standards. However, the regulatory framework is still developing, and there is a need for more structured oversight and standardization.

    Homeopathic education in Nepal is available through several institutions that offer diploma and degree programs in homeopathy. These programs provide comprehensive training in homeopathic principles, diagnostics, and treatment methodologies. Graduates are eligible to register with the NHPC and practice legally. Institutions such as the Nepal Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital play a significant role in educating future homeopaths.

    The public perception of homeopathy in Nepal is generally positive, particularly among those who prefer natural and holistic treatments. Many Nepalese appreciate the gentle and non-invasive nature of homeopathic remedies, which are believed to have minimal side effects compared to conventional medicines. Homeopathy is particularly popular in urban areas, where access to diverse healthcare options is greater.

    The Nepalese government supports the practice of homeopathy through regulatory frameworks and the inclusion of homeopathy in public health policies. While homeopathy is not yet fully integrated into the national healthcare system, the government’s recognition and support have been crucial in promoting its growth and acceptance.

    The homeopathy drug market in Nepal is developing, with increasing demand for homeopathic remedies. The market includes both domestic production and imports from international manufacturers.

    Several local companies in Nepal produce homeopathic medicines, adhering to quality standards set by regulatory authorities. These companies ensure that a variety of homeopathic treatments are available to meet the needs of the local population.

    In addition to domestic production, Nepal imports homeopathic medicines from countries with established homeopathic industries, such as India and Germany. These imported products provide Nepalese consumers with access to a broad range of high-quality homeopathic remedies.

    Homeopathic medicines are available through dedicated homeopathic pharmacies, general pharmacies, and online platforms. The affordability of homeopathic treatments compared to conventional medicine further enhances their popularity among the public.

    Research and development in homeopathy are encouraged in Nepal, with several institutions conducting studies to evaluate the effectiveness of homeopathic treatments. The Nepal Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, along with other academic and research institutions, play a pivotal role in advancing homeopathic research. Collaborative efforts with international homeopathic organizations also contribute to the development of evidence-based homeopathy in Nepal.

    Ensuring consistent regulatory standards and quality control across the country is challenging. There are concerns about the standardization and efficacy of homeopathic medicines, particularly those produced by smaller manufacturers.

    Homeopathy in Nepal is a well-established and increasingly accepted form of alternative medicine. Supported by government regulations and a positive public perception, homeopathy continues to grow as a complementary treatment option. The homeopathy drug market is expanding, with both domestic production and imports meeting the increasing demand for natural and holistic healthcare solutions. Despite facing challenges such as skepticism and regulatory issues, homeopathy remains a popular choice for many seeking holistic and natural healthcare options in Nepal.

  • UNDERSTANDING SIMILIA ‘SIMILIBUS CURENTUR’ USING THE CONCEPTS OF ‘MOLECULAR MIMICRY’ AND ‘MOLECULAR COMPETITION’

    Homeopathy is based on the idea that a substance capable of causing certain symptoms in healthy persons can be used as a remedy to treat sick individuals having similar symptoms. Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, proposed this principle on the basis of his observations, probably without knowing that similarity of symptoms indicates similarity of underlying biological processes, obviously due to the limitations of scientific knowledge available during his period. According to modern understanding, if symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition as well as symptoms produced in healthy individuals by a particular drug substance appear similar, it means the disease-causing molecules and the drug molecules were capable of binding to same biological targets and produce similar molecular errors, which in turn means both of them have similar functional groups or molecular conformations. Understanding this phenomenon of molecular mimicry and competitive relationship arising therefrom between similar chemical molecules in binding to similar biological targets help us in scientifically explaining the homeopathic theory of similimum.  

    Similia Similibus Curentur is considered as the fundamental principle of homeopathy, often summarised as “like cures like.” In order to make homeopathy compatible with modern scientific knowledge, we should be capable of explaining this concept in a way fitting to modern scientific knowledge system.

    Molecular mimicry and molecular competition are critical concepts in modern biochemistry, which help in understanding the interactions between molecules in biological systems. Molecular mimicry and molecular competition are interrelated phenomena. They have significant implications for disease mechanisms, immune responses, and the development of therapeutic interventions. It is essential that we should understand these phenomena well to follow the scientific explanation of homeopathy also.

    Historical perspective

    The idea of competitive inhibition in modern biochemistry was introduced by Sir Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin. They were the first to describe the concept of competitive inhibition in enzyme kinetics, particularly in their studies of fermentation and enzyme reactions.

    Their work, which began in the early 20th century, laid the groundwork for understanding how molecules can compete for enzyme active sites. However, the detailed mechanisms and broader understanding of these concepts were significantly advanced by later scientists, such as Michaelis and Menten, who developed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics in 1913.

    The idea of molecular mimicry, wherein one molecule can mimic the structure of another and hence inhibit or alter a biochemical pathway, became more explicitly defined in the mid-20th century with advances in structural biology and molecular biology. The development of techniques such as X-ray crystallography and later, more advanced computational methods, allowed for a more detailed understanding of how molecular mimicry and competitive inhibition operate at the molecular level.

    The term “molecular mimicry” was first introduced by Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Frank Fenner in the 1940s. Burnet and Fenner, both renowned immunologists, used the concept to explain how certain pathogens might evade the immune system by mimicking host molecules. This idea has since become a fundamental concept in immunology, particularly in understanding autoimmune diseases and pathogen-host interactions.

    The idea of “similimum,” which is central to homeopathy and refers to the principle of treating “like with like,” was first introduced by Samuel Hahnemann in 1796. He published his seminal work on this concept in an article titled “Essay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Powers of Drugs,” which appeared in Hufeland’s Journal. This marked the beginning of homeopathy, where Hahnemann proposed that substances causing symptoms in healthy individuals could be used to treat similar symptoms in sick individuals.

    Samuel Hahnemann wrote the first edition of the “Organon of the Rational Art of Healing,” commonly known as the “Organon of Medicine,” in 1810. This foundational text outlines the principles of homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine developed by Hahnemann. Over the years, Hahnemann revised the book several times, with the sixth and final edition being completed in 1842, but published posthumously in 1921.

    The similarity between the idea of “similimum” by Samuel Hahnemann and “molecular competition” in modern biochemistry lies in their underlying principles of specific interactions and the competitive nature of these interactions, though they are applied in different contexts and frameworks.

    Hahnemann’s principle of “similimum” is based on the idea that a substance causing symptoms in a healthy person can be used to treat similar symptoms in a sick person. This is encapsulated in the phrase “like cures like.”

    This idea represents a primitive form of understanding of the phenomenon of “molecular competition” of modern biochemistry which refers to the process where molecules, such as substrates and inhibitors, compete for binding to the active site of an enzyme or receptor. This competition affects the rate of biochemical reactions. In competitive inhibition, a molecule similar in structure to the substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site, preventing the actual substrate from binding. This reduces the rate of the reaction and is a key regulatory mechanism in metabolic pathways.

    The idea of “competition” is central to both concepts. In homeopathy, the molecules of “similimum” drug competes with the disease-causing molecules, potentially triggering a healing response. In biochemistry, competitive inhibitors compete with substrates for enzyme binding, regulating metabolic reactions. Both concepts aim to explain a molecular interaction on the basis of “similarity” of molecules. In homeopathy, the therapeutic effect is achieved through the use of a substance that is “similimum” to disease-causing substance, obviously involving a competitive relationship arising from “molecular mimicry”. In biochemistry, therapeutic effects are achieved by modulating enzyme activity through competitive inhibition, influencing metabolic pathways.

    Hahnemann’s idea of “similimum” and “molecular competition” in modern biochemistry are rooted in the idea of specific and competitive interactions that lead to specific therapeutic effects. From a historical perspective, idea of “similimum” introduced in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann could be considered as the primitive form of idea of “molecular competition” of modern biochemistry introduced in 1913. Put in another way, concept of similimum is the forerunner of concept molecular competition.

    Molecular Competition

    Molecular competition refers to the scenario where different molecules compete for the same binding site on a target molecule, such as an enzyme, receptor, or nucleic acid. Enzymes have an active site, a specific region where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction. Under normal conditions, substrates (the molecules upon which enzymes act) bind to the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. Competitive inhibitors are molecules that closely resemble the substrate’s structure. They bind to the active site of the enzyme but are not converted into products. When a competitive inhibitor is bound to the active site, the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme at the same time. This is because the inhibitor and the substrate compete for the same binding site. Competitive inhibition is typically reversible. The inhibitor can dissociate from the enzyme, allowing the substrate to bind.

    The effect of a competitive inhibitor can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the substrate. This increases the likelihood that substrate molecules will bind to the active site instead of the inhibitor. Substrate binds to the active site, forming the enzyme-substrate complex, leading to product formation. Inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site. When the inhibitor is bound, the substrate cannot bind, and no product is formed. Increasing substrate concentration can outcompete the inhibitor.

    Hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs can compete for binding sites on receptors, similar to how substrates and inhibitors compete for enzyme active sites. Receptors are protein molecules located on the surface of or within cells. They receive chemical signals and initiate cellular responses. Receptors can be classified based on their location and function, including membrane-bound receptors (like G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels) and intracellular receptors (like nuclear receptors).

    Ligands are molecules that bind to receptors. These include hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs. Binding of a ligand to its receptor triggers a series of cellular events, leading to a physiological response. Receptors have specific binding sites that fit certain ligands, much like a lock and key. Different ligands that can bind to the same receptor site will compete for binding. This competition affects the receptor’s ability to elicit a response.

    Inhibitors are molecules having structural similarity to natural ligands that can bind to their receptors but do not activate them. Instead, they block the receptor and prevent natural ligands from binding and activating the receptor. Antagonists are ligands that bind to receptors and induce the opposite response of an agonist.

    Glucagon and insulin are hormones that compete for receptor sites on liver cells to regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose release into the bloodstream.

    Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that binds to dopamine receptors in the brain to regulate mood and behaviour. Antipsychotic drugs act as antagonists at dopamine receptors, reducing dopamine activity to treat conditions like schizophrenia. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that binds to muscarinic receptors to regulate functions like heart rate and digestion. Atropine is an antagonist that competes with acetylcholine for these receptors, inhibiting its action.

    Epinephrine (adrenaline) binds to beta-adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate and blood pressure. Beta-blockers are antagonists that compete with epinephrine, blocking its action and lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Opioids like morphine bind to opioid receptors to relieve pain. Naloxone is an antagonist that competes with opioids for these receptors, reversing the effects of opioid overdose.

    Understanding receptor-ligand interactions allows for the development of drugs that specifically target receptors involved in disease processes. Competitive antagonists can be used to block unwanted actions of endogenous ligands or other drugs, minimizing side effects.

    The efficacy of a drug depends on its potency (the concentration needed to produce an effect) and affinity (the strength of binding to the receptor). Competitive binding studies help determine the appropriate dosage for therapeutic effect. Designing drugs with high selectivity for specific receptors reduces off-target effects and improves safety.

    The competition between hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs for binding sites on receptors is a fundamental aspect of cellular signalling and pharmacology. By understanding these interactions, researchers and clinicians can develop more effective and selective treatments for a wide range of conditions, from metabolic disorders to psychiatric diseases.

    The competition between pathogenic molecules such as toxins, viral proteins, or bacterial components, and natural biological ligands like hormones, neurotransmitters, or cellular proteins for binding sites on receptors and other cellular targets plays a significant role in the disease process.

    Pathogens or their molecules may compete with endogenous ligands for binding to specific cellular receptors. This competition can block normal signaling pathways, leading to disrupted cellular functions. Pathogenic molecules can act as competitive inhibitors of enzymes, blocking the natural substrates from binding and hindering normal metabolic processes. Some pathogens produce molecules that mimic host ligands, allowing them to bind to receptors and interfere with normal biological functions.

    Toxins produced by Vibrio cholerae competes with endogenous molecules for binding to the GM1 ganglioside receptor on intestinal epithelial cells. This binding activates adenylate cyclase, leading to increased cAMP levels and excessive secretion of water and electrolytes, causing severe diarrhoea. Toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum competes with acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, blocking neurotransmission and causing muscle paralysis.

    The gp120 protein of HIV competes with natural ligands for binding to the CD4 receptor on T-helper cells and co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4). This binding facilitates viral entry into the cells and disrupts normal immune function, leading to AIDS. Viral protein competes with sialic acid-containing receptors on respiratory epithelial cells, allowing the virus to attach and enter the cells, initiating infection.

    Some parasitic worms secrete cysteine-like proteins that inhibit host cysteine proteases, enzymes involved in immune responses. By blocking these enzymes, the parasites can evade the immune system and establish chronic infections.

    Competition between pathogenic molecules and natural ligands can lead to the inhibition or overstimulation of cellular pathways, causing physiological imbalances and disease symptoms. Pathogens may use competitive binding to evade immune detection. For example, by mimicking host molecules, they can prevent immune cells from recognising and attacking them. Competitive binding of pathogenic molecules can result in direct cellular damage. For example, the binding of bacterial toxins to cellular receptors can trigger cell death pathways or disrupt cellular integrity.

    Prostaglandins are produced in response to pain and can cause inflammation. Essential fatty acids are precursors for prostaglandin synthesis. These fatty acids can mimic the substrate and bind to the enzyme responsible for prostaglandin production. By blocking prostaglandin synthesis, these inhibitors are used as drugs to relieve pain.

    Tyrosinase, an enzyme found in mushrooms, normally binds to the substrate monophenols. Competitive substrates (such as certain substituted benzaldehydes) compete with monophenols. By lowering the amount of monophenols binding to tyrosinase, these inhibitors prevent browning. This technique extends the shelf life of produce like mushrooms.

    Ethanol (C2H5OH) serves as a competitive inhibitor for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. When present in large amounts, ethanol competes with methanol and ethylene glycol. Ethanol is sometimes used to treat or prevent toxicity following accidental ingestion of these chemicals.

    Strychnine acts as an allosteric inhibitor of the glycine receptor in the spinal cord and brain stem. Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Strychnine binds to an alternate site, reducing the receptor’s affinity for glycine. This results in convulsions due to decreased inhibition by glycine.

    After accidental ingestion of contaminated opioid drug desmethylprodine, the neurotoxic effect of MPTP was discovered. MPTP crosses the blood-brain barrier and enters acidic lysosomes. It is biologically activated by MAO-B, an enzyme concentrated in neurological disorders. MPTP causes symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease. Competitive inhibition of MAO-B or the dopamine transporter protects against MPTP’s toxic effects.

    Developing drugs that can compete with pathogenic molecules for receptor binding can block the pathogen’s access to these sites. For instance, HIV entry inhibitors prevent the virus from binding to CD4 receptors. Enzyme inhibitors that are designed to outcompete pathogen-derived inhibitors can restore normal enzyme function and boost immune responses.

    Vaccines can be designed to elicit immune responses against pathogenic molecules that compete with natural ligands, helping the immune system to recognize and neutralize these threats more effectively.

    Therapeutic agents that mimic the structure of natural ligands can be used to outcompete pathogenic molecules, restoring normal cellular functions. For example, recombinant cytokines can be used to compete with viral proteins that inhibit immune signalling.

    The competition between pathogenic molecules and natural biological ligands is a crucial aspect of many disease processes. Understanding these competitive interactions allows for the development of targeted therapies and preventive measures that can mitigate the effects of pathogens and restore normal physiological functions.

    The competition between pathogenic molecules and drug molecules plays a crucial role in the curative process of infectious diseases and other health conditions caused by pathogens. Pathogens or their products may bind to host cell receptors to initiate infection or disease processes. Drugs can be designed to compete with these pathogenic molecules for the same receptors, blocking the pathogen’s ability to bind and exert its effects. Pathogens often produce enzymes that are crucial for their survival and proliferation. Competitive inhibitors can be developed to bind to the active sites of these enzymes, preventing the pathogens from carrying out essential biochemical reactions. Pathogens can hijack host cell signaling pathways to benefit their replication and survival. Drugs can be designed to interfere with these signaling pathways, restoring normal cellular functions and inhibiting pathogen replication.

    HIV protease is an enzyme crucial for the maturation of infectious viral particles. Drugs like ritonavir and lopinavir competitively inhibit this enzyme, preventing the production of mature virions. Influenza viruses rely on neuraminidase to release new virions from infected cells. Drugs like oseltamivir (Tamiflu) competitively inhibit neuraminidase, reducing viral spread.

    Antibiotics such as penicillin, competitively inhibit bacterial transpeptidase enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial cell death. These drugs inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme involved in folate synthesis in bacteria. By competing with the natural substrate PABA, sulfonamides disrupt bacterial DNA synthesis. Drugs like fluconazole competitively inhibit fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes, specifically lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, which is essential for ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes.

    By competing with pathogenic molecules for binding sites on host cells, drugs can block the initial stages of infection. Drugs that compete with key enzymes or substrates essential for pathogen replication can halt the spread of the infection.

    Pathogens exposed to drugs that competitively inhibit their molecules may develop resistance mechanisms, such as mutations that reduce drug binding efficiency. Using multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action can reduce the likelihood of resistance development by making it harder for the pathogen to adapt.

    Drugs need to be designed with high affinity and selectivity for their targets to effectively compete with pathogenic molecules and minimize off-target effects. Understanding the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) of drugs is essential to ensure they reach effective concentrations at the site of infection.

    The efficacy of a drug depends on its ability to outcompete pathogenic molecules for binding sites or enzyme active sites. This requires high binding affinity and specificity. Proper dosing regimens are critical to maintaining drug concentrations that effectively compete with pathogenic molecules over the course of treatment.

    Below is a detailed list of drugs that act by molecular competition, categorised by their therapeutic use and target:

    1. Antihistamines

    Target: Histamine receptors (H1, H2 receptors)

    Diphenhydramine (Benadryl): Competes with histamine for H1 receptor sites.

    Cetirizine (Zyrtec): Selectively competes for H1 receptors, used for allergic reactions.

    Ranitidine (Zantac): Competes with histamine at H2 receptors in the stomach, reducing acid secretion.

    2. Beta Blockers

    Target: Beta-adrenergic receptors (Beta-1 and Beta-2 receptors)

    Propranolol: Non-selective beta blocker competing with adrenaline and noradrenaline.

    Metoprolol: Selectively competes for Beta-1 receptors, used for cardiovascular conditions.

    Atenolol: Another selective Beta-1 receptor antagonist.

    3. ACE Inhibitors

    Target: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

    Lisinopril: Competes with angiotensin I for binding to ACE, preventing its conversion to angiotensin II.

    Enalapril: Another ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure.

    4. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    Target: Angiotensin II receptors (AT1)

    Losartan: Competes with angiotensin II for binding to AT1 receptors, used to lower blood pressure.

    Valsartan: Another ARB with similar competitive action.

    5. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

    Target: H+/K+ ATPase enzyme in stomach lining

    Omeprazole: Competes with substrates for the proton pump, reducing gastric acid secretion.

    Esomeprazole: S-enantiomer of omeprazole, with similar action.

    6. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

    Target: Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2)

    Ibuprofen: Competes with arachidonic acid for binding to COX enzymes, reducing inflammation.

    Naproxen: Another NSAID with similar competitive inhibition of COX.

    7. Opioid Antagonists

    Target: Opioid receptors (mu, delta, kappa)

    Naloxone: Competes with opioids for binding to opioid receptors, used to reverse opioid overdoses.

    Naltrexone: Longer-acting opioid receptor antagonist, used for opioid and alcohol dependence.

    8. Calcium Channel Blockers

    Target: Voltage-gated calcium channels

    Amlodipine: Competes with calcium ions for entry into smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation.

    Verapamil: Another calcium channel blocker with competitive inhibition, also affecting the heart.

    9. Benzodiazepines

    Target: GABA-A receptors

    Diazepam (Valium): Competes with endogenous GABA for binding sites on the GABA-A receptor, enhancing inhibitory effects.

    Lorazepam (Ativan): Another benzodiazepine with similar competitive action.

    10. Antineoplastic Agents

    Target: Various molecular targets in cancer cells

    Methotrexate: Competes with folic acid for binding to dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting DNA synthesis.

    Imatinib (Gleevec): Competes with ATP for binding to the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia cells.

    11. Statins

    Target: HMG-CoA reductase

    Atorvastatin (Lipitor): Competes with HMG-CoA for binding to the reductase enzyme, reducing cholesterol synthesis.

    Simvastatin: Another statin with similar competitive inhibition.

    12. Anticoagulants

    Target: Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR)

    Warfarin: Competes with vitamin K for binding to VKOR, reducing blood clotting.

    This list highlights the diversity of drugs that act through molecular competition, a common and crucial mechanism in pharmacology. Competitive drugs may sometimes bind to non-target sites, leading to side effects. Designing drugs with high specificity helps reduce these adverse effects. The balance between effective doses and toxic doses (therapeutic index) must be optimized to ensure safety and efficacy.

    Using multiple drugs that target different molecules or pathways can enhance the overall effectiveness of treatment and reduce the likelihood of resistance. Continuous monitoring of drug effectiveness and pathogen response allows for timely adjustments in therapy to ensure optimal outcomes.

    The competition between pathogenic molecules and drug molecules is a cornerstone of the curative process. Effective treatment relies on the ability of drugs to outcompete pathogens for key binding sites or enzymatic functions, thereby inhibiting the pathogen’s ability to cause disease. Understanding these competitive interactions is essential for designing effective drugs, optimizing treatment regimens, and overcoming challenges such as drug resistance.

    Molecular Mimicry

    Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that occurs when one molecule structurally resembles another molecule, so that it can act as the other one to evade the immune system or interfere with normal biological processes. Some pathogens can mimic host molecules to avoid immune detection. For example, certain bacteria and viruses have surface proteins that resemble molecules of the host, preventing the immune system from recognising them as foreign.

    Molecular mimicry is implicated in the development of so-called autoimmune diseases. If a pathogen’s molecules closely resemble the body’s own molecules, the antibodies generated due to immune response against the pathogen can mistakenly target the body’s tissues. This is known as off-target actions of antibodies. An example is rheumatic fever, where antibodies against Streptococcus bacteria cross-react with heart tissue.

    Pathogens (like viruses or bacteria) may have proteins or peptides that closely resemble host proteins. The immune system generates a response to the pathogen’s antigens. Due to the structural similarity, the immune system also targets similar-looking host proteins, mistaking them for the pathogen.

    In rheumatic fever, Antibodies against streptococcal M protein cross-react with cardiac myosin, leading to inflammation of the heart (rheumatic heart disease).

    Multiple Sclerosis is a disease arising due to molecular mimicry between viral proteins of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or other viral infections and myelin basic protein, leading to demyelination in the central nervous system. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is caused by antibodies against bacterial lipo-oligosaccharides of infectious agents like Campylobacter jejuni, which cross-react with gangliosides on peripheral nerves, leading to acute flaccid paralysis. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is caused by molecular mimicry between viral proteins of viral infections like coxsackievirus and and pancreatic beta-cell antigens, leading to beta-cell destruction.

    Molecular mimicry plays a significant role in the development of autoimmune diseases by triggering immune responses that cross-react with self-antigens. Understanding these mechanisms can help in developing better diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for autoimmune conditions.

    Utilizing molecular mimicry in drug development involves designing drugs that can specifically target pathogenic antigens without affecting host tissues, or leveraging mimicry principles to modulate immune response

    Several strategies are followed for harnessing molecular mimicry in drug development. While developing vaccines, it should be ensured that they do not contain pathogen-specific antigens that resemble host proteins, in order to minimize the risk of autoimmune responses. Epitope mapping is done to identify and exclude pathogen antigens that have significant similarity to host antigens that may cause molecular mimicry.

    Molecular mimicry is utilized to develop therapies that induce immune tolerance to specific autoantigens. For example, peptide-based therapies can be designed to mimic self-antigens, training the immune system to tolerate them rather than attack them. It is also utilized to develop drugs that modulate the immune response to reduce cross-reactivity. This could involve cytokine inhibitors or immune checkpoint modulators that help regulate autoimmune activity.

    Molecular mimicry plays a role in designing monoclonal antibodies that specifically target pathogenic antigens with high precision. By understanding the molecular mimicry patterns, these antibodies can be engineered to avoid binding to similar host proteins. Developing of specific antibodies that can simultaneously bind to a pathogen antigen and an immune checkpoint molecule, thereby enhancing the immune response against the pathogen while avoiding host tissue damage.

    Small molecules are designed that inhibit pathogen enzymes or proteins by mimicking their natural substrates. These inhibitors should have minimal interaction with similar host enzymes to reduce side effects. Small molecules are also designed that disrupt key protein-protein interactions in pathogens that are critical for their survival or virulence, based on the understanding of mimicry mechanisms.

    While developing diagnostic tools, biomarkers are developed that are indicative of molecular mimicry events. These biomarkers can help in early diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune diseases, guiding personalized treatment strategies. Use of computational tools are developed to predict potential molecular mimicry interactions between pathogen antigens and host proteins. This can guide the design of safer and more effective drugs.

    Nipocalimab (M281) is an anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody being developed to treat autoimmune diseases by reducing pathogenic IgG antibodies that could be a result of molecular mimicry. Epitopoietic Therapy uses peptides that mimic autoantigens to induce immune tolerance in diseases like multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. For example, a peptide-based therapy for MS mimics myelin antigens to induce tolerance.

    In-Silico Analysis uses bioinformatics tools to predict and analyze potential mimicry interactions, aiding in the design of non-cross-reactive drugs. Preclinical Testing involves conducting extensive preclinical testing to evaluate the specificity and safety of drugs designed using molecular mimicry principles. Clinical trials are designed to monitor for adverse immune responses that could be triggered by unintended molecular mimicry.

    By leveraging molecular mimicry, drug development can be tailored to create more specific and effective therapies for infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even cancer. The key lies in thorough research and understanding of mimicry mechanisms to design interventions that target pathogens or modulate immune responses without causing harm to the host.

    Molecular mimicry and molecular competition are interconnected in various biological processes, particularly in how they influence immune responses, pathogen-host interactions, and therapeutic strategies. Molecular mimicry refers to the structural similarity between molecules from different origins, such as between pathogenic antigens and host proteins. This similarity can cause the immune system to mistake self-antigens for foreign antigens, potentially leading to autoimmune responses. Pathogens express antigens that mimic host proteins, leading to cross-reactivity. For example, the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes resembles cardiac myosin, which can trigger rheumatic fever. Some pathogens mimic host molecules to evade immune detection, such as the HIV protein gp120 mimicking host CD4 molecules to facilitate viral entry.

    Molecular competition involves different molecules competing for the same binding sites on receptors, enzymes, or other target proteins. This competition can affect cellular processes by inhibiting or modulating the binding of natural ligands.

    Drugs can compete with natural substrates or ligands for binding to enzymes or receptors, such as beta-blockers competing with adrenaline for beta-adrenergic receptors. Antimicrobial agents can compete with pathogen molecules for critical binding sites, such as antibiotics competing with bacterial substrates for enzyme binding.

    Pathogens that use molecular mimicry to resemble host molecules can engage in competition with natural host ligands. For instance, a pathogen’s mimicry protein might compete with the host’s natural protein for binding to a receptor, potentially disrupting normal cellular functions. Molecular mimicry can lead to autoimmune responses where the immune system attacks both the pathogen and the host’s own tissues. This can result in competition between autoantibodies and natural antibodies for binding to self-antigens.

    Drugs can be designed to specifically target pathogen molecules that mimic host proteins. These drugs need to compete effectively with both the pathogen’s mimicking molecules and the natural ligands. Some therapeutic agents are designed to mimic natural ligands, thereby competing with pathogenic molecules for receptor binding. This approach can be used to restore normal signaling or inhibit pathogen activity.

    Vaccines can exploit molecular mimicry to generate an immune response against pathogen antigens that mimic host proteins. This helps the immune system recognize and eliminate pathogens that might otherwise evade detection. In autoimmune diseases, therapies might aim to induce immune tolerance by introducing peptides that mimic self-antigens, thereby competing with autoantigens for immune recognition and reducing autoimmune attacks.

    Understanding molecular mimicry allows for the design of drugs that can outcompete both natural and pathogenic molecules at critical binding sites. Vaccines can be designed to target mimicking antigens, enhancing immune system recognition and response to pathogens. Therapies can leverage mimicry to induce tolerance in autoimmune diseases or to block pathogenic competition, thereby restoring normal immune function.

    Molecular Mimicry – Molecular Competition – Homeopathy

    MIT homeopathy has proposed a modern interpretation of the homeopathic principle “similia similibus curentur” (like cures like) using the concepts of molecular mimicry and molecular competition. This approach attempts to bridge traditional homeopathic principles with contemporary molecular biology.

    Homeopathic principle Similia Similibus Curentur suggests that substances causing symptoms in a healthy person can be used to treat similar symptoms in a sick person.

    Normal biomolecular interactions essential for vital processes happen through selective binding between biological target molecules and their natural ligands. A state of disease emerges when some endogenous or exogenous molecules having conformational similarity to natural ligands prevent this binding between biological targets and their legitimate ligands by competing with natural ligands by a sort of molecular mimicry and binding themselves to the target molecules. Molecular imprints of biological ligands, or of any drug molecule having conformations similar to them, can act as artificial binding pockets exogenous or endogenous pathogenic molecules, deactivate them, and facilitate the normal interactions between biological ligands and their natural targets. Put in another way, molecular imprints contained in potentized forms of biological ligands, pathogenic molecules or similar drug molecules can compete with natural targets for binding to pathogenic molecules by their conformational similarities. This is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathy.

    MIT concepts of homeopathy proposes that the ‘similia similibus curentur’ can be explained using the concepts of molecular mimicry and molecular competition. This interpretation seeks to provide a scientific basis for the action of homeopathic remedies, aligning with principles of molecular mimicry and competition.

    The diluted substances in homeopathic remedies might retain structural information or constituent molecules of drug substances in the form of molecular imprinted nanocavities. Molecular imprints of mimicking molecules from the homeopathic remedies bind to the disease-causing molecules, thereby preventing them from binding to receptors or enzymes. By this mechanism, these molecular imprints can block the harmful effects of the disease molecules, thereby alleviating symptoms and promoting recovery. For example, Arnica Montana is a drug used in homeopathy for trauma and bruising. According to MIT interpretation, molecules in Arnica might mimic components of the inflammatory process. When administered in highly diluted form, molecular imprints of these molecules act as artificial binding pockets for inflammatory molecules, potentially reducing inflammation and promoting healing. MIT explanation of homeopathy considers that even highly diluted homeopathic remedies may contain molecular imprints or nanacavities carrying the conformational details of original substance, which can interact with pathogenic molecules and deactivate them. These molecular imprints might exhibit unique properties due to their conformational properties, allowing them to act as artificial binding pockets.
    MIT approach to homeopathy seeks to provide a scientific framework that can be tested and validated using modern research methodologies. Acceptance of this interpretation within the broader scientific and medical communities requires rigorous experimental evidence demonstrating the molecular interactions and therapeutic effects proposed. MIT interpretation of the homeopathic principle “similia similibus curentur” using the concepts of molecular mimicry and molecular competition provides a modern scientific perspective on how homeopathic remedies might work. By proposing that these remedies engage in molecular interactions similar to those observed in conventional pharmacology, this approach aims to bridge traditional homeopathy with contemporary molecular biology, offering a potential pathway for validating and understanding homeopathic practices through a scientific lens.

    The phenomenon of molecular mimicry and molecular competition arising therefrom plays a crucial role in explaining similimum concept of homeopathy. It revolves around the idea that a molecular inhibition caused by a pathogenic molecule can be counteracted by a drug molecule with a similar functional group. When the functional groups of pathogenic and drug molecules are similar, they can bind to similar molecular targets, leading to the production of similar symptoms. Homeopathy identifies this similarity by observing the symptoms produced by both pathogenic and drug molecules. Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, aimed to utilize molecular competition in developing his therapeutic method. His principle of Similia Similibus Curentur (like cures like) was an attempt to explain and harness this phenomenon. By identifying substances with similar symptom profiles, Hahnemann sought to address molecular inhibitions through competitive interactions. In conventional medicine (allopathy), molecular competition is used to remove pathological molecular inhibitions. However, there’s a risk of drug-induced diseases due to off-target actions. Many chemotherapeutic drugs, while effective, can have dangerous side effects.

    Using molecular forms of SIMILIMUM (competitive inhibitors) may also inadvertently lead to new diseases harmful to the organism. Hahnemann recognized this danger and devised a solution. He advocated for using potentized forms of competitive inhibitors (SIMILIMUM).

    Potentization involves serial dilution and succussion (vigorous shaking), resulting in highly diluted remedies. These potentized remedies retain the molecular imprints of the original drug molecules without the risk of direct molecular interactions.

    In summary, homeopathy’s SIMILIMUM concept leverages the principles of competitive inhibitions, emphasizing symptom similarity and avoiding potential adverse effects associated with direct molecular interactions.

    Homeopathic Potentization and Molecular Imprints: Samuel Hahnemann recognized the potential adverse effects of competitive inhibitors when used therapeutically. To overcome this, he developed the technology of drug potentization in homeopathy.

    Potentization involves preparing molecular imprints of drug molecules in a water-ethyl alcohol medium, using the drug molecules as templates.
    These molecular imprints form supra-molecular clusters where the spatial conformations of template molecules remain engraved as nanocavities. Due to their complementary conformations, these imprints can act as artificial binding pockets for pathogenic molecules, deactivating them and removing the pathological molecular inhibitions they had produced.

    When symptoms produced in healthy individuals by a drug substance in its molecular form are similar to those expressed by an individual in a particular disease condition, it indicates a significant connection.

    Disease symptoms and drug-induced symptoms appear similar when both disease-producing substances and drug substances contain similar chemical molecules with matching functional groups. These molecules can compete with each other for binding to the same biological targets.

    Disease molecules produce symptoms by competitively binding to biological targets, mimicking natural ligands due to their conformational similarity. Drug molecules, if they have conformational similarity with disease molecules, can displace them through competitive interactions. The use of molecular imprints in homeopathy allows for targeted binding to specific biological targets, deactivating disease-causing molecules.

    Similia Similibus Curentur is a natural, objective phenomenon. It is not pseudoscience; rather, it reflects the competitive relationship between substances in producing similar symptoms. Samuel Hahnemann observed this phenomenon and described it as the fundamental principle of homeopathy. While Hahnemann’s scientific knowledge had limitations, his insights paved the way for understanding molecular interactions.

    Samuel Hahnemann’s insights into homeopathy, despite the limitations of his time, laid the groundwork for a fascinating therapeutic approach.

    Samuel Hahnemann worked during an era when modern biochemistry had not yet evolved. Despite this limitation, his extraordinary genius allowed him to observe and describe phenomena that would later find scientific validation.

    When a homeopath seeks a SIMILIMUM for a patient, they match disease symptoms with drug symptoms. The goal is to find a drug substance containing chemical molecules with similar conformations to those causing the disease. This similarity leads to a competitive relationship between drug and disease molecules in binding to biological targets.

    Potentized forms of drug substances contain molecular imprints. These imprints act as artificial binding sites for disease-causing molecules due to their conformational affinity. By binding to the disease molecules, molecular imprints remove pathological molecular inhibitions.

    Homeopathy practice essentially involves identifying drug molecules that are conformationally similar to disease-causing molecules. These drugs molecules are capable of competing with the disease-causing molecules for binding to biological targets. Molecular imprints of these molecules contained in post-avogadro dilutions of such drugs can be used therapeutically based on this principle. Homeopathic use of molecular imprints and the principle of similarity provides a unique perspective on healing. By harnessing competitive relationships and complementary conformations, homeopathy aims to restore balance and promote health.

    Convincing the scientific community that homeopathic principle of ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ is based on the natural phenomena of molecular mimicry and molecular competition is crucial. As modern biochemistry provides more and more insights into these interactions, homeopathy may eventually be recognized as a scientific therapeutic approach.

  • UNDERSTANDING ‘SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR’ USING THE CONCEPTS OF ‘MOLECULAR MIMICRY’ AND ‘MOLECULAR COMPETITION’

    Homeopathy is based on the idea that a substance capable of causing certain symptoms in healthy persons can be used as a remedy to treat sick individuals having similar symptoms. Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, proposed this principle on the basis of his observations, probably without knowing that similarity of symptoms indicates similarity of underlying biological processes, obviously due to the limitations of scientific knowledge available during his period. According to modern understanding, if symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition as well as symptoms produced in healthy individuals by a particular drug substance appear similar, it means the disease-causing molecules and the drug molecules were capable of binding to same biological targets and produce similar molecular errors, which in turn means both of them have similar functional groups or molecular conformations. Understanding this phenomenon of molecular mimicry and competitive relationship arising therefrom between similar chemical molecules in binding to similar biological targets help us in scientifically explaining the homeopathic theory of similimum.  

    Similia Similibus Curentur is considered as the fundamental principle of homeopathy, often summarised as “like cures like.” In order to make homeopathy compatible with modern scientific knowledge, we should be capable of explaining this concept in a way fitting to modern scientific knowledge system.

    Molecular mimicry and molecular competition are critical concepts in modern biochemistry, which help in understanding the interactions between molecules in biological systems. Molecular mimicry and molecular competition are interrelated phenomena. They have significant implications for disease mechanisms, immune responses, and the development of therapeutic interventions. It is essential that we should understand these phenomena well to follow the scientific explanation of homeopathy also.

    Historical perspective

    The idea of competitive inhibition in modern biochemistry was introduced by Sir Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin. They were the first to describe the concept of competitive inhibition in enzyme kinetics, particularly in their studies of fermentation and enzyme reactions.

    Their work, which began in the early 20th century, laid the groundwork for understanding how molecules can compete for enzyme active sites. However, the detailed mechanisms and broader understanding of these concepts were significantly advanced by later scientists, such as Michaelis and Menten, who developed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics in 1913.

    The idea of molecular mimicry, wherein one molecule can mimic the structure of another and hence inhibit or alter a biochemical pathway, became more explicitly defined in the mid-20th century with advances in structural biology and molecular biology. The development of techniques such as X-ray crystallography and later, more advanced computational methods, allowed for a more detailed understanding of how molecular mimicry and competitive inhibition operate at the molecular level.

    The term “molecular mimicry” was first introduced by Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Frank Fenner in the 1940s. Burnet and Fenner, both renowned immunologists, used the concept to explain how certain pathogens might evade the immune system by mimicking host molecules. This idea has since become a fundamental concept in immunology, particularly in understanding autoimmune diseases and pathogen-host interactions.

    The idea of “similimum,” which is central to homeopathy and refers to the principle of treating “like with like,” was first introduced by Samuel Hahnemann in 1796. He published his seminal work on this concept in an article titled “Essay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Powers of Drugs,” which appeared in Hufeland’s Journal. This marked the beginning of homeopathy, where Hahnemann proposed that substances causing symptoms in healthy individuals could be used to treat similar symptoms in sick individuals.

    Samuel Hahnemann wrote the first edition of the “Organon of the Rational Art of Healing,” commonly known as the “Organon of Medicine,” in 1810. This foundational text outlines the principles of homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine developed by Hahnemann. Over the years, Hahnemann revised the book several times, with the sixth and final edition being completed in 1842, but published posthumously in 1921.

    The similarity between the idea of “similimum” by Samuel Hahnemann and “molecular competition” in modern biochemistry lies in their underlying principles of specific interactions and the competitive nature of these interactions, though they are applied in different contexts and frameworks.

    Hahnemann’s principle of “similimum” is based on the idea that a substance causing symptoms in a healthy person can be used to treat similar symptoms in a sick person. This is encapsulated in the phrase “like cures like.”

    This idea represents a primitive form of understanding of the phenomenon of “molecular competition” of modern biochemistry which refers to the process where molecules, such as substrates and inhibitors, compete for binding to the active site of an enzyme or receptor. This competition affects the rate of biochemical reactions. In competitive inhibition, a molecule similar in structure to the substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site, preventing the actual substrate from binding. This reduces the rate of the reaction and is a key regulatory mechanism in metabolic pathways.

    The idea of “competition” is central to both concepts. In homeopathy, the molecules of “similimum” drug competes with the disease-causing molecules, potentially triggering a healing response. In biochemistry, competitive inhibitors compete with substrates for enzyme binding, regulating metabolic reactions. Both concepts aim to explain a molecular interaction on the basis of “similarity” of molecules. In homeopathy, the therapeutic effect is achieved through the use of a substance that is “similimum” to disease-causing substance, obviously involving a competitive relationship arising from “molecular mimicry”. In biochemistry, therapeutic effects are achieved by modulating enzyme activity through competitive inhibition, influencing metabolic pathways.

    Hahnemann’s idea of “similimum” and “molecular competition” in modern biochemistry are rooted in the idea of specific and competitive interactions that lead to specific therapeutic effects. From a historical perspective, idea of “similimum” introduced in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann could be considered as the primitive form of idea of “molecular competition” of modern biochemistry introduced in 1913. Put in another way, concept of similimum is the forerunner of concept molecular competition.

    Molecular Competition

    Molecular competition refers to the scenario where different molecules compete for the same binding site on a target molecule, such as an enzyme, receptor, or nucleic acid. Enzymes have an active site, a specific region where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction. Under normal conditions, substrates (the molecules upon which enzymes act) bind to the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. Competitive inhibitors are molecules that closely resemble the substrate’s structure. They bind to the active site of the enzyme but are not converted into products. When a competitive inhibitor is bound to the active site, the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme at the same time. This is because the inhibitor and the substrate compete for the same binding site. Competitive inhibition is typically reversible. The inhibitor can dissociate from the enzyme, allowing the substrate to bind.

    The effect of a competitive inhibitor can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the substrate. This increases the likelihood that substrate molecules will bind to the active site instead of the inhibitor. Substrate binds to the active site, forming the enzyme-substrate complex, leading to product formation. Inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site. When the inhibitor is bound, the substrate cannot bind, and no product is formed. Increasing substrate concentration can outcompete the inhibitor.

    Hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs can compete for binding sites on receptors, similar to how substrates and inhibitors compete for enzyme active sites. Receptors are protein molecules located on the surface of or within cells. They receive chemical signals and initiate cellular responses. Receptors can be classified based on their location and function, including membrane-bound receptors (like G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels) and intracellular receptors (like nuclear receptors).

    Ligands are molecules that bind to receptors. These include hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs. Binding of a ligand to its receptor triggers a series of cellular events, leading to a physiological response. Receptors have specific binding sites that fit certain ligands, much like a lock and key. Different ligands that can bind to the same receptor site will compete for binding. This competition affects the receptor’s ability to elicit a response.

    Inhibitors are molecules having structural similarity to natural ligands that can bind to their receptors but do not activate them. Instead, they block the receptor and prevent natural ligands from binding and activating the receptor. Antagonists are ligands that bind to receptors and induce the opposite response of an agonist.

    Glucagon and insulin are hormones that compete for receptor sites on liver cells to regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose release into the bloodstream.

    Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that binds to dopamine receptors in the brain to regulate mood and behaviour. Antipsychotic drugs act as antagonists at dopamine receptors, reducing dopamine activity to treat conditions like schizophrenia. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that binds to muscarinic receptors to regulate functions like heart rate and digestion. Atropine is an antagonist that competes with acetylcholine for these receptors, inhibiting its action.

    Epinephrine (adrenaline) binds to beta-adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate and blood pressure. Beta-blockers are antagonists that compete with epinephrine, blocking its action and lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Opioids like morphine bind to opioid receptors to relieve pain. Naloxone is an antagonist that competes with opioids for these receptors, reversing the effects of opioid overdose.

    Understanding receptor-ligand interactions allows for the development of drugs that specifically target receptors involved in disease processes. Competitive antagonists can be used to block unwanted actions of endogenous ligands or other drugs, minimizing side effects.

    The efficacy of a drug depends on its potency (the concentration needed to produce an effect) and affinity (the strength of binding to the receptor). Competitive binding studies help determine the appropriate dosage for therapeutic effect. Designing drugs with high selectivity for specific receptors reduces off-target effects and improves safety.

    The competition between hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs for binding sites on receptors is a fundamental aspect of cellular signalling and pharmacology. By understanding these interactions, researchers and clinicians can develop more effective and selective treatments for a wide range of conditions, from metabolic disorders to psychiatric diseases.

    The competition between pathogenic molecules such as toxins, viral proteins, or bacterial components, and natural biological ligands like hormones, neurotransmitters, or cellular proteins for binding sites on receptors and other cellular targets plays a significant role in the disease process.

    Pathogens or their molecules may compete with endogenous ligands for binding to specific cellular receptors. This competition can block normal signaling pathways, leading to disrupted cellular functions. Pathogenic molecules can act as competitive inhibitors of enzymes, blocking the natural substrates from binding and hindering normal metabolic processes. Some pathogens produce molecules that mimic host ligands, allowing them to bind to receptors and interfere with normal biological functions.

    Toxins produced by Vibrio cholerae competes with endogenous molecules for binding to the GM1 ganglioside receptor on intestinal epithelial cells. This binding activates adenylate cyclase, leading to increased cAMP levels and excessive secretion of water and electrolytes, causing severe diarrhoea. Toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum competes with acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, blocking neurotransmission and causing muscle paralysis.

    The gp120 protein of HIV competes with natural ligands for binding to the CD4 receptor on T-helper cells and co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4). This binding facilitates viral entry into the cells and disrupts normal immune function, leading to AIDS. Viral protein competes with sialic acid-containing receptors on respiratory epithelial cells, allowing the virus to attach and enter the cells, initiating infection.

    Some parasitic worms secrete cysteine-like proteins that inhibit host cysteine proteases, enzymes involved in immune responses. By blocking these enzymes, the parasites can evade the immune system and establish chronic infections.

    Competition between pathogenic molecules and natural ligands can lead to the inhibition or overstimulation of cellular pathways, causing physiological imbalances and disease symptoms. Pathogens may use competitive binding to evade immune detection. For example, by mimicking host molecules, they can prevent immune cells from recognising and attacking them. Competitive binding of pathogenic molecules can result in direct cellular damage. For example, the binding of bacterial toxins to cellular receptors can trigger cell death pathways or disrupt cellular integrity.

    Prostaglandins are produced in response to pain and can cause inflammation. Essential fatty acids are precursors for prostaglandin synthesis. These fatty acids can mimic the substrate and bind to the enzyme responsible for prostaglandin production. By blocking prostaglandin synthesis, these inhibitors are used as drugs to relieve pain.

    Tyrosinase, an enzyme found in mushrooms, normally binds to the substrate monophenols. Competitive substrates (such as certain substituted benzaldehydes) compete with monophenols. By lowering the amount of monophenols binding to tyrosinase, these inhibitors prevent browning. This technique extends the shelf life of produce like mushrooms.

    Ethanol (C2H5OH) serves as a competitive inhibitor for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver. When present in large amounts, ethanol competes with methanol and ethylene glycol. Ethanol is sometimes used to treat or prevent toxicity following accidental ingestion of these chemicals.

    Strychnine acts as an allosteric inhibitor of the glycine receptor in the spinal cord and brain stem. Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Strychnine binds to an alternate site, reducing the receptor’s affinity for glycine. This results in convulsions due to decreased inhibition by glycine.

    After accidental ingestion of contaminated opioid drug desmethylprodine, the neurotoxic effect of MPTP was discovered. MPTP crosses the blood-brain barrier and enters acidic lysosomes. It is biologically activated by MAO-B, an enzyme concentrated in neurological disorders. MPTP causes symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease. Competitive inhibition of MAO-B or the dopamine transporter protects against MPTP’s toxic effects.

    Developing drugs that can compete with pathogenic molecules for receptor binding can block the pathogen’s access to these sites. For instance, HIV entry inhibitors prevent the virus from binding to CD4 receptors. Enzyme inhibitors that are designed to outcompete pathogen-derived inhibitors can restore normal enzyme function and boost immune responses.

    Vaccines can be designed to elicit immune responses against pathogenic molecules that compete with natural ligands, helping the immune system to recognize and neutralize these threats more effectively.

    Therapeutic agents that mimic the structure of natural ligands can be used to outcompete pathogenic molecules, restoring normal cellular functions. For example, recombinant cytokines can be used to compete with viral proteins that inhibit immune signalling.

    The competition between pathogenic molecules and natural biological ligands is a crucial aspect of many disease processes. Understanding these competitive interactions allows for the development of targeted therapies and preventive measures that can mitigate the effects of pathogens and restore normal physiological functions.

    The competition between pathogenic molecules and drug molecules plays a crucial role in the curative process of infectious diseases and other health conditions caused by pathogens. Pathogens or their products may bind to host cell receptors to initiate infection or disease processes. Drugs can be designed to compete with these pathogenic molecules for the same receptors, blocking the pathogen’s ability to bind and exert its effects. Pathogens often produce enzymes that are crucial for their survival and proliferation. Competitive inhibitors can be developed to bind to the active sites of these enzymes, preventing the pathogens from carrying out essential biochemical reactions. Pathogens can hijack host cell signaling pathways to benefit their replication and survival. Drugs can be designed to interfere with these signaling pathways, restoring normal cellular functions and inhibiting pathogen replication.

    HIV protease is an enzyme crucial for the maturation of infectious viral particles. Drugs like ritonavir and lopinavir competitively inhibit this enzyme, preventing the production of mature virions. Influenza viruses rely on neuraminidase to release new virions from infected cells. Drugs like oseltamivir (Tamiflu) competitively inhibit neuraminidase, reducing viral spread.

    Antibiotics such as penicillin, competitively inhibit bacterial transpeptidase enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial cell death. These drugs inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme involved in folate synthesis in bacteria. By competing with the natural substrate PABA, sulfonamides disrupt bacterial DNA synthesis. Drugs like fluconazole competitively inhibit fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes, specifically lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, which is essential for ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes.

    By competing with pathogenic molecules for binding sites on host cells, drugs can block the initial stages of infection. Drugs that compete with key enzymes or substrates essential for pathogen replication can halt the spread of the infection.

    Pathogens exposed to drugs that competitively inhibit their molecules may develop resistance mechanisms, such as mutations that reduce drug binding efficiency. Using multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action can reduce the likelihood of resistance development by making it harder for the pathogen to adapt.

    Drugs need to be designed with high affinity and selectivity for their targets to effectively compete with pathogenic molecules and minimize off-target effects. Understanding the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) of drugs is essential to ensure they reach effective concentrations at the site of infection.

    The efficacy of a drug depends on its ability to outcompete pathogenic molecules for binding sites or enzyme active sites. This requires high binding affinity and specificity. Proper dosing regimens are critical to maintaining drug concentrations that effectively compete with pathogenic molecules over the course of treatment.

    Below is a detailed list of drugs that act by molecular competition, categorised by their therapeutic use and target:

    1. Antihistamines

    Target: Histamine receptors (H1, H2 receptors)

    Diphenhydramine (Benadryl): Competes with histamine for H1 receptor sites.

    Cetirizine (Zyrtec): Selectively competes for H1 receptors, used for allergic reactions.

    Ranitidine (Zantac): Competes with histamine at H2 receptors in the stomach, reducing acid secretion.

    2. Beta Blockers

    Target: Beta-adrenergic receptors (Beta-1 and Beta-2 receptors)

    Propranolol: Non-selective beta blocker competing with adrenaline and noradrenaline.

    Metoprolol: Selectively competes for Beta-1 receptors, used for cardiovascular conditions.

    Atenolol: Another selective Beta-1 receptor antagonist.

    3. ACE Inhibitors

    Target: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

    Lisinopril: Competes with angiotensin I for binding to ACE, preventing its conversion to angiotensin II.

    Enalapril: Another ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure.

    4. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    Target: Angiotensin II receptors (AT1)

    Losartan: Competes with angiotensin II for binding to AT1 receptors, used to lower blood pressure.

    Valsartan: Another ARB with similar competitive action.

    5. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

    Target: H+/K+ ATPase enzyme in stomach lining

    Omeprazole: Competes with substrates for the proton pump, reducing gastric acid secretion.

    Esomeprazole: S-enantiomer of omeprazole, with similar action.

    6. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

    Target: Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2)

    Ibuprofen: Competes with arachidonic acid for binding to COX enzymes, reducing inflammation.

    Naproxen: Another NSAID with similar competitive inhibition of COX.

    7. Opioid Antagonists

    Target: Opioid receptors (mu, delta, kappa)

    Naloxone: Competes with opioids for binding to opioid receptors, used to reverse opioid overdoses.

    Naltrexone: Longer-acting opioid receptor antagonist, used for opioid and alcohol dependence.

    8. Calcium Channel Blockers

    Target: Voltage-gated calcium channels

    Amlodipine: Competes with calcium ions for entry into smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation.

    Verapamil: Another calcium channel blocker with competitive inhibition, also affecting the heart.

    9. Benzodiazepines

    Target: GABA-A receptors

    Diazepam (Valium): Competes with endogenous GABA for binding sites on the GABA-A receptor, enhancing inhibitory effects.

    Lorazepam (Ativan): Another benzodiazepine with similar competitive action.

    10. Antineoplastic Agents

    Target: Various molecular targets in cancer cells

    Methotrexate: Competes with folic acid for binding to dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting DNA synthesis.

    Imatinib (Gleevec): Competes with ATP for binding to the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia cells.

    11. Statins

    Target: HMG-CoA reductase

    Atorvastatin (Lipitor): Competes with HMG-CoA for binding to the reductase enzyme, reducing cholesterol synthesis.

    Simvastatin: Another statin with similar competitive inhibition.

    12. Anticoagulants

    Target: Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR)

    Warfarin: Competes with vitamin K for binding to VKOR, reducing blood clotting.

    This list highlights the diversity of drugs that act through molecular competition, a common and crucial mechanism in pharmacology. Competitive drugs may sometimes bind to non-target sites, leading to side effects. Designing drugs with high specificity helps reduce these adverse effects. The balance between effective doses and toxic doses (therapeutic index) must be optimized to ensure safety and efficacy.

    Using multiple drugs that target different molecules or pathways can enhance the overall effectiveness of treatment and reduce the likelihood of resistance. Continuous monitoring of drug effectiveness and pathogen response allows for timely adjustments in therapy to ensure optimal outcomes.

    The competition between pathogenic molecules and drug molecules is a cornerstone of the curative process. Effective treatment relies on the ability of drugs to outcompete pathogens for key binding sites or enzymatic functions, thereby inhibiting the pathogen’s ability to cause disease. Understanding these competitive interactions is essential for designing effective drugs, optimizing treatment regimens, and overcoming challenges such as drug resistance.

    Molecular Mimicry

    Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that occurs when one molecule structurally resembles another molecule, so that it can act as the other one to evade the immune system or interfere with normal biological processes. Some pathogens can mimic host molecules to avoid immune detection. For example, certain bacteria and viruses have surface proteins that resemble molecules of the host, preventing the immune system from recognising them as foreign.

    Molecular mimicry is implicated in the development of so-called autoimmune diseases. If a pathogen’s molecules closely resemble the body’s own molecules, the antibodies generated due to immune response against the pathogen can mistakenly target the body’s tissues. This is known as off-target actions of antibodies. An example is rheumatic fever, where antibodies against Streptococcus bacteria cross-react with heart tissue.

    Pathogens (like viruses or bacteria) may have proteins or peptides that closely resemble host proteins. The immune system generates a response to the pathogen’s antigens. Due to the structural similarity, the immune system also targets similar-looking host proteins, mistaking them for the pathogen.

    In rheumatic fever, Antibodies against streptococcal M protein cross-react with cardiac myosin, leading to inflammation of the heart (rheumatic heart disease).

    Multiple Sclerosis is a disease arising due to molecular mimicry between viral proteins of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or other viral infections and myelin basic protein, leading to demyelination in the central nervous system. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is caused by antibodies against bacterial lipo-oligosaccharides of infectious agents like Campylobacter jejuni, which cross-react with gangliosides on peripheral nerves, leading to acute flaccid paralysis. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is caused by molecular mimicry between viral proteins of viral infections like coxsackievirus and and pancreatic beta-cell antigens, leading to beta-cell destruction.

    Molecular mimicry plays a significant role in the development of autoimmune diseases by triggering immune responses that cross-react with self-antigens. Understanding these mechanisms can help in developing better diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for autoimmune conditions.

    Utilizing molecular mimicry in drug development involves designing drugs that can specifically target pathogenic antigens without affecting host tissues, or leveraging mimicry principles to modulate immune response

    Several strategies are followed for harnessing molecular mimicry in drug development. While developing vaccines, it should be ensured that they do not contain pathogen-specific antigens that resemble host proteins, in order to minimize the risk of autoimmune responses. Epitope mapping is done to identify and exclude pathogen antigens that have significant similarity to host antigens that may cause molecular mimicry.

    Molecular mimicry is utilized to develop therapies that induce immune tolerance to specific autoantigens. For example, peptide-based therapies can be designed to mimic self-antigens, training the immune system to tolerate them rather than attack them. It is also utilized to develop drugs that modulate the immune response to reduce cross-reactivity. This could involve cytokine inhibitors or immune checkpoint modulators that help regulate autoimmune activity.

    Molecular mimicry plays a role in designing monoclonal antibodies that specifically target pathogenic antigens with high precision. By understanding the molecular mimicry patterns, these antibodies can be engineered to avoid binding to similar host proteins. Developing of specific antibodies that can simultaneously bind to a pathogen antigen and an immune checkpoint molecule, thereby enhancing the immune response against the pathogen while avoiding host tissue damage.

    Small molecules are designed that inhibit pathogen enzymes or proteins by mimicking their natural substrates. These inhibitors should have minimal interaction with similar host enzymes to reduce side effects. Small molecules are also designed that disrupt key protein-protein interactions in pathogens that are critical for their survival or virulence, based on the understanding of mimicry mechanisms.

    While developing diagnostic tools, biomarkers are developed that are indicative of molecular mimicry events. These biomarkers can help in early diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune diseases, guiding personalized treatment strategies. Use of computational tools are developed to predict potential molecular mimicry interactions between pathogen antigens and host proteins. This can guide the design of safer and more effective drugs.

    Nipocalimab (M281) is an anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody being developed to treat autoimmune diseases by reducing pathogenic IgG antibodies that could be a result of molecular mimicry. Epitopoietic Therapy uses peptides that mimic autoantigens to induce immune tolerance in diseases like multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. For example, a peptide-based therapy for MS mimics myelin antigens to induce tolerance.

    In-Silico Analysis uses bioinformatics tools to predict and analyze potential mimicry interactions, aiding in the design of non-cross-reactive drugs. Preclinical Testing involves conducting extensive preclinical testing to evaluate the specificity and safety of drugs designed using molecular mimicry principles. Clinical trials are designed to monitor for adverse immune responses that could be triggered by unintended molecular mimicry.

    By leveraging molecular mimicry, drug development can be tailored to create more specific and effective therapies for infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even cancer. The key lies in thorough research and understanding of mimicry mechanisms to design interventions that target pathogens or modulate immune responses without causing harm to the host.

    Molecular mimicry and molecular competition are interconnected in various biological processes, particularly in how they influence immune responses, pathogen-host interactions, and therapeutic strategies. Molecular mimicry refers to the structural similarity between molecules from different origins, such as between pathogenic antigens and host proteins. This similarity can cause the immune system to mistake self-antigens for foreign antigens, potentially leading to autoimmune responses. Pathogens express antigens that mimic host proteins, leading to cross-reactivity. For example, the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes resembles cardiac myosin, which can trigger rheumatic fever. Some pathogens mimic host molecules to evade immune detection, such as the HIV protein gp120 mimicking host CD4 molecules to facilitate viral entry.

    Molecular competition involves different molecules competing for the same binding sites on receptors, enzymes, or other target proteins. This competition can affect cellular processes by inhibiting or modulating the binding of natural ligands.

    Drugs can compete with natural substrates or ligands for binding to enzymes or receptors, such as beta-blockers competing with adrenaline for beta-adrenergic receptors. Antimicrobial agents can compete with pathogen molecules for critical binding sites, such as antibiotics competing with bacterial substrates for enzyme binding.

    Pathogens that use molecular mimicry to resemble host molecules can engage in competition with natural host ligands. For instance, a pathogen’s mimicry protein might compete with the host’s natural protein for binding to a receptor, potentially disrupting normal cellular functions. Molecular mimicry can lead to autoimmune responses where the immune system attacks both the pathogen and the host’s own tissues. This can result in competition between autoantibodies and natural antibodies for binding to self-antigens.

    Drugs can be designed to specifically target pathogen molecules that mimic host proteins. These drugs need to compete effectively with both the pathogen’s mimicking molecules and the natural ligands. Some therapeutic agents are designed to mimic natural ligands, thereby competing with pathogenic molecules for receptor binding. This approach can be used to restore normal signaling or inhibit pathogen activity.

    Vaccines can exploit molecular mimicry to generate an immune response against pathogen antigens that mimic host proteins. This helps the immune system recognize and eliminate pathogens that might otherwise evade detection. In autoimmune diseases, therapies might aim to induce immune tolerance by introducing peptides that mimic self-antigens, thereby competing with autoantigens for immune recognition and reducing autoimmune attacks.

    Understanding molecular mimicry allows for the design of drugs that can outcompete both natural and pathogenic molecules at critical binding sites. Vaccines can be designed to target mimicking antigens, enhancing immune system recognition and response to pathogens. Therapies can leverage mimicry to induce tolerance in autoimmune diseases or to block pathogenic competition, thereby restoring normal immune function.

    Molecular Mimicry – Molecular Competition – Homeopathy

    MIT homeopathy has proposed a modern interpretation of the homeopathic principle “similia similibus curentur” (like cures like) using the concepts of molecular mimicry and molecular competition. This approach attempts to bridge traditional homeopathic principles with contemporary molecular biology.

    Homeopathic principle Similia Similibus Curentur suggests that substances causing symptoms in a healthy person can be used to treat similar symptoms in a sick person.

    Normal biomolecular interactions essential for vital processes happen through selective binding between biological target molecules and their natural ligands. A state of disease emerges when some endogenous or exogenous molecules having conformational similarity to natural ligands prevent this binding between biological targets and their legitimate ligands by competing with natural ligands by a sort of molecular mimicry and binding themselves to the target molecules. Molecular imprints of biological ligands, or of any drug molecule having conformations similar to them, can act as artificial binding pockets exogenous or endogenous pathogenic molecules, deactivate them, and facilitate the normal interactions between biological ligands and their natural targets. Put in another way, molecular imprints contained in potentized forms of biological ligands, pathogenic molecules or similar drug molecules can compete with natural targets for binding to pathogenic molecules by their conformational similarities. This is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathy.

    MIT concepts of homeopathy proposes that the ‘similia similibus curentur’ can be explained using the concepts of molecular mimicry and molecular competition. This interpretation seeks to provide a scientific basis for the action of homeopathic remedies, aligning with principles of molecular mimicry and competition.

    The diluted substances in homeopathic remedies might retain structural information or constituent molecules of drug substances in the form of molecular imprinted nanocavities. Molecular imprints of mimicking molecules from the homeopathic remedies bind to the disease-causing molecules, thereby preventing them from binding to receptors or enzymes. By this mechanism, these molecular imprints can block the harmful effects of the disease molecules, thereby alleviating symptoms and promoting recovery. For example, Arnica Montana is a drug used in homeopathy for trauma and bruising. According to MIT interpretation, molecules in Arnica might mimic components of the inflammatory process. When administered in highly diluted form, molecular imprints of these molecules act as artificial binding pockets for inflammatory molecules, potentially reducing inflammation and promoting healing. MIT explanation of homeopathy considers that even highly diluted homeopathic remedies may contain molecular imprints or nanacavities carrying the conformational details of original substance, which can interact with pathogenic molecules and deactivate them. These molecular imprints might exhibit unique properties due to their conformational properties, allowing them to act as artificial binding pockets.
    MIT approach to homeopathy seeks to provide a scientific framework that can be tested and validated using modern research methodologies. Acceptance of this interpretation within the broader scientific and medical communities requires rigorous experimental evidence demonstrating the molecular interactions and therapeutic effects proposed. MIT interpretation of the homeopathic principle “similia similibus curentur” using the concepts of molecular mimicry and molecular competition provides a modern scientific perspective on how homeopathic remedies might work. By proposing that these remedies engage in molecular interactions similar to those observed in conventional pharmacology, this approach aims to bridge traditional homeopathy with contemporary molecular biology, offering a potential pathway for validating and understanding homeopathic practices through a scientific lens.

    The phenomenon of molecular mimicry and molecular competition arising therefrom plays a crucial role in explaining similimum concept of homeopathy. It revolves around the idea that a molecular inhibition caused by a pathogenic molecule can be counteracted by a drug molecule with a similar functional group. When the functional groups of pathogenic and drug molecules are similar, they can bind to similar molecular targets, leading to the production of similar symptoms. Homeopathy identifies this similarity by observing the symptoms produced by both pathogenic and drug molecules. Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, aimed to utilize molecular competition in developing his therapeutic method. His principle of Similia Similibus Curentur (like cures like) was an attempt to explain and harness this phenomenon. By identifying substances with similar symptom profiles, Hahnemann sought to address molecular inhibitions through competitive interactions. In conventional medicine (allopathy), molecular competition is used to remove pathological molecular inhibitions. However, there’s a risk of drug-induced diseases due to off-target actions. Many chemotherapeutic drugs, while effective, can have dangerous side effects.

    Using molecular forms of SIMILIMUM (competitive inhibitors) may also inadvertently lead to new diseases harmful to the organism. Hahnemann recognized this danger and devised a solution. He advocated for using potentized forms of competitive inhibitors (SIMILIMUM).

    Potentization involves serial dilution and succussion (vigorous shaking), resulting in highly diluted remedies. These potentized remedies retain the molecular imprints of the original drug molecules without the risk of direct molecular interactions.

    In summary, homeopathy’s SIMILIMUM concept leverages the principles of competitive inhibitions, emphasizing symptom similarity and avoiding potential adverse effects associated with direct molecular interactions.

    Homeopathic Potentization and Molecular Imprints: Samuel Hahnemann recognized the potential adverse effects of competitive inhibitors when used therapeutically. To overcome this, he developed the technology of drug potentization in homeopathy.

    Potentization involves preparing molecular imprints of drug molecules in a water-ethyl alcohol medium, using the drug molecules as templates.
    These molecular imprints form supra-molecular clusters where the spatial conformations of template molecules remain engraved as nanocavities. Due to their complementary conformations, these imprints can act as artificial binding pockets for pathogenic molecules, deactivating them and removing the pathological molecular inhibitions they had produced.

    When symptoms produced in healthy individuals by a drug substance in its molecular form are similar to those expressed by an individual in a particular disease condition, it indicates a significant connection.

    Disease symptoms and drug-induced symptoms appear similar when both disease-producing substances and drug substances contain similar chemical molecules with matching functional groups. These molecules can compete with each other for binding to the same biological targets.

    Disease molecules produce symptoms by competitively binding to biological targets, mimicking natural ligands due to their conformational similarity. Drug molecules, if they have conformational similarity with disease molecules, can displace them through competitive interactions. The use of molecular imprints in homeopathy allows for targeted binding to specific biological targets, deactivating disease-causing molecules.

    Similia Similibus Curentur is a natural, objective phenomenon. It is not pseudoscience; rather, it reflects the competitive relationship between substances in producing similar symptoms. Samuel Hahnemann observed this phenomenon and described it as the fundamental principle of homeopathy. While Hahnemann’s scientific knowledge had limitations, his insights paved the way for understanding molecular interactions.

    Samuel Hahnemann’s insights into homeopathy, despite the limitations of his time, laid the groundwork for a fascinating therapeutic approach.

    Samuel Hahnemann worked during an era when modern biochemistry had not yet evolved. Despite this limitation, his extraordinary genius allowed him to observe and describe phenomena that would later find scientific validation.

    When a homeopath seeks a SIMILIMUM for a patient, they match disease symptoms with drug symptoms. The goal is to find a drug substance containing chemical molecules with similar conformations to those causing the disease. This similarity leads to a competitive relationship between drug and disease molecules in binding to biological targets.

    Potentized forms of drug substances contain molecular imprints. These imprints act as artificial binding sites for disease-causing molecules due to their conformational affinity. By binding to the disease molecules, molecular imprints remove pathological molecular inhibitions.

    Homeopathy practice essentially involves identifying drug molecules that are conformationally similar to disease-causing molecules. These drugs molecules are capable of competing with the disease-causing molecules for binding to biological targets. Molecular imprints of these molecules contained in post-avogadro dilutions of such drugs can be used therapeutically based on this principle. Homeopathic use of molecular imprints and the principle of similarity provides a unique perspective on healing. By harnessing competitive relationships and complementary conformations, homeopathy aims to restore balance and promote health.

    Convincing the scientific community that homeopathic principle of ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ is based on the natural phenomena of molecular mimicry and molecular competition is crucial. As modern biochemistry provides more and more insights into these interactions, homeopathy may eventually be recognized as a scientific therapeutic approach.

  • CONCEPT OF ‘SIMILIMUM’ IN HOMEOPATHY IS THE FORERUNNER OF CONCEPT OF ‘MOLECULAR COMPETITION’ IN MODERN BIOCHEMISTRY

    The idea of competitive inhibition in modern biochemistry was introduced by Sir Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin. They were the first to describe the concept of competitive inhibition in enzyme kinetics, particularly in their studies of fermentation and enzyme reactions.

    Their work, which began in the early 20th century, laid the groundwork for understanding how molecules can compete for enzyme active sites. However, the detailed mechanisms and broader understanding of these concepts were significantly advanced by later scientists, such as Michaelis and Menten, who developed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics in 1913.

    The idea of molecular mimicry, wherein one molecule can mimic the structure of another and hence inhibit or alter a biochemical pathway, became more explicitly defined in the mid-20th century with advances in structural biology and molecular biology. The development of techniques such as X-ray crystallography and later, more advanced computational methods, allowed for a more detailed understanding of how molecular mimicry and competitive inhibition operate at the molecular level.

    The term “molecular mimicry” was first introduced by Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Frank Fenner in the 1940s. Burnet and Fenner, both renowned immunologists, used the concept to explain how certain pathogens might evade the immune system by mimicking host molecules. This idea has since become a fundamental concept in immunology, particularly in understanding autoimmune diseases and pathogen-host interactions.

    The idea of “similimum,” which is central to homeopathy and refers to the principle of treating “like with like,” was first introduced by Samuel Hahnemann in 1796. He published his seminal work on this concept in an article titled “Essay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Powers of Drugs,” which appeared in Hufeland’s Journal. This marked the beginning of homeopathy, where Hahnemann proposed that substances causing symptoms in healthy individuals could be used to treat similar symptoms in sick individuals.

    Samuel Hahnemann wrote the first edition of the “Organon of the Rational Art of Healing,” commonly known as the “Organon of Medicine,” in 1810. This foundational text outlines the principles of homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine developed by Hahnemann. Over the years, Hahnemann revised the book several times, with the sixth and final edition being completed in 1842, but published posthumously in 1921.

    The similarity between the idea of “similimum” by Samuel Hahnemann and “molecular competition” in modern biochemistry lies in their underlying principles of specific interactions and the competitive nature of these interactions, though they are applied in different contexts and frameworks.

    Hahnemann’s principle of “similimum” is based on the idea that a substance causing symptoms in a healthy person can be used to treat similar symptoms in a sick person. This is encapsulated in the phrase “like cures like.”

    This idea represents a primitive form of understanding of the phenomenon of “molecular competition” in modern biochemistry which refers to the process where molecules, such as substrates and inhibitors, compete for binding to the active site of an enzyme or receptor. This competition affects the rate of biochemical reactions. In competitive inhibition, a molecule similar in structure to the substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site, preventing the actual substrate from binding. This reduces the rate of the reaction and is a key regulatory mechanism in metabolic pathways.

    The idea of “competition” is central to both concepts. In homeopathy, the “similimum” competes with the disease symptoms, potentially triggering a healing response. In biochemistry, competitive inhibitors compete with substrates for enzyme binding, regulating metabolic reactions. Both concepts aim to explain a therapeutic effect on the basis of specific interactions due to “similarity” of molecules. In homeopathy, the therapeutic effect is achieved through the use of a substance that is “similimum” to disease-causing substance, obviously involving a competitive relationship arising from “molecular mimicry”. In biochemistry, therapeutic effects are achieved by modulating enzyme activity through competitive inhibition, influencing metabolic pathways.

    Hahnemann’s idea of “similimum” and “molecular competition” in modern biochemistry are rooted in the idea of specific and competitive interactions tha lead to specific therapeutic effects. From a historical perspective, idea of “similimum” introduced in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann could be considered as the primitive form of idea of “molecular competition” of modern biochemistry introduced in 1913. Put in another way, similimum is the forerunner of molecular competition.

  • PROPIONIC ACID-WATER AZEOTROPIC MIXTURE AS A BIO-FRIENDLY MEDIUM OF POTENTIZATION FOR PREPARING MOLECULAR IMPRINTED DRUGS

    Author: Chandran Nambiar K C, MIT Homeopathy Medical Center, Fedarin Mialbs Private Limited, Kannur, Kerala. Email: similimum@gmail.com. Ph: 91 9446520252, http://www.redefiningjomeopathy.com.

    Abstract

    This study explores the potential of a water-propionic acid azeotropic mixture as an ideal biofriendly medium for the preparation of molecular imprinted drugs. Compared to the conventional water-ethanol azeotropic mixture used in homeopathic potentization, the water-propionic acid mixture offers significant advantages in terms of water content and safety. Here we investigate the chemical properties of propionic acid, its metabolic pathways, and its implications for drug preparation, concluding that it is a superior alternative for molecular imprinting.

    Introduction

    The preparation of molecular imprinted drugs often involves the use of azeotropic mixtures as imprinting media. Traditionally, a water-ethanol azeotropic mixture has been employed in homeopathic potentization. However, recent studies suggest that a water-propionic acid azeotropic mixture could be a more effective medium. This paper examines the benefits and properties of the water-propionic acid azeotropic mixture, emphasizing its potential to enhance the efficacy of molecular imprinted drugs.

    Chemical Properties of Propionic Acid

    Propionic acid (CH3CH2CO2H) is a simple fatty acid belonging to the carboxylic acids group. It is known by various names, including propanoic acid, ethylformic acid, and methyacetic acid. Propionic acid has a molecular mass of 74.079 g/mol and forms an azeotropic mixture with water at a ratio of 82.3% water to 17.7% propionic acid. The boiling point of this azeotropic mixture is 99.98°C, compared to 141.1°C for pure propionic acid and 100°C for water, making it inseparable by fractional distillation.

    Propionic acid (CH3CH2CO2H), a simple carboxylic acid, is known for its ability to form hydrogen-bonded supramolecular clusters. These clusters significantly influence the physicochemical properties of propionic acid, making it a valuable compound in various industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
    Hydrogen Bonding in Propionic Acid
    Hydrogen bonding is a key interaction in propionic acid, where hydrogen atoms are shared between the oxygen atoms of the carboxyl groups. This interaction leads to the formation of dimeric and higher-order structures in both the liquid and vapor phases.

    Supramolecular Clusters

    In propionic acid, hydrogen-bonded dimers are the fundamental building blocks of larger supramolecular clusters. These clusters can form due to the amphiphilic nature of propionic acid molecules, which possess both hydrophilic (carboxyl group) and hydrophobic (alkyl chain) regions. This dual nature facilitates the formation of stable clusters through hydrogen bonding.

    Thermodynamic Stability

    The thermodynamic stability of these clusters is influenced by temperature and concentration. As temperature increases, the equilibrium shifts, leading to the dissociation of larger clusters into smaller ones or monomers. Conversely, at lower temperatures or higher concentrations, the formation of larger clusters is favored.

    Implications for Molecular Imprinting

    The ability of propionic acid to form stable hydrogen-bonded clusters enhances its suitability as an imprinting medium. These clusters can create more defined and stable molecular imprints, which are essential for the specificity and efficacy of molecularly imprinted drugs.


    Compared to ethanol, which is commonly used in molecular imprinting, propionic acid can hold more water in an azeotropic mixture. This higher water content facilitates the formation of a greater number of molecular imprints. For instance, 100 ml of a water-propionic acid azeotropic mixture contains 82 ml of water, significantly more than the 5 ml found in a similar volume of a water-ethanol mixture. This increased capacity for molecular imprint formation directly translates to enhanced therapeutic effects in potentized drugs.

    Propionic acid is a natural metabolite in the human body and is involved in various biochemical pathways. Its designation as generally regarded as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration underscores its safety for use in pharmaceuticals and food products.

    Use in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

    The hydrogen-bonded clusters in propionic acid provide a robust framework for the development of molecularly imprinted polymers. These polymers can be tailored for specific drug delivery applications, offering controlled release and improved targeting of therapeutic agents.

    The formation of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular clusters in propionic acid plays a crucial role in its effectiveness as a medium for molecular imprinting. Its ability to form stable clusters, coupled with its highwater content in azeotropic mixtures and safety profile, makes propionic acid a superior alternative to traditional solvents like ethanol. Further research and development in this area could lead to significant advancements in drug delivery systems and other applications.

    Safety and Toxicity

    Propionic acid is non-toxic and safer for biological systems compared to ethanol. It is a natural component of various metabolic processes and is designated as generally regarded as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration. Propionic acid is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in the human body, primarily converted to succinyl-CoA in the liver, and is involved in gluconeogenesis.
    Physical Properties

    Propionic acid is a liquid with a pungent smell, similar to body odor. It is miscible with water and, like formic and acetic acids, forms hydrogen-bonded pairs in both liquid and vapor forms. These properties make it a suitable candidate for use in various industrial and biological applications.

    Applications in Food Preservation

    Beyond its potential in drug preparation, propionic acid is widely used as a preservative in animal feed, human food, and baked goods. It is approved for use in the EU, USA, Australia, and New Zealand. Its safety and efficacy as a preservative further underscore its suitability for broader applications, including pharmaceuticals.

    Metabolic Pathways

    Propionic acid is a highly bio friendly substance that plays a significant role in biological processes. It is produced as propionyl-CoA from the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids with odd carbon numbers and certain amino acids. The metabolism of propionic acid involves its conversion to propionyl-CoA, which is further processed into succinyl-CoA through a series of steps involving vitamin B12-dependent enzymes. Succinyl-CoA is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, crucial for energy production in vertebrates.

    Advantages of Water-Propionic Acid Azeotropic Mixture

    The water-propionic acid azeotropic mixture contains significantly more water than the water-ethanol azeotropic mixture. Specifically, 100 ml of the water-propionic acid mixture contains 82 ml of water, compared to only 5 ml in the same volume of the water-ethanol mixture. This substantial difference in water content can result in up to 16 times more molecular imprints, which are critical for the therapeutic effects of potentized drugs. Propionic acid’s ability to form stable hydrogen-bonded clusters both in liquid and vapor phases is a critical aspect of its suitability as a medium for molecularly imprinted drugs.

    The formation and stability of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular structures in the azeotropic mixture of water and propionic acid are crucial for their applications in molecular imprinting, and their implications in the efficacy of molecularly imprinted drugs. The azeotropic mixture of water and propionic acid (82.3% water and 17.7% propionic acid) is known to form stable hydrogen-bonded clusters. Understanding the stability of these clusters can provide insights into their potential applications in preparing molecular imprinted drugs.

    The unique composition of this azeotropic mixture makes it an effective medium for molecular imprinting due to its high water content and stability. Hydrogen bonds in the azeotropic mixture form between the carboxyl groups of propionic acid and the hydrogen atoms of water molecules. These bonds result in the formation of supramolecular clusters that exhibit distinct thermodynamic properties. The stability of these clusters is influenced by the concentration of water and the overall composition of the mixture. The presence of a high proportion of water facilitates the formation of more extensive hydrogen-bonded networks. The stability of the hydrogen-bonded clusters in the azeotropic mixture is temperature-dependent. At higher temperatures, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, leading to the disruption of hydrogen bonds and a decrease in cluster stability. Conversely, at lower temperatures, the hydrogen bonds are more stable, promoting the formation of larger and more stable clusters.

    The kinetic stability of hydrogen-bonded clusters in the azeotropic mixture is determined by the rates of formation and dissociation of hydrogen bonds. The formation rate is influenced by the concentration of propionic acid and water, while the dissociation rate is affected by temperature and other environmental factors. External factors such as pH, ionic strength, and the presence of other solutes can also impact the stability of hydrogen-bonded clusters. In the context of molecular imprinting, controlling these factors is crucial to ensure the stability and reproducibility of the imprints.

    The stable hydrogen-bonded supramolecular clusters in the water-propionic acid azeotropic mixture provide a robust framework for molecular imprinting. The high water content and stable hydrogen bonds facilitate the formation of well-defined molecular imprints, enhancing the specificity and efficacy of molecularly imprinted drugs thus prepared.

    Compared to the traditional water-ethanol azeotropic mixture, the water-propionic acid mixture offers superior stability and higher water content. This results in a greater number of molecular imprints, which are essential for the therapeutic effectiveness of potentized drugs. The stability of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular structures in the azeotropic mixture of water and propionic acid is a key factor in its effectiveness as a medium for molecular imprinting. The thermodynamic and kinetic stability of these clusters make the water-propionic acid azeotropic mixture an ideal candidate for preparing molecular imprinted drugs.

    Conclusion

    The water-propionic acid azeotropic mixture presents a superior alternative to the conventional water-ethanol mixture for the preparation of molecular imprinted drugs. Its higher water content and bio friendly safety profile make it an ideal imprinting medium, potentially enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of potentized drugs. Further research and application of this mixture could lead to significant advancements in the field of molecular imprinting and homeopathic medicine.

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  • IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING HOMEOPATHY AS MOLECULAR IMPRINTS THERAPEUTICS

    Homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine developed by Samuel Hahnemann in the late 18th century, has been both revered and contested over the centuries. At its core lies the concept of potentization, a process that involves diluting and vigorously shaking a substance to enhance its therapeutic potential. Despite widespread anecdotal evidence supporting the efficacy of homeopathic remedies, the scientific community has long grappled with understanding the underlying mechanisms, especially given that these remedies often contain no measurable amount of the original medicinal substance. A promising hypothesis that could bridge this gap is Molecular Imprints Therapeutics, rooted in the technology of molecular imprinting. This article systematically explores the concept of molecular imprinting and its potential relevance to homeopathy, particularly in explaining the enigmatic process of potentization.

    Molecular Imprinting in Polymers:

    Molecular imprinting is a technique used in polymer chemistry to create specific binding sites within a polymer matrix that are complementary in shape, size, and functional groups to a target molecule. This technique is akin to creating a molecular “memory” within the polymer, allowing it to selectively recognize and bind to the target molecule.

    The concept of molecular imprinting was first introduced in the 1930s by the German chemist Paul Ehrlich. However, significant advancements were made only in the latter half of the 20th century with the development of modern polymerization techniques. Today, molecular imprinting is employed in various fields, including drug delivery, sensor technology, and environmental monitoring.

    The process begins with the selection of monomers and cross-linkers that will form the polymer matrix. These components are mixed with the target molecule, known as the template. The mixture undergoes polymerization, typically initiated by heat, light, or chemical initiators.

    During polymerization, the monomers arrange themselves around the template molecule, creating a three-dimensional network. Once polymerization is complete, the template molecules are extracted from the polymer matrix. This extraction leaves behind cavities or binding sites that are complementary in shape and chemical functionality to the template molecule.

    These molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) can selectively rebind the template molecule from a mixture of different substances. This selectivity makes MIPs valuable in various applications. MIPs are used in sensors and chromatography to selectively detect and separate specific molecules. They are explored for drug delivery systems, where they can target specific tissues or cells. MIPs are also used to detect and remove pollutants from water and air.

    The choice of monomers and cross-linkers is crucial in molecular imprinting. Functional monomers interact with the template molecule through covalent, ionic, or hydrogen bonds. Cross-linkers provide structural rigidity to the polymer matrix, ensuring the stability of the imprinted cavities.

    Polymerization can be initiated by various methods, including thermal, photochemical, and chemical initiation. The choice of initiation method depends on the specific application and the desired properties of the MIP.

    The removal of the template molecule from the polymer matrix is a critical step. It can be achieved through solvent extraction, thermal treatment, or enzymatic digestion. The method chosen must ensure complete removal of the template without damaging the imprinted cavities.

    The characterization of MIPs involves determining their binding properties, specificity, and structural integrity. Techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are commonly used.

    Binding studies are conducted to evaluate the affinity and selectivity of MIPs for the template molecule. Techniques such as batch rebinding experiments, chromatographic analysis, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) are employed.

    Understanding Potentization in Homeopaty as Molecular Imprinting in Water Ethanol Azeotropic Matrix:

    The hypothesis of Molecular Imprints Therapeutics suggests that the potentization process in homeopathy may create molecular imprints of the original medicinal substances in the water-alcohol azeotropic mixture. These imprints could then interact with pathogenic molecules to produce therapeutic effects, despite the absence of the original molecules.

    During the potentization process, the medicinal substance is repeatedly diluted and succussed. It is hypothesized that this process induces formation of transient cavities or imprints in the solvent structure, similar to the cavities formed in molecular imprinting.

    The molecular imprints, with conformations complimentary to the original medicinal molecules in shape and functionality, might interact with pathogenic molecules having complimentary conformations in a specific manner, by acting as artificial binding pockets. This interaction could trigger biological responses that account for the therapeutic effects observed in homeopathy. The specificity of these interactions between molecular imprints and pathogenic molecules is reminiscent of the key-lock relationship observed in interactions between biological ligands and their natural targets.

    Preliminary studies have shown that water and ethanol mixtures can form structured networks that might harbor molecular imprints. Techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) have provided insights into the structural changes occurring in these solvents during potentization.

    Further research is needed to validate the hypothesis of Molecular Imprints Therapeutics, utilizing techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the structural changes in the solvent during potentization. Conducting in vitro and in vivo studies to investigate the interactions between molecular imprints and biological targets are also essential.

    One of the major challenges in validating the hypothesis is ensuring the reproducibility of results. The process of potentization is inherently variable, and slight differences in technique can lead to significant variations in the outcomes.

    Detecting and characterizing molecular imprints in highly diluted solutions poses significant technical challenges. Advanced analytical techniques and innovative methodologies are required to overcome these hurdles.

    Understanding the mechanisms behind molecular imprinting in homeopathy could lead to the development of new therapeutic modalities. These therapies could harness the principles of molecular imprinting to create highly specific and effective treatments.

    Integrating scientific insights into homeopathic practice can enhance its credibility and acceptance within the medical community. This can lead to more standardized and effective treatments for patients.

    Molecular Imprints Therapeutics presents a promising hypothesis that could provide a scientific basis for the process of potentization in homeopathy. By leveraging the principles of molecular imprinting, this hypothesis offers a potential explanation for the therapeutic effects of highly diluted homeopathic remedies. While significant challenges remain, interdisciplinary research and advanced analytical techniques can pave the way for a deeper understanding of these phenomena. Embracing this scientific approach can bridge the gap between traditional homeopathic practice and modern scientific knowledge, leading to more effective and credible treatments for patients worldwide.

    Advancing the hypothesis of Molecular Imprints Therapeutics requires collaboration between experts in polymer chemistry, homeopathy, quantum physics, and biomedical sciences. Interdisciplinary research can provide a holistic understanding of the phenomena involved. Securing funding and institutional support is crucial for conducting extensive research. Government agencies, academic institutions, and private organizations need to recognize the potential of this research and provide the necessary resources.

  • HOMEOPATHIC POTENTIZATION AND MOLECULAR IMPRINTING IN POLYMERS- A COMPARATIVE STUDY

    Introduction

    Molecular imprinting in synthetic polymers is a well-established technique for creating materials with specific binding sites tailored to target molecules. This process involves using the target molecule as a template during polymerization, resulting in highly specific receptor sites. These molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are often described as “antibody mimics” due to their high specificity and stability. However, they are unsuitable for direct therapeutic use. Homeopathic potentization offers a bio-friendly alternative by using water-ethyl alcohol mixtures instead of synthetic polymers, making the process suitable for therapeutic applications.

    Molecular Imprinting in Polymers

    Process Overview

    The process of molecular imprinting involves several key steps:

    1. Template Selection: Large, complex protein molecules are chosen as templates.

    2. Monomer Mixing: These templates are mixed with monomers and activators.

    3. Self-Assembly and Polymerization: The mixture undergoes self-assembly and polymerization, forming a guest-host complex where the template is trapped in a polymer matrix.

    4. Solvent Extraction: The template molecules are removed, leaving behind cavities that mimic the spatial configuration of the original template.

    Characteristics and Applications

    High Specificity: The resulting MIPs exhibit a high degree of specificity, often comparable to antibodies.

    Stability: These polymers are highly stable and can function in various applications, including immunoassays and biosensors.

    Limitations: Despite their advantages, MIPs are synthetic and cannot be used directly as therapeutic agents.

    Homeopathic Potentization: A Bio-friendly Approach

    Process Adaptation

    Homeopathy adapts the principles of molecular imprinting using a bio-friendly medium:

    1. Template Selection: Drug molecules serve as templates.

    2. Host Medium: A water-ethyl alcohol mixture replaces the synthetic polymer matrix.

    3. Molecular Imprinting: The drug molecules imprint their configuration onto the water-ethyl alcohol mixture during the potentization process.

    Therapeutic Use

    Safety: The resultant molecular imprints consist solely of water and ethyl alcohol, making them safe for therapeutic use.

    Bio-compatibility: This process creates bio-compatible imprints that can be used as drugs in homeopathic treatments.

    Comparing Synthetic Polymers and Homeopathic Potentization

    Similarities

    Template Utilization: Both processes use templates to create specific binding sites or imprints.

    Affinity: The imprints in both methods exhibit a high affinity for the original template molecules.

    Stability and Specificity: Both approaches result in stable configurations with specific binding properties.

    Differences

    Material: Synthetic polymers are used in molecular imprinting, whereas water-ethyl alcohol mixtures are used in homeopathy.

    Application: MIPs are utilized in biosensors and immunoassays, while homeopathic potentization produces therapeutic agents.

    Safety: Homeopathic preparations are safe for direct use as they do not involve synthetic materials.

    Conclusion
    Homeopathic potentization represents a bio-friendly adaptation of the molecular imprinting technique used in polymers. By employing a water-ethyl alcohol mixture and drug molecules, homeopathy creates therapeutic agents that are safe, bio-compatible, and retain the high specificity characteristic of molecularly imprinted polymers. This innovative approach underscores the potential of homeopathy to harness advanced scientific techniques for developing effective and safe therapeutic solutions.

  • HOMEOPATHY CANNOT EVADE THE FUNDAMENTAL SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS FOR LONG!

    Homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine, has long been a topic of debate within the scientific community. A fundamental issue lies in the principle of extreme dilutions, which often exceed the Avogadro number, implying that no molecules of the original substance remain. Despite these dilutions, homeopathy claims efficacy, which raises significant scientific questions. To establish homeopathy as a credible scientific medical system, it must address several critical questions.

    The core principle of homeopathy, “similia similibus curentur” (like cures like), suggests that substances causing symptoms in a healthy person can treat similar symptoms in a sick person. For homeopathy to gain scientific acceptance, it needs to provide a viable explanation for this principle that aligns with modern life sciences, including biochemistry, molecular pathology, and pharmacodynamics.

    A major challenge for homeopathy is to explain how the medicinal properties of a substance are retained in a solution after being diluted beyond the point where no molecules of the original substance remain. This requires a scientific rationale for the transmission and preservation of these properties in the diluting medium, typically water and ethanol, despite the absence of the original molecules.

    Another critical question is identifying the “material” active principles in post-Avogadro dilutions that purportedly carry the medicinal properties. Given that these preparations contain no molecules of the original substance, homeopathy must provide a plausible explanation of what these active principles are and how they function as therapeutic agents.

    Lastly, homeopathy must elucidate the biological mechanism by which the active principles in these highly diluted solutions exert a therapeutic effect. This explanation must be compatible with advanced scientific knowledge of pharmacodynamics and the interactions between biological molecules and therapeutic agents.

    For homeopathy to be established and accepted as a scientific medical system, it must answer these fundamental questions convincingly. Until it can provide scientifically valid explanations for its principles and mechanisms, skepticism from the scientific community is natural and justified. Addressing these critical questions will be a significant step toward integrating homeopathy into mainstream scientific medicine.

  • THE ISSUE OF SINGLE DRUGS, MULTIPLE DRUGS AND COMBINATIONS OF POTENTIZED DRUGS FROM MIT PERSPECTIVE

    When delving into the science and logic behind Molecular Imprints Therapeutics (MIT), it becomes clear that the debate surrounding the use of single or multiple drugs in treatment is moot. MIT redefines the active principles of potentized drugs as diverse types of molecular imprints containing rendering the controversy irrelevant.

    In MIT, the term ‘similimum’ refers to a drug substance capable of providing the specific molecular imprints necessary to correct the molecular errors causing a disease in a patient. The method of selecting the drug is secondary to its efficacy in curing the patient. Therefore, the similimum is effective if it can rectify the patient’s condition in its potentized form.

    Patients often present with multiple molecular errors, each expressed through various symptoms. Consequently, they require multiple molecular imprints for treatment. If a single medicinal substance in its potentized form can provide all the needed imprints, it is sufficient. However, if no single substance can provide all the necessary imprints, multiple drug substances must be included in the prescription.

    The primary concern is to ensure that the prescription delivers all the required molecular imprints to deactivate the pathogenic molecules indicated by the patient’s diverse symptoms. Thus, the focus shifts from the number of drugs to the molecular imprints they contain.

    The MIT perspective challenges traditional views of classical homeopathy on single and compound drugs. A drug is considered single if it contains only one type of molecular imprint. If it contains multiple types of imprints, it is a compound drug, even if it originates from a single source material or is stored in one container.

    When a complex drug substance is ingested in its crude form, it breaks down into individual chemical molecules, which then interact with various biological targets based on their molecular affinities. These interactions cause errors in biochemical pathways, leading to the symptoms observed.

    Thus, the symptoms attributed to a drug substance are a collective manifestation of different molecular errors caused by various chemical molecules. It is crucial to recognize that substances like nux vomica or pulsatilla consist of multiple chemical molecules, each acting independently, making them compound drugs rather than single drugs.

    From a pharmaceutical chemistry standpoint, a drug is a biologically active unit within a therapeutic agent. The chemical structure and properties of the molecule determine its medicinal properties. A substance containing only one type of biologically active unit is a single drug, while those with multiple types are compound drugs. Most homeopathic drugs, especially those of biological origin, fall into the compound category due to their diverse active units.

    Potentized drugs, even if derived from a seemingly single substance, contain diverse molecular imprints representing the individual constituent molecules. These imprints act independently when applied to an organism, making potentized drugs compound drugs.

    Classical homeopaths often object to the mixing or combination of potentized drugs. However, MIT supports the use of combinations of molecular imprinted forms (potencies above Avogadro limit – 12c and onwards) of multiple homeopathic drugs. These combinations are selected based on symptom analysis, miasmatic study, and biochemical evaluation.

    MIT advocates for disease-specific combinations of molecular imprinted forms as effective curative agents. These combinations, selected based on common symptoms can alleviate symptoms, but may not offer total cure without incorporating drugs selected on pathophysiological grounds as well.

    MIT views diseases as collections of pathological derangements caused by various molecular inhibitions from different pathogenic agents. Therapeutics, therefore, involves removing these inhibitions using appropriate molecular imprints. This understanding aligns with the principle of ‘similia similibus curentur,’ where pathological molecular inhibitions and their symptoms can be addressed by applying molecular imprints of drug molecules that cause similar inhibitions and symptoms in a healthy organism.

    The debate over single versus multiple drugs becomes irrelevant when viewed through the lens of MIT. The focus shifts to the molecular imprints and their ability to correct molecular errors, regardless of the number of drugs involved. This scientific approach challenges classical homeopathy’s views and emphasizes the importance of understanding molecular interactions in effective treatment.

  • HOMEOPATHY AND MODERN MEDICINE SHOULD EXIST HAND IN HAND!

    The Relevance and Evolution of Modern Medicine

    Modern medicine is far from irrelevant; it plays a crucial role in the global healthcare system. It is important to distinguish between the allopathy that Samuel Hahnemann criticized and what we now refer to as modern medicine. The term “allopathy” is outdated and inaccurately represents the current scientific foundation of medical practice. Modern medicine, or “molecular medicine,” is based on a deep scientific understanding of vital processes at the molecular level.

    The Evolution from Allopathy to Modern Medicine

    The medical practice of Hahnemann’s era has evolved significantly. Today, we have advanced into an era of molecular medicine, where drug therapies are chosen based on the scientific understanding of pathological molecular errors in vital processes. Homeopathy, in contrast, selects remedies based on the “totality of symptoms,” which reflect these underlying molecular issues. This approach positions homeopathy as a specialized, higher branch of modern molecular medicine.

    Key Differences Between Modern Medicine and Homeopathy

    The fundamental difference between modern medicine and homeopathy lies in their use of therapeutic agents. Modern medicine uses drug molecules, which can sometimes cause unintended “off-target” molecular errors, leading to potential side effects. Homeopathy, on the other hand, utilizes molecular imprints of drug molecules, making it inherently safer as it avoids these off-target effects.

    Modern medicine requires a thorough understanding of pathological molecular processes to identify appropriate treatments. This limitation means that diseases not fully understood at the molecular level may not be effectively treated. Homeopathy circumvents this issue by identifying and addressing molecular errors through the observation of symptoms, without needing to understand the exact molecular mechanisms. This allows homeopathy to treat a wide range of diseases effectively and safely, based on symptomatology alone.

    The Safety and Efficacy of Homeopathy

    The use of highly reactive drug molecules in modern medicine can lead to dangerous side effects. In contrast, homeopathy’s reliance on molecular imprints avoids these risks, offering a safer alternative. Homeopathy’s ability to treat diseases without requiring detailed molecular knowledge of the pathology gives it a distinct advantage. While modern medicine can only hope to treat well-understood diseases—often with potential side effects—homeopathy can treat various conditions effectively and safely.

    Ethical and Legal Considerations

    It is crucial to acknowledge that homeopaths are not legally or ethically permitted to practice modern medicine. Homeopathy, when approached scientifically, is a qualitatively different and, in many ways, superior medical system.

    The Future of Medicine: Convergence and Advancement

    Modern medicine is gradually evolving into molecular medicine, which examines vital processes and diseases at the molecular level, treating conditions through molecular-level interventions. In the distant future, it is conceivable that modern medicine and homeopathy could converge into a universal molecular medical science of “drug-less therapy,” where only molecular imprints are used as therapeutic agents. Advanced scientific methods could replace our current “potentization” techniques, leading to more specific and effective therapeutic agents.

    A Dream Based on Scientific Knowledge

    This vision of a unified approach to medicine may seem like a distant dream, but it is grounded in scientific knowledge and the ongoing evolution of medical science. As our understanding of molecular processes continues to grow, the potential for integrating these two fields becomes increasingly plausible.

    In conclusion, both modern medicine and homeopathy have significant roles to play in healthcare. While they differ fundamentally in their approaches, their future convergence could lead to a new era of medical treatment, combining the strengths of both disciplines.

  • CONCEPT DYNAMIC ENERGY IN HOMEOPATHY- A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE

    Classical homeopathy posits that potentization is a process through which a mysterious ‘dynamic energy’ is transferred from a drug substance into a vehicle (e.g., water or sugar). Proponents believe that potentized drugs, imbued with this ‘dynamic drug energy,’ interact with the ‘vital force’ within living beings, which is also considered ‘dynamic’. This spiritualistic view stands in stark contrast to materialistic science, which does not recognize or explain potentization and homeopathic cures.

    The term ‘dynamic’ in this context derives from the metaphysical concept of ‘dynamism’, first articulated by Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716). Leibniz’s dynamism describes the material world in terms of active, point-like forces without physical extension, capable of action at a distance. These forces, according to dynamism, exist as simple elements (monads) or groups of elements with only the essence of force.

    Dynamism has been explored by various philosophers over centuries. Key contributors include:

    Baruch Spinoza and Henri Bergson: Explored aspects of dynamism in their works.

    Parmenides, the Atomists, and Plotinus: Earlier thinkers who contributed foundational ideas.

    Alfred North Whitehead: Developed elements of dynamism into process philosophy.

    Ludwig von Bertalanffy and William Ross Ashby: Incorporated dynamistic elements into systems theory.

    Immanuel Kant: Played a significant role in the development of dynamistic theory.

    Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, was evidently influenced by dynamistic philosophy. Modern proponents of ‘energy medicine’ similarly draw on these concepts to explain homeopathy.

    The idea of forces acting independently of matter and interacting at a distance is central to occult healing arts and dynamistic thought. This notion suggests that a ‘medicinal force’ can be extracted from a drug substance, transferred to a medium, and act dynamically on an organism. However, this concept is fundamentally different from modern scientific principles.

    In modern science, forces do not exist independently of matter. They are functions of matter and are mediated by carrier particles. Four fundamental forces—strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational—operate through specific quantum states of these particles. Force and matter are intertwined: matter exists in motion, and motion is an expression of matter. Space and mass are also interdependent, with no existence of one without the other.

    Dynamism asserts that forces can exist and act free from matter or space, a claim unsupported by modern scientific understanding. For science, an object represents a dynamic equilibrium of matter and force particles. Energy refers to the excess force particles that can be transferred to induce motion or work. Matter particles with a high quantity of extra force particles are termed ‘energy particles’.

    The ‘dynamic’ approach in homeopathy reflects a significant departure from scientific principles. It demonstrates a lack of modern scientific understanding of physiology, pathology, and therapeutics. Despite being rooted in a 250-year-old knowledge environment, these unscientific approaches continue to be propagated by classical homeopaths, leading to widespread misconceptions in the scientific era.

    For homeopathy to gain acceptance as a scientific medical system, it must disentangle itself from the outdated influence of dynamism. Aligning with modern scientific principles is crucial to bridging the gap between traditional homeopathic practices and contemporary medical science.

  • RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL: ESTABLISHING HOMEOPATHY AS A SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL SYSTEM

    Introduction

    The scientific method is a systematic process involving the formulation of hypotheses, deriving predictions, and conducting experiments to test these predictions. A critical aspect of a scientific hypothesis is its falsifiability, meaning it must allow for outcomes that could potentially disprove it. This foundational principle ensures that hypotheses can be meaningfully tested through empirical evidence.

    A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on prior knowledge and observations. It can vary in specificity and is tested through experiments or studies. A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable, which means it must be possible to identify an outcome that conflicts with its predictions. This allows for meaningful testing and potential validation or refutation of the hypothesis.

    Experiments are conducted to determine whether observations align or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis. A useful hypothesis enables predictions through reasoning, which can be tested in laboratory settings or observed in nature. For a hypothesis to be scientific, it must be testable, and scientists often base their hypotheses on previous observations that cannot be satisfactorily explained by existing scientific theories.

    It is important to distinguish between hypotheses and theories. A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research. Over time, a confirmed hypothesis may become part of a theory or evolve into a theory itself. The process of confirming or disproving a hypothesis involves rigorous testing and experimentation.

    Homeopathy, a medical system using highly diluted substances often beyond the Avogadro limit, has been controversial. This proposal aims to systematically test the efficacy and properties of these post-Avogadro dilutions (PADs) through a series of rigorous studies. By applying the scientific method and principles of hypothesis testing, this research seeks to provide empirical evidence on the efficacy of homeopathic remedies and contribute to a better understanding of their properties.

    Background and Rationale

    Homeopathy’s principles have faced skepticism due to the high dilutions used, which often exceed the Avogadro limit, implying that no molecules of the original substance remain. This raises questions about the mechanism of action and efficacy of homeopathic treatments. However, anecdotal evidence and some clinical studies suggest therapeutic benefits, warranting a comprehensive scientific investigation.

    MIT hypothesis of homeopathy

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics involving the use of drugs diluted above avogadro limit. According to MIT hypothesis, homeopathic potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, wherein the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted’ or engraved as hydrogen-bonded three dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of azeotropic mixture of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ or ‘MIALBS’ (Molecular Imprinted Artificial Ligand Binds) are the active principles of post-avogadro diluted preparations used as homeopathic drugs.

    Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes’ or ‘ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules. According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure.

    According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseases indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. This phenomenon is explained in modern biochemistry as “molecular mimicry” and “competitive inhibitions”.  Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar’ ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as therapeutic agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms’.

    Objectives

    1. To test the efficacy of post-Avogadro dilutions in treating diseases through randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

    2. To investigate the effects of post-Avogadro dilutions on biological samples in vitro.

    3. To compare the chemical constitution of post-Avogadro dilutions with unpotentized water-alcohol mixtures.

    4. To verify the presence of original drug substances in post-Avogadro dilutions.

    5. To explore the interactions between post-Avogadro dilutions and biological molecules.

    6. To study the antidotal effects of post-Avogadro dilutions on the biological effects of crude drugs.

    7. To determine whether post-Avogadro dilutions have opposite biological actions compared to crude drugs.

    8. To examine the physical properties of post-Avogadro dilutions versus unpotentized mixtures.

    9. To investigate the supra-molecular arrangements of post-Avogadro dilutions.

    10. To test the stability of supra-molecular arrangements under different conditions.

    11. To assess the impact of physical treatments on the therapeutic properties of post-Avogadro dilutions.

    Research Projects

    Project 1: Comparative Study of Therapeutic Efficacy of Post-Avogadro Dilutions and Blank Un-potentized Water-Ethanol Mixture in RCTs

    Objective: To determine the therapeutic effects of PADs in treating specific diseases.

    Method: Conduct disease-specific RCTs using PADs.

    Prediction: PADs will show therapeutic efficacy if the MIT Hypothesis is correct.

    Project 2: In Vitro Comparative Study of Efficacy of Post-Avogadro Dilutions and Un-potentized Water-Ethanol Mixtures Upon Biological Samples

    Objective: To test the effects of PADs on biological samples.

    Method: Conduct in vitro studies using disease-specific combinations of PADs.

    Prediction: PADs will interfere in the interactions between biological molecules and pathogenic molecules, and reverse their effects.

    Project 3: Comparative Analysis of Chemical Constitutions of PADs and Blank Un-potentized Water-Ethanol Mixture

    Objective: To compare the chemical constitution of PADs with unpotentized water-ethanol mixture.

    Method: Utilize advanced analytical techniques.

    Prediction: No significant difference in chemical constitution between PADs and blank unpotentized water-ethanol mixture.

    Project 4: Study to Verify the Presence of Original Drug Substances in PADs

    Objective: To detect original drug substances in PADs.

    Method: Employ sensitive detection methods.

    Prediction: Original drug substances will not be present in PADs.

    Project 5: Study to Verify Whether PADs can Affect Normal Biological Interactions in Living System

    Objective: To test whether PADs affect normal biological interactions.

    Method: In vitro studies focusing on biological molecules and their ligands.
    Prediction: PADs will not interfere with normal interactions.

    Project 6: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies About Antidotal Effects of PADs upon Same Drugs In Crude Forms  

    Objective: To investigate the antidotal effects of PADs on crude drug effects.\

    Method: Conduct in vitro and in vivo studies.

    Prediction: PADs will antidote the biological effects of crude drugs.

    Project 7: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies about Mutually Opposite Biological Actions of PADs and their Crude forms

    Objective: To compare the biological actions of PADs and crude drugs.

    Method: Experimental studies on biological systems.

    Prediction: Actions of PADs will opposite to the actions of same drugs in crude forms.

    Project 8: Comparative Study of Physical Properties of PADs and Blank Un-potentized Water-Ethanol Mixture

    Objective: To examine physical properties of PADs versus Blank Un-potentized Water-Ethanol Mixture

    Method: Measure evaporation rate, surface tension, viscosity, Brownian motion etc.

    Prediction: Significant differences in physical properties will be observed.

    Project 9: Comparative Study of Supra-molecular Arrangements in PADs and Blank Un-potentized Water-Ethanol Mixture

    Objective: To investigate the supra-molecular arrangements of PADs.

    Method: Advanced imaging and spectroscopy techniques.

    Prediction: PADs will differ in supra-molecular arrangements from Blank Un-potentized Water-Ethanol Mixture

    Project 10: Stability of Supra-molecular Arrangements Under Different Physical Environments

    Objective: To test the stability of PADs under various conditions.

    Method: Subject PADs to heat, electric currents, and electromagnetic energy.

    Prediction: Supra-molecular arrangements will change under these conditions.

    Project 11: Impact of Different Physical Environments on Therapeutic Properties of PADs

    Objective: To assess the effect of physical treatments on PADs’ therapeutic properties.

    Method: Conduct therapeutic studies post-treatment.

    Prediction: Therapeutic properties will be lost after physical treatments.

    Resources and Support

    To execute these studies, significant institutional, financial, technical, human, administrative, and scientific resources will be required. Collaboration with research institutions, funding agencies, and regulatory bodies will be essential to ensure the success and credibility of the research.

    Expected Outcomes

    The results of these studies will provide robust evidence regarding the scientific validity of the MIT Hypothesis and the therapeutic efficacy of homeopathy. This research could potentially establish homeopathy as a scientifically supported medical system or highlight areas for further investigation and refinement.

    This proposal outlines a comprehensive approach to rigorously testing the MIT concepts of of homeopathy through systematic scientific inquiry.

  • NEED FOR UPDATING HOMEOPATHY

    At both the individual and collective levels, knowledge is in a constant state of evolution, continually advancing toward greater precision and understanding. Each day, individuals like you and me learn something new that we did not know the day before. Similarly, humanity as a whole makes new discoveries daily. Our generation possesses knowledge far beyond that of our ancestors, and our descendants will, in turn, surpass us in their understanding.

    The continuous updating of knowledge is driven by experience, observation, experimentation, evaluation, learning, and sharing. This process occurs every minute, hour, day, month, and year, shaping the lives of individuals and the collective wisdom of humanity. The majority of what we now regard as scientific knowledge has been acquired within the last 100 to 200 years.

    It is crucial to remember that the great pioneers of homeopathy, such as Samuel Hahnemann, James Tyler Kent, and William Boericke, lived and worked over two centuries ago. Their contributions were inevitably limited by the scientific context of their time.

    Hahnemann, for instance, proposed the theory of vital force to explain life processes because the intricate biochemistry underlying disease and cure was not yet understood. The concept of the “molecule” had not been developed, which is why it does not appear in his seminal work, the Organon of Medicine.

    During Hahnemann’s time, substances like Nux Vomica were considered singular entities. It was unknown that Nux Vomica contains numerous chemical molecules, each with distinct structures, properties, and biological effects. The absence of molecular-level chemistry knowledge led Hahnemann to describe drug actions in terms of an enigmatic “immaterial dynamic drug energy.”

    This perspective is not intended to diminish the accomplishments of our early masters but to acknowledge a historical reality. Hahnemann and his contemporaries operated within the limits of the scientific knowledge available to them. Consequently, some of their ideas may not align perfectly with current scientific understanding. Therefore, it is essential to continually update homeopathy, integrating modern scientific advancements to refine and enhance the practice.

  • EMBRACING MODERN SCIENCE IN HOMEOPATHY: A CALL FOR EVOLUTION

    Many homeopaths harbor concerns that the core tenets of homeopathy might become distorted if explained through the lens of contemporary scientific knowledge. This apprehension is understandable, considering that every word from the “masters” and “stalwarts” of homeopathy is often taught as sacrosanct. However, expecting that every aspect of homeopathic theory and practice can be explained without any deviation from its original “fundamentals” is unrealistic.

    Homeopathy is traditionally presented as a closed system of unchangeable laws, rules, principles, and methods that every “true” homeopath must adhere to. Terms like “seven cardinal principles of Hahnemann,” “Hering’s laws,” and “Kent’s observations” dominate the discourse, creating an environment where any deviation is seen as heretical. Consequently, homeopaths demand that science explain every aspect of homeopathy without altering these foundational elements.

    It’s important to acknowledge that historical homeopathic masters did not fully understand the processes behind potentization, the active principles of potentized drugs, or the molecular mechanisms through which these drugs exert their effects. Their knowledge was primarily limited to the observable phenomena of “likes curing likes” and the effects of high dilutions. The rest were speculative theories rooted in the unscientific philosophies of dynamism and vitalism.

    Once scientific knowledge reveals the exact processes involved in potentization and the active principles of these drugs, many of the existing methods, laws, rules, and principles in homeopathy will need to be revised. This evolution will lead to new principles and methods, inevitably distorting many current fundamentals of homeopathy.

    MIT approach to homeopathic practice is grounded in a scientific understanding of potentization as molecular imprinting, with the active principles being these molecular imprints. This understanding frames homeopathic therapeutics as the removal of biochemical inhibitions, rather than adherence to traditional laws and rules. This perspective cannot be expected to align perfectly with the historically established laws of homeopathy.

    The guiding principle for a homeopath should be to acquire a scientific understanding of “similia similibus curentur” (like cures like) and potentization and to apply this knowledge judiciously to cure the sick. The objective observations of natural phenomena represented by “likes cures likes” and high dilution effects should be preserved and advanced, while the unscientific and irrational theoretical parts rooted in 18th-century European philosophies should be discarded.

    We must preserve and strengthen the rational, objective aspects of homeopathy and integrate them with modern scientific knowledge. This requires the courage to discard irrational and unscientific elements. As we deepen our understanding of the science behind “likes cures likes” and potentization, new practical rules and laws will naturally emerge.

    In the preface to the third edition of the “Organon,” Dr. Hahnemann himself stated:

    “In this third edition I have not refrained from making any alterations and emendations suggested by increased knowledge and necessitated by further experience.”

    This statement is a direct response to dogmatic homeopaths who resist change or updates in homeopathy. Hahnemann encouraged alterations and improvements based on increased knowledge and experience.

    Explaining concepts like “vital force,” “dynamic force,” and “drug energy” in scientific terms is impossible because they lack scientific basis. These are remnants of the philosophical doctrine of dynamism. To advance homeopathy into a scientific medical system, we must embrace the rational aspects while letting go of unscientific traditions. Only then can homeopathy evolve and thrive in the light of modern science.

  • SIMILIMUM ULTRA SHARP-SHOOT HOMEOPATHIC SOFTWARE

    SIMILIMUM ULTRA
    SHARP-SHOOT HOMEOPATHIC SOFTWARE

    Revolutionizing Homeopathic Practice

    Developed by Chandran Nambiar KC of Fedarin Mialbs Private Limited, Similimum Ultra is a powerful, user-friendly digital platform designed to support homeopaths in establishing a successful practice. This comprehensive software is equipped with essential modules to streamline your clinical workflow and enhance patient care.

    Key Features

    Embedded Patient Management System

    User-Friendly Interface: Designed for ease of use, even for those with minimal computer skills.

    Simple Patient Registration: Quick and easy registration process with minimal required entries.

    Unregistered Cases: Work on cases without immediate registration and register them later.

    Patient Register: Unlimited storage capacity for patient information.

    Backup and Restore: Safe, easily retrievable backups with reminders to backup data upon exit.

    Advanced Search Tools: Search patients by name, number, diagnosis, or calendar.

    Comprehensive Case Records: Maintain detailed records of consultations, prescriptions, and follow-ups.

    Flexible Case Taking Forms: Options for detailed schematic formats with print options.

    Rubric Baskets: For collecting symptoms and converting into rubrics instantly while case taking.

    Efficient Symptom Recording: Extract rubrics into consultation windows during patient interrogation.

    Consultation Interface: Innovative design with fields for symptoms and prescriptions, and easy navigation between consultations.

    Reference Trays: Save all work related to a patient, including repertorization results and notes.

    Diagnosis and Prescription Management: Create and print prescriptions easily, with import options for drug names and potencies.

    Editable Drug List: Search, view, and update the drugs and potencies available in your stock.

    Advanced Repertories

    Four Major Repertories: Access to Kent, Boenninghausen, Boericke, and Boger repertories with multiple search tools.

    Powerful Rubric Search: Locate any rubric within seconds using key-word search.

    Rubric Basket and QuickPick: Collect, display, and repertorize selected rubrics quickly.

    Customized Repertories: Clinically important rubrics grouped into special categories.

    Work Sheet: Prepare for repertorization by combining, grading, and rearranging rubrics.

    Innovative Repertorization Methods

    Quick Pick Method: Tool for instant repertorization.

    Totality Method: Classical method using various protocols for finding similimum.

    Elimination Method: Step-by-step elimination of drugs using selected symptoms.

    Combined Method: Revolutionary strategy combining totality and elimination methods.

    Compartmental Method: Systematic and rational approach for multiple drug prescriptions.

    Shoot-out Method: Interactive and engaging way to find similimum.

    Punch Card Method: Digital version of the traditional punch-card repertorization.

    Brick Column Method: Graphical interface representing rubrics as bricks to find the most suitable drug.

    Reverse Gear Method: Analyze and compare results of different repertorization methods.

    Re-combinant Method: Digital version of Boenninghausen’s case-taking and repertorization method.

    Comprehensive Materia Medica

    20 Major Materia Medica Works: Full texts with key word search and bookmarking options.

    Synthetic Materia Medica: Study material synthesized from Kent Repertory.

    Book Shelf: Extensive library of philosophical and therapeutic reference books with search and bookmarking tools.

    Clinical Utilities

    Normal Clinical Values: Detailed tables for various medical tests and values.

    Height-Weight Tables: Comprehensive height-weight charts for all age groups.

    Laboratory Tests: Detailed information on indications, methods, and interpretations of lab tests.

    Clinical Relationships: Tables of clinical relationships of important homeopathic drugs.

    Constitutional Symptoms: Compilation of constitutional symptoms for major drugs.

    Diagnostic Tables: Valuable information for disease diagnosis.

    Prophylactics and Homeopathic Specifics: Tools for effective day-to-day clinical practice.

    External Applications and Mother Tinctures: Practical guides for therapeutic uses.

    Organizational Tools

    Stock Register and Purchase Orders: Manage drug inventory and prepare purchase orders.

    Medical and Fitness Certificates: Prepare and print certificates for patients.

    Letter Pads and Bills: Customize and print letters and bills for your practice.

    Personal Organizer: Manage appointments and organize your schedule.

    Clinical Performance Analysis: Evaluate and compare patient turn-up to improve clinic efficiency.

    Ready Reckoners and Note Book

    31 Clinical Compilations: Instant prescriptions for various conditions.

    Versatile Note Book: Save, edit, and print selected text from Materia Medica, Repertories, and reference books.

    On-Screen Tips

    Learning Tool: View selected quotes, texts, and clinical tips as flash text displays

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  • HOW MUCH SAFE IS HOMEOPATHY?

    Homeopathy is often touted as a natural and safe alternative to conventional medicine. However, the safety of homeopathic treatments can vary significantly based on the types of preparations and potencies used. To ensure safety, it’s essential to understand the differences between high and low potency homeopathic remedies and the potential risks associated with each.

    Homeopathic remedies with potencies above 12c are considered entirely safe. These high potency preparations do not contain any active drug molecules; instead, they contain only ‘molecular imprints.’ Molecular imprints are supramolecular voids or nanocavities formed in a water-ethanol matrix through a process of molecular imprinting. During this process, the three-dimensional conformations of template molecules are engraved into the matrix, creating artificial binding pockets that can interact with molecules conformationally similar to the template molecules.

    The principle behind high potency remedies is that they undergo such extreme dilution that no molecules of the original substance remain. This ensures that the remedy is free from the risk of toxicity associated with the original substance, making it safe for use. Molecular imprints act upon pathogenic molecules only by their conformational properties, whereas the interaction between natural ligands and their biological targets are guided by a complex system of conformational as well as charge affinities. As such, molecular imprints cannot compete with natural ligands in binding with the biological target molecules in the living system, and they cannot produce any adverse effects. This is the reason why the use of high potency drugs is considered 100% safe.

    In contrast, low potency homeopathic remedies, such as mother tinctures, low dilutions (e.g., 1x, 3x), and triturations, do contain measurable amounts of the original substances. Depending on the nature of these substances, there can be a risk of adverse effects.

    For instance, remedies prepared from toxic substances like mercury, arsenic, lead, iodine, and uranium in low potencies can pose significant health risks. Even when these remedies are used by trained homeopaths or prepared by homeopathic pharmacists, the presence of toxic substances at these concentrations can lead to harmful effects.

    It is crucial to recognize that the potential dangers associated with low potency remedies are not a flaw of homeopathy itself but rather a result of its incorrect application. Homeopathy, when practiced correctly with appropriate potencies, is a safe and beneficial therapeutic modality. The misuse of low potency remedies or mother tinctures, especially those containing toxic substances, can lead to adverse outcomes and should be avoided.

    In conclusion, the safety of homeopathy depends largely on the potencies and types of preparations used. High potency remedies above 12c are safe, containing no active drug molecules, only molecular imprints. Moreover, these imprints cannot compete with natural ligands in binding with biological target molecules, ensuring they produce no adverse effects. However, low potency remedies and mother tinctures can pose risks due to the presence of the original substances, particularly when these substances are toxic. Understanding these differences is essential for both practitioners and patients to ensure the safe and effective use of homeopathic treatments.

    By adhering to the principles of proper potency selection, homeopathy can remain a valuable and safe component of holistic health care.

  • CLASSICAL HOMEOPATHY CONVERGES WITH MODERN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLDGE INTO MIT HOMEOPATHY

    Homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine founded in the late 18th century by Samuel Hahnemann, has long been a subject of both fascination and skepticism. While traditional homeopathic theories often center around the concept of “like cures like” and the use of highly diluted substances, recent scientific approaches from Chandran Nambiar KC of MIT HOMEOPATHY MEDICAL CENTER are providing more nuanced explanations. These modern perspectives delve into the principles of molecular mimicry and molecular imprinting to elucidate how homeopathic treatments may function at a biochemical level.

    Molecular Mimicry involves the idea that certain substances can mimic the molecular structure of pathogenic agents. This mimicry is not merely superficial but involves a conformational similarity at the molecular level. Pathogenic molecules, which cause diseases, have specific shapes and structures that interact with biological molecules in our bodies. By identifying substances whose chemical structures closely resemble these pathogens, scientists can create therapeutic agents that engage with these harmful molecules in a specific manner.

    Molecular Imprinting, on the other hand, is a technique used to prepare three-dimensional molecular imprints of these mimicking substances. Imagine creating a mold of a key; the mold can be used to produce several identical keys. Similarly, molecular imprinting involves creating a template of the pathogenic molecule. This template can then be used to produce molecules that have an exact or highly similar three-dimensional structure to the pathogen. These imprinted molecules are designed to bind to the pathogenic molecules through a key-lock mechanism.

    The advanced scientific explanation provided by researchers at MIT HOMEOPATHY MEDICAL CENTER incorporates these principles to propose a mechanism by which homeopathy might work. The process begins with identifying substances that have the potential to mimic the target pathogenic molecules. Once identified, these substances are subjected to molecular imprinting to create their three-dimensional molecular imprints.

    These imprints, which are essentially the therapeutic agents, are introduced into the body where they can interact with the specific pathogenic molecules. Due to their conformational affinity, these imprinted molecules bind to the pathogenic molecules effectively. This binding process deactivates the pathogens, preventing them from interacting with biological molecules in the body and thereby neutralizing their harmful effects.

    The concept of the key-lock mechanism is crucial here. Just as a key fits into a specific lock, the imprinted molecules fit precisely with the pathogenic molecules, ensuring that the therapeutic interaction is specific and effective. By deactivating these pathogens, the treatment removes the pathological inhibitions of biological molecules, which are often the underlying cause of the disease.

    The implications of this approach are profound. By leveraging the principles of molecular mimicry and imprinting, homeopathy could provide highly targeted treatments for a variety of diseases. This method could potentially lead to the development of new therapeutic agents that are both highly specific and effective, reducing the risk of side effects commonly associated with conventional drugs.

    Moreover, this approach highlights the potential for homeopathy to be integrated with modern medical practices, providing a bridge between traditional alternative medicine and contemporary scientific research. As our understanding of molecular biology and chemistry continues to grow, the potential for such integrative therapies will likely expand, offering new hope for the treatment of complex diseases.

    The advanced scientific explanation involving molecular mimicry and molecular imprinting offers a promising perspective on how homeopathy may work. By identifying substances that mimic pathogenic molecules and creating their molecular imprints, it is possible to develop therapeutic agents that deactivate harmful pathogens through a precise key-lock mechanism. This innovative approach not only enhances our understanding of homeopathy but also opens up new avenues for the development of targeted and effective treatments for a wide range of diseases. As research continues, the integration of these principles could revolutionize the field of homeopathic medicine and its application in modern healthcare.

  • HOMEOPATHY CONCEPT OF MIASMS AND AUTOIMMUNITY CONCEPT OF MODERN MEDICINE CONVERGING THROUGH MIT EXPLANATION OF HOMEOPATHY

    Autoimmune diseases were so far considered to arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. Recent researches have provided enough data to show that it is not the antibodies generated against native cells that cause autoimmune diseases, but it is the antibodies generated in the body against infectious agents and ‘alien proteins’ that cause those diseases. This new understanding is bringing a great paradigm shift in the diagnosis and treatment of so-called autoimmune diseases. It also underscores the correctness of miasm concept of chronic diseases in homeopathy, which was so far considered unscientific by modern scientific community. Now it is obvious that what Hahnemann called ‘miasmatic diseases’, and what modern medicine calls ‘autoimmune diseases’ belong to the same class.

    MIT concept explains the homeopathy concept of ‘miasms’ in terms of chronic disease dispositions caused by antibodies and deformed proteins. This explanation helps us to approach those so-called AUTO IMMUNE DISEASES from a new angle.

    Look into the exhaustive list of diseases included in the class of autoimmune diseases which are actually ‘chronic diseases caused by off-target actions of antibodies. Kindly go through the complete list of autoimmune diseases, and the modern understanding of their relationships with infectious diseases, to realise the real magnitude of ‘anti-body mediated’ diseases or ‘miasmatic’ diseases we encounter in our day today clinical practice.

    While introducing the concept of miasms, Hahnemann was actually trying to explain the role of residual effects of acute infectious diseases in precipitating chronic disease conditions. His focus was on infectious ITCH/LEPROSY, SYPHILIS and HPV-GONORRHOEA complex, which were most widespread around his place during his time.

    Hahnemann, from his practical experience of applying ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’, came to the conclusion that complete cure is not possible using SIMILIMUM only, if such a similimum is selected using totality of currently existing symptoms only, without considering the ‘miasms’ or residual effects of previous acute infectious diseases.

    Even though Hahnemann could rightly observe the role of miasms or residual effects of infectious diseases in the causation as well as the curative process of chronic diseases, he could not explain the exact biological mechanism by which this phenomenon works. This failure was due to the primitive state scientific knowledge available during his period, which later led to various kinds unscientific and “dynamic” interpretations by his “disciples” and “followers” which continue till the present day.

    Using the scientific knowledge already available now, I have been trying to explore the exact molecular mechanism by which residual effects of acute infectious diseases contribute to the development of chronic disease conditions, which Hahnemann called ‘miasms’.

    It is common knowledge that antibodies are generated in our body against infectious agents or proteins that are alien to our genetic codes. Even after infectious disease is over, these antibodies remain in our body for long periods, even for whole life in certain cases.

    Since antibodies are native globulin proteins that have undergone deformation by interacting with alien proteins or infectious agents, they can themselves behave as aliens in the organism and produce pathological inhibitions by binding to various off-target biological molecules. Such molecular inhibitions caused by antibodies are the real molecular level villains playing behind various chronic diseases such as AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, PROTEINOPATHIES, AMYLOID DISEASES AND PRION DISEASES.

    Hahnemann called these phenomena of chronic residual effects of antibodies as MIASMS.

    See, how Hahnemann’s concept of chronic diseases relating it with infectious diseases, paves the way for a scientific understanding of a whole class of grave diseases, and developing of a whole new range of therapeutic agents and techniques to combat them.

    Hahnemann’s observations of chronic diseases, relating it with infectious diseases, would have been a revolutionary event in medical history, had anybody- be it hahnemann himself, his followers or scientists- taken up the task of explaining it in scientific terms.

    Had anybody asked the question how an infectious disease can cause life-long residual effects in the organism even after the infection is over, everything would have been clear. It would have been obvious that infectious agents can produce life-long residual effects in the form of chronic diseases only through ANTIBODIES generated in the body against infectious agents.

    Such a realisation would have helped medical as well as scientific community to view antibodies from a different perspective- as causative agents of diverse types of chronic diseases- over and above their role as defense molecules.

    The pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases is multifaceted, involving genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and immune system dysregulation. Infectious agents have been implicated as potential triggers for many autoimmune conditions, either through molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or direct tissue damage.

    Antibodies generated against infectious agents can become causative agents of autoimmune diseases through mechanisms such as molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation, and cryptic antigen expression. The relationship between infections and autoimmune diseases is complex and multifactorial. Antibodies generated against infectious agents can become pathogenic through various mechanisms, including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation, and cryptic antigen expression. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases triggered by infections.

    Ongoing research is essential to further elucidate these mechanisms and identify specific molecular targets for intervention. By improving our understanding of the interplay between infections and autoimmunity, we can better manage and potentially prevent the onset of autoimmune diseases in susceptible individuals.

    Research into the cross-reactivity between microbial antigens and human tissues can help identify specific epitopes that lead to autoimmune responses. Advanced techniques like mass spectrometry and bioinformatics are used to identify shared epitopes.

    Certain genetic backgrounds may predispose individuals to autoimmune diseases following infections. For instance, HLA haplotypes are known to influence the likelihood of developing autoimmune conditions after exposure to specific pathogens.

    While vaccines are crucial for preventing infectious diseases, there is ongoing research to ensure that vaccine components do not inadvertently trigger autoimmune responses in susceptible individuals. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved can help design safer vaccines.

    Immunomodulation: Treatments that modulate the immune response, such as corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and biologics, can help manage autoimmune diseases triggered by infections.

    Antiviral Therapies: In cases where viral infections are implicated in autoimmunity, antiviral drugs can reduce viral load and potentially decrease autoimmune triggers.

    The interplay between infectious agents and the immune system is intricate and can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases through various mechanisms. Identifying and understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies and preventive measures. Continued research is essential to further elucidate the complex relationships between infections and autoimmunity, improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of these diseases.

    By advancing our knowledge in this field, we can enhance diagnostic accuracy, create more effective treatments, and potentially prevent the onset of autoimmune diseases in at-risk populations. This integrated approach will be pivotal in managing and mitigating the impacts of autoimmune diseases globally.

    The human microbiome plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system. Dysbiosis, or imbalances in the microbial communities, can influence the development of autoimmune diseases. Understanding how the microbiome interacts with pathogens and the immune system is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies.

    Environmental factors such as diet, toxins, and stress can modulate the immune response and influence susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Identifying these factors can help in creating preventive measures and personalized treatments.

    Chronic infections and their role in autoimmunity necessitate long-term monitoring of patients to identify and manage autoimmune responses early. This includes regular screenings and proactive management of infections known to trigger autoimmunity.

    Autoimmune responses can sometimes target cancer cells, leading to paraneoplastic syndromes. Understanding the dual role of the immune system in cancer and autoimmunity can help in developing immunotherapies that minimize autoimmune side effects while effectively targeting cancer cells.

    Identifying biomarkers that predict the development of autoimmune diseases following infections can help in early diagnosis and intervention. Biomarkers can include specific antibodies, cytokine profiles, and genetic markers.

    Tailoring treatments based on an individual’s genetic makeup, infection history, and immune profile can improve outcomes and reduce adverse effects. Precision medicine approaches can help in developing targeted therapies that address the underlying causes of autoimmunity.

    Developing vaccines that prevent infections known to trigger autoimmune diseases can be a powerful preventive measure. Additionally, ensuring that vaccines do not inadvertently trigger autoimmune responses in susceptible individuals is crucial.

    Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Autoimmunity

    1. Molecular Mimicry

    Description: Molecular mimicry occurs when antibodies or T cells generated against an infectious agent cross-react with self-antigens due to structural similarities between the pathogen and host tissues.

    Examples:

     Rheumatic Fever: Antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes cross-react with cardiac myosin and other heart tissues, leading to rheumatic heart disease.

     Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Antibodies against Campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharides cross-react with gangliosides in peripheral nerves, causing demyelination.

    2. Epitope Spreading

    Description: During an infection, the immune response initially targets specific epitopes on a pathogen. Over time, the immune response can expand to target other epitopes, including self-antigens released during tissue damage.

    Examples:

    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Infections can lead to the release of nuclear material from damaged cells, promoting the development of antibodies against DNA and other nuclear components.

    3. Bystander Activation

    Description: Infections can induce a strong inflammatory response, activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and bystander T cells, including self-reactive T cells that were previously non-pathogenic.

    Examples:

     Type 1 Diabetes: Viral infections can trigger the release of pancreatic antigens, activating autoreactive T cells and leading to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.

    4. Cryptic Antigen Expression

    Description: Infections can cause the expression of previously hidden (cryptic) self-antigens, making them targets for the immune system.

    Examples:

    Multiple Sclerosis: Viral infections in the central nervous system can expose myelin antigens to the immune system, leading to an autoimmune response against myelin.

    5. Superantigen Activation

    Description: Certain pathogens produce superantigens that can non-specifically activate a large number of T cells, including self-reactive T cells, leading to an autoimmune response.

    Examples:

    Kawasaki Disease: Superantigens from bacterial infections (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) are believed to trigger an intense immune response that affects blood vessels.

    6. Molecular Mimicry with Post-Translational Modifications

    Description: Some pathogens induce post-translational modifications of host proteins, making them appear foreign to the immune system, leading to an autoimmune response.

    Examples:

    Rheumatoid Arthritis: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and other infections can induce citrullination of proteins, leading to the development of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA).

    7. Immune Complex Deposition

    Chronic infections can lead to the formation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that deposit in various tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage.

    Examples:

    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Chronic viral infections can result in the persistent formation of immune complexes that deposit in the kidneys, joints, and skin, contributing to the characteristic symptoms of SLE.

    Monoclonal antibodies that target specific components of the immune system can effectively treat autoimmune diseases triggered by infections. Reducing viral load through antiviral treatments can decrease the risk of autoimmune responses in chronic viral infections. Treatments that modulate the immune response, such as corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and biologics, can help manage autoimmune diseases triggered by infections.

    The relationship between infections and autoimmune diseases is multifaceted and involves complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and immune factors. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.

    Continued research into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying infection-induced autoimmunity will provide deeper insights and lead to more effective interventions. By integrating knowledge from immunology, genetics, microbiology, and clinical medicine, we can improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden of autoimmune diseases globally.

    Some Examples of Specific Infectious Agents and Associated Autoimmune Diseases

    1. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

    Associated Diseases: Multiple Sclerosis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, epitope spreading

    2. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

    Associated Diseases: Cryoglobulinemia, Sjögren’s Syndrome

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    3. Campylobacter jejuni

    Associated Diseases: Guillain-Barré Syndrome

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry

    4. Helicobacter pylori

    Associated Diseases: Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), Autoimmune Gastritis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    5. Coxsackievirus

    Associated Diseases: Type 1 Diabetes, Myocarditis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    6. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

    Associated Diseases: Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), Vasculitis

    Mechanisms: Bystander activation, cryptic antigen expression

    7. Streptococcus pyogenes

    Associated Diseases: Rheumatic Fever, Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry

    8. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

    Associated Diseases: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Multiple Sclerosis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    9. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1)

    Associated Diseases:  Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma, HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP)

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    10. Parvovirus B19

    Associated Diseases: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, epitope spreading

    11. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

    Associated Diseases: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Guillain-Barré Syndrome

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, superantigen activation

    12. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)

    Associated Diseases: Lyme Arthritis, Chronic Lyme Disease

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    13. Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

    Associated Diseases:  Giant Cell Arteritis, Multiple Sclerosis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    14. Influenza Virus

    Associated Diseases: Guillain-Barré Syndrome, Myocarditis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    15. Enterovirus

    Associated Diseases: Type 1 Diabetes, Myocarditis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    17. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

    Associated Diseases: Polyarteritis Nodosa, Glomerulonephritis

    Mechanisms: Immune complex deposition, molecular mimicry

    19. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

    Associated Diseases: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Guillain-Barré Syndrome

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    20. Chlamydia pneumoniae

    Associated Diseases: Reactive Arthritis, Atherosclerosis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, immune complex deposition

    21. Rubella Virus

    Associated Diseases: Chronic Arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, bystander activation

    22. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

    Associated Diseases: Erythema Multiforme, Autoimmune Encephalitis

    Mechanisms: Molecular mimicry, epitope spreading

    Our knowledge regarding the relationship between so-called autoimmune diseases and infectious diseases is not complete yet. It is still evolving. There are many autoimmune diseases remaining to be explained from this angle. Not only infectious diseases, but any ‘alien protein’ entering the body such as vaccines, snake bites, scorpion bites, insect bites, various allergens etc also can generate antibodies, and ultimately lead to autoimmune diseases through their off target actions. Even there may be endogenous alien proteins also, such as proteins synthesized by mutated genes in cancer cells in our body. It means, the topic of autoimmunity or miasms is very vast. A lot of research have to done on this line for emerging better undurstanding of the phenomenon.

  • APHORISMS CANNOT GIVE YOU ANSWERS FOR SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS ABOUT HOMEOPATHY

    No aphorism will tell you what are the active principles of drugs potentized above avogadro limit, since hahnemann had no any idea about avogadro number.

    No aphorism will tell you what is the biological mechanism by which drugs potentized above avogadro number produces curative effect.

    No aphorism will answer the question what exactly happens at molecular level during potentization, by which the medicinal properties of drug substances are transmitted and preserved in a water-ethanol medium without any chance of single drug molecule remaing in it.

    No aphorism will answer the question what is the molecular level mechanism of cure involved in similia similibus curentur.

    No aphorism will tell you what is the molecular level process involved in drug proving, by which mental and physical symptoms are produced in healthy individuals by the action of drugs.

    No aphorism will answer the question what does it mean at molecular level when drug symptoms produced in a healthy person and disease symptoms in a patient appear similar.

    No aphorism will answer the question what are the diffence at molecular level between drugs potentized above avogadro number and potentized below avogadro number, including mother tinctures.

    No aphorism will answer the question what is the difference between biological mechanism of actions of drugs potentized above avogadro number and potentized below avogadro number, including mother tinctures.

    Aphorisms cannot answer many fundamental scientific questions regarding homeopathy, as those aphorisms were written during a period when modern scientific knowledge had not even started to evolve. You cannot even see the word “molecule” in any aphorism.

    It is totally ridiculous and absurd to ask “where is it said in aphorism” when serious scientific questions are raised about homeopathy.

    You have the right to believe aphorisms are the ultimates of scientific understanding of homeopathy, as there is no law preventing people from believing nonsense things. But you have no right to “strongly condemn” others who discuss science involved in homeopathy. If you do not like such scientific questions being asked, you can stay back from such discussions.

    Knowledge of biochemistry is the basis any medical science in current knowledge environment. Only modern science can give answers to the scientific questions about homeopathy.

    Knowledge of biochemistry involved in life processes, biochemistry involved in disease, biochemistry involved in symptoms, biochemistry involved in drug actions, biochemistry involved in curative process, and biochemistry involved in similia similibus curentur.

    When homeopaths master the knowledge of biochemistry involved in all these phenomena, they will be perfect scientific physicians far superior to physicians of so-called modern medicine or allopathy.

    Of course, a homeopath can practice homeopathy without any knowledge of biochemistry, using the tool known as similarity of symptoms. But he will become far better homeopath if he attains in-depth knowledge of modern biochemistry, pharmacodynamics and supramolecular chemistry

  • WHY POTENTIZED DRUGS ANTIDOTE THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CRUDE FORMS OF SAME DRUGS?

    It is a clinically experienced and experimentally verified fact that if a particular drug substance in crude or molecular form can produce a specific train of symptoms in healthy persons, potentized form of that drug can cure diseases having similar symptoms. Actually, this observation is the basis of the concept of homeopathic ‘drug proving’ as well as ‘similia similibus curentur’.

    In our everyday clinical practice, we have a lot of experiences with this OPPOSITE actions of crude drugs and their potentized forms. Using APIS MEL 30 for bee stings, anacardium 30 for antidoting anacardium poisoning, tabaccum 30 for removing bad effects of tobacco, cannabis 30 for cannabis addiction, use of histamine 30 in allergic complaints, use of pepsinum 30 in gastritis– there are actually hundreds of such empirical uses which are very successful.

    Potentized forms of allopathic drugs are clinically used to remove the short-term or long-term bad effects of allopathic drugging. This method is known as tautopathy. Potentized forms of almost all allopathic drugs are available in market.

    Many nosodes are successfully used by homeopaths on the basis of this knowledge of OPPOSITE actions of crude forms and potentized forms.

    The famous researches conducted by team of Dr Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh of calcutta regarding the use of Arsenic Alb 30 in reversing arsenic toxicity, cadmium sulph 30 in reversing genotoxic effects of crude cadmium etc also ratify the validity of this observation.

    Why a drug substance in ‘potentized’ form act upon living organism in a reverse direction to its action in crude or ‘molecular’ form? What may be the molecular mechanism involved in this ‘reverse’ actions?

    Whole riddles of homeopathy will be resolved once we could explain this phenomenon of ‘reverse action’ rationally and scientifically in a way fitting to modern biochemistry and kinetics of biomolecular interactions.

    Phenomenon of ‘reverse actions’ of potentized forms and crude forms of same drug substance could be rationally explained only if we perceive potentized drugs in terms of MOLECULAR IMPRINTS of drug molecules, and understand these molecular imprints as three-dimensional nanocavities’ ‘molecular voids’ ‘engraved’ into a water-ethyl alcohol supra-molecular matrix. It is obvious that such molecular imprints can act as artificial binding pockets for molecules having similar conformations.

    Homeopathy is actually a therapeutic method that utilises the mutually OPPOSITE actions of crude forms and potentized forms of drug substances. Producing symptoms actually means producing certain molecular errors in the body. Similarity of symptoms indicates similarity of molecular errors. If a drug substance in its crude forms can produce certain molecular errors in the body, its potentized forms can remove that molecular errors.

    When trying to find an answer to the question “what are the active principles of post-avogadro potentized drugs, it is very important that these ACTIVE PRINCIPLES should be something that can remove the molecular inhibitions caused by the molecular forms of same drug.

    If potentized correctly, post-avogadro dilutions will not contain any molecule of original drug substance, and that they contain nothing but alcohol and water, along with some particles coming through contaminations. Studies have also shown that CHEMICAL properties of post-avogadro dilutions and unpotentized water-alcohol mixture are similar. But all of us know, and it is well established that these post-avogadro dilutions without any drug molecule contained in them have specific biological actions and disease curing properties when used as similimum. It was also observed and proved through spectroscopic studies mentioned earlier that post-avogadro dilutions have some supra-molecular arrangements that make them different from the plain water-alcohol mixture. It is obvious that the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES should be some supra-molecular water-ethyl alcohol structures formed during the process of potentization. And it is very much evident that these supra-molecular structures are not MIMICS of drug molecules, but something that can produce biological effects that are exactly OPPOSITE to those produced by original drug molecules.

    Now we are very much sure that active principles of potentized drugs are some sort of supramolecular structures formed by water and alcohol, and these structures have retained the medicinal properties of original drug molecules in a REVERSE order.

    It is already known to us that chemical molecules produce errors in biological processes by binding to and inhibiting biological molecules such as enzymes, receptors, transport molecules etc. Chemical molecules having some functional groups or moieties SIMILAR to those of natural ligands can compete with the natural ligands in binding to the biological targets. When a chemical molecule succeed in this competition, the biological molecules get inhibited, and the interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands are blocked. This is the molecular mechanism involved in disease processes. Drug molecules as well as various pathogenic molecules can inhibit the actions of biological molecules by this mechanism, which result in diverse kinds of pathological conditions.

    CURE involves removal of pathological inhibitions happened in biological molecules. If the post-avogadro diluted drugs can cure disease conditions produced by their molecular forms , it means, they contain some supra-molecular structures that can bind to those molecules, deactivate them, and remove the molecular inhibitions they produced. In order to bind to the chemical molecules, these supra-molecular structures should have some conformational properties that are just opposite to the concerned chemical molecules.

    Now our answer for the question “what are ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of post-avogadro potentized drugs” is very much near to us. We can say, the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES are some “supra-molecular structures formed in water-ethyl alcohol medium during the process of potentization, which can act as artificial binding sites for pathogenic molecules having some sort of opposite conformations”.

    Next question we have to answer is, HOW these “supra-molecular structures” are formed during the process of potentization. This question could be answered only if we study the supramolecular properties of water-ethyl alcohol azeotropic mixture, phenomena of hydrogen bonding, formation of host-guest complexes, cavitation and a lot of such things, and also the molecular processes involved in the technology of MOLECULAR IMPRINTING.

  • KNOWLEDGE OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ESSENTIAL IN SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF ‘SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR’ OF HOMEOPATHY

    “Similia Similibus Curentur” is the cornerstone principle of homeopathy, serving as the theoretical foundation upon which the entire practice is constructed. Proponents of homeopathy regard this principle as a natural law of therapeutics, though skeptics dismiss it as merely a conjecture by Hahnemann, its founder.

    For homeopathy to gain recognition as a scientifically valid medical system, it is imperative to offer a scientifically plausible explanation for the biological mechanisms underlying “Similia Similibus Curentur,” substantiating it through rigorous scientific methodology.

    Samuel Hahnemann, the distinguished founder of homeopathy, proposed that a substance capable of eliciting certain symptoms in healthy individuals could potentially cure similar symptoms in diseased conditions. From a scientific viewpoint, the similarity in symptoms suggests an underlying similarity in affected biomolecular pathways, molecular inhibitions, and the functional groups of the molecules involved.

    To scientifically rationalize the principle of “Similia Similibus Curentur,” it is essential to thoroughly examine the phenomenon of competitive inhibition in contemporary biochemistry. Competitive inhibition occurs when a chemical substance disrupts a biochemical pathway by competing with another molecule for binding to the same target, facilitated by the similarity of their functional groups.

    This competitive inhibition is the underlying mechanism of the similimum concept in homeopathy. If two different chemical molecules possess similar functional groups or molecular conformations, they can competitively bind to the same molecular targets within a biological system. Thus, a molecular inhibition caused by a pathogenic molecule could be countered by a drug molecule with a competitive relationship due to the similarity of their functional groups.

    If the functional groups of the pathogenic and drug molecules are similar, they can bind to similar molecular targets and elicit similar symptoms. Homeopathy employs this concept to identify the similarity between pathogenic and drug molecules by observing the symptoms they induce.

    Through “Similia Similibus Curentur,” Hahnemann sought to harness the principle of competitive inhibitions to develop a novel therapeutic method. If symptoms induced in healthy individuals by a drug taken in its molecular form mirror those in a diseased individual, applying the drug in a molecularly imprinted form could potentially cure the disease.

    Symptoms of both the disease and the drug appear similar when the disease-causing and drug substances contain similar chemical molecules with similar functional groups, which bind to similar biological targets, producing similar molecular inhibitions and leading to errors in the same biochemical pathways.

    These similar chemical molecules can compete to bind to the same molecular targets. Disease molecules produce disease by competitively binding with biological targets, mimicking natural ligands due to their conformational similarity.

    Drug molecules, by sharing conformational similarities with disease molecules, can displace them through competitive relationships, thereby alleviating the pathological inhibitions they cause.

    Rationally and scientifically minded individuals will recognize that “Similia Similibus Curentur” represents a natural, objective phenomenon. It is not as unscientific or pseudoscientific as skeptics suggest. This natural phenomenon, observed and articulated by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, forms the fundamental principle of homeopathy.

    Molecular imprints of similar chemical molecules can act as artificial binding agents for similar substances, neutralizing them due to their mutually complementary conformations.

    It is evident that Hahnemann observed this competitive relationship between substances affecting living organisms by producing similar symptoms. Limited by the scientific knowledge of his time, he could not fully explain that two different substances produce similar symptoms only if both contain chemical molecules with functional groups or moieties of similar conformations, enabling them to bind to similar biological targets and induce similar molecular inhibitions, leading to deviations in the same biological pathways.

    Understanding the ‘similarity’ between drug-induced symptoms and disease symptoms should extend to the ‘similarity’ in molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and disease-causing molecules, stemming from the ‘similarity’ of their functional groups. Samuel Hahnemann, the pioneer of homeopathy, formulated his principles during a time when modern biochemistry had not yet emerged. This historical context explains why Hahnemann was unable to describe his observations using contemporary biochemical concepts. Despite these limitations, his foresight into their therapeutic implications was nothing short of genius.

    In the practice of homeopathy, when a practitioner seeks a “simillimum” for a patient, he is essentially searching for a drug whose molecular makeup contains chemical entities with conformations akin to those of the molecules responsible for the disease. This similarity facilitates a competitive interaction between the drug molecules and the disease-causing molecules, specifically at the sites of biological activity.

    Potentized forms of these drug substances, which contain molecular imprints of funcional groups, act as artificial binding sites for the disease-causing molecules. These imprints have a conformational affinity that allows them to neutralize the pathological molecular inhibitions, thus employing post-Avogadro dilutions of the simillimum as an effective therapeutic agent, following the principle of “Similia Similibus Curentur.”

    Homeopathy, or “Similia Similibus Curentur,” is a therapeutic approach grounded in the identification of drug molecules that, due to their similar functional groups, are capable of competing with disease-causing molecules for binding to biological targets. This methodology relies on observing the similarity of symptoms produced by the disease and those the drug can induce in healthy individuals, thereby deactivating the disease-causing molecules through the binding action of molecular imprints derived from the drug.

    The future recognition of homeopathy as a scientific discipline hinges on our ability to demonstrate to the scientific community that “Similia Similibus Curentur” is based on the naturally occurring phenomenon of competitive relationships between chemically similar molecules, as explained in modern biochemistry. Once this connection is clearly established, homeopathy’s status as a scientific practice will inevitably be recognized.

  • MIT HOMEOPATHY STUDY OF ALLIUM SATIVUM

    Allium sativa or garlic is a prominent drug in homeopathy Materia Medica. Even though homeopathy is considered to be a therapeutic method of treating diseases using potentized forms of drug substances, most homeopaths use garlic or ALLIUM SATIVA in mother tincture form in their normal practice, as a shortcut to produce “some results” by whatever means. In mother tincture form, it contains all the chemical molecules discussed below in this article. These molecules can act as therapeutic agents by their chemical properties, involving a biological mechanism that is exactly same as the action of allopathic drugs.

    When potentized above 12c or avogadro limit, the preparations will not contain any drug molecule, but only molecular imprints of drug molecules. Molecular imprints are supra-molecular cavities formed in water-ethanol matrix, carrying the three-dimensional spacial conformations of drug molecules in a negative orientation. These molecular imprints act as artificial binding pockets for not only the original drug molecules, but any pathogenic molecule having functional groups of similar conformation. Molecular imprints act as therapeutic agents by binding to and inactivating the pathogenic molecules by their conformational properties. This is the biological mechanism involved in the high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathy.

    MIT UNDERSTANDING OF THERAPEUTICS

    Drug molecules act as therapeutic agents due to their chemical properties. It is an allopathic action, same way as any allopathic or ayurvedic drug works. They can interact with biological molecules and produce short term or longterm harmful effects, exactly similar to allopathic drugs. Please keep this point in mind when you have a temptation to use mother tinctures, low potencies or biochemical salts which are molecular drugs.

    On the other hand, ‘molecular imprints’ contained in homeopathic drugs potentized above 12 or avogadro limit act as therapeutic agents by working as artificial ligand binds for pathogenic molecules due to their conformational properties by a biological mechanism that is truly homeopathic.

    Understanding the fundamental difference between ‘molecular drugs’ and ‘molecular imprinted drugs’ regarding their biological mechanism of actions is very important.

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics. According to MIT hypothesis, potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, where in the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted or engraved as hydrogen- bonded three-dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ are the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions used as homeopathic drugs. Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes or ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules.

    According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure. According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseases indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as the therapeutics agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms. Nobody in the whole history could so far propose a hypothesis about homeopathy as scientific, rational and perfect as MIT explaining the molecular process involved in potentization, and the biological mechanism involved in ‘similia similibus- curentur, in a way fitting well to modern scientific knowledge system.

    If symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition as well as symptoms produced in a healthy individual by a particular drug substance were similar, it means the disease-causing molecules and the drug molecules could bind to same biological targets and produce similar molecular errors, which in turn means both of them have similar functional groups or molecular conformations. This phenomenon of competitive relationship between similar chemical molecules in binding to similar biological targets scientifically explains the fundamental homeopathic principle Similia Similibus Curentur.

    Practically, MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics is all about identifying the specific target-ligand ‘key-lock’ mechanism involved in the molecular pathology of the particular disease, procuring the samples of concerned ligand molecules or molecules that can mimic as the ligands by conformational similarity, preparing their molecular imprints through a process of homeopathic potentization upto 30c potency, and using that preparation as therapeutic agent.

    Since individual molecular imprints contained in drugs potentized above avogadro limit cannot interact each other or interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands, and since they can act only as artificial binding sites for specific pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, there cannot by any adverse effects or reduction in medicinal effects even if we mix two or more potentized drugs together, or prescribe them simultaneously- they will work.

    Actually, the homeopathic materia medica works are the compilations of subjective and objective symptoms produced in healthy individuals by the actions of drugs in crude or molecular forms in healthy individuals. These symptoms represent the bio molecular errors produced by the actions of drug molecules upon the biological systems. Theoretically, homeopathy is the therapeutic art of treating diseases using potentized forms of drugs that were capable in crude forms to produce symptoms similar to those of the disease symptoms. According to this homeopathic approach, a drug substance should be used only to treat the disease conditions having symptoms similar to the symptoms given in the Materia Medica of that drug. When using drugs in mother tincture forms, homeopaths never follow this fundamental therapeutic principle of homeopathy. For example, if the Materia Medica of a drug says blood pressure was reduced during its proving, that drug should be used in potentized form to treat cases low blood pressure. Instead of doing that, if the doctor uses that drug in mother tincture form to treat high blood pressure, it is not homeopathy. To treat diseases utilising the chemical properties of drug molecules is obviously allopathy.

    The plant “Allium sativum” is the scientific name for garlic, a widely used and well-known culinary and medicinal herb.  Common Name: Garlic. Family: Amaryllidaceae. Genus: Allium.

    Garlic is a perennial that forms a bulb, which is its most commonly used part. This bulb consists of numerous cloves, each enclosed in a papery skin. The plant also produces a flower stalk with an umbel of white, pink, or purple flowers, and aerial bulbils. It typically grows up to 60 cm (24 inches) in height and produces hermaphrodite flowers that are pollinated by bees, other insects, and occasionally by self-pollination.

    Garlic is renowned for its health-promoting properties. It has been used to treat and prevent a variety of conditions, including heart disease, high cholesterol, hypertension, and certain types of cancer. It contains several bioactive compounds, including allicin, alliin, and ajoene, which are responsible for its antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. Garlic is low in calories but rich in vitamin C, vitamin B6, manganese, selenium, and certain other minerals that are essential for good health.

    ROLE OF DISULPHIDE BONDS IN BIOMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS

    Understanding the MIT study of chemical constituents of Allium Sativum, and their importance in therapeutics could be possible only if we acquire a clear knowledge regarding the role of disulphide bonds and sulphur-containing functional groups in various vital biomolecular interactions in living systems in health and pathology. Disulfide functional groups play a pivotal role in biological interactions and molecular pathology, fundamentally influencing protein structure, function, and dynamics within cells and across systems.

    Disulfide bonds are covalent linkages formed between the sulphur atoms of two cysteine amino acids within or between protein molecules. These bonds are critical for the stability, structure, and function of many proteins, playing key roles in a wide range of biological processes and interactions.

    Disulfide bonds are crucial for the proper folding and stability of proteins. They help maintain the three-dimensional structure of proteins, which is essential for their biological function. For example, disulfide bonds in antibodies are critical for maintaining their Y-shaped structure, which is necessary for effective immune response. Proteins with disulfide bonds often exhibit greater thermal stability, which is important for proteins that must function under varying temperature conditions.

    Disulfide bonds can play a role in signal transduction by altering their state in response to cellular redox changes. This can affect how signals are passed within and between cells, impacting cellular responses and pathways.

    The reversible nature of disulfide bond formation and breakage serves as a mechanism for redox regulation within cells, influencing various cellular processes including apoptosis, gene expression, and protein function.

     For proteins that are secreted outside the cell, disulfide bonds help ensure that they fold correctly and remain stable once they are outside the cell’s reducing environment. Proteins with disulfide bonds are often components of the extracellular matrix and blood plasma, where disulfide bonds contribute to the mechanical stability and integrity of these structures.

    Disulfide bonds in antibodies are essential for maintaining the structure necessary for binding to antigens effectively. The stability provided by disulfide bonds ensures that antibodies can withstand the often harsh conditions encountered during immune responses. The structure and function of antibodies heavily rely on disulfide bonds. These bonds maintain the integrity and the antigen-binding capability of antibodies, crucial for effective immune responses. Aberrations in these bonds can compromise immune system efficacy or lead to autoimmune disorders where the immune system misidentifies self proteins as foreign.

    Disulfide bonds provide the necessary strength and rigidity to keratin, which is a major component of hair, nails, and skin. The density and pattern of these bonds determine the physical properties of these structures.

    In peptide hormones, disulfide bonds are critical for maintaining the active form and proper function. Similarly, receptor proteins often rely on disulfide bonds for their structural integrity and ability to bind ligands. Disulfide bonds, therefore, are integral to the function and stability of a wide array of proteins and peptides, impacting everything from basic cellular processes to complex systemic functions like the immune response. Their role in mediating protein interactions and maintaining structural integrity makes them crucial for the proper functioning of biological systems. Many hormones and receptors depend on disulfide bonds for their proper structure and function. For example, insulin, a key hormone in glucose metabolism, requires disulfide bonds to maintain its active form. Similarly, many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have critical disulfide bonds that maintain their structural integrity and functionality for signal transduction.

    Disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins create stable loops and folds that are critical for maintaining the functional conformation of proteins. This structural role is essential for the activity of many proteins, including enzymes, hormones, and structural proteins in tissues.

    In enzymatic processes, disulfide bonds can act as redox-sensitive switches that modulate enzyme activity. The formation or reduction of disulfide bonds can change the enzyme’s shape and, consequently, its activity. This is particularly important in regulatory enzymes that control metabolic pathways, where changes in the redox state can signal shifts in metabolic demands. In some enzymes, disulfide bonds are involved directly in the catalytic mechanism, influencing the electron distribution and making the enzyme more efficient at catalyzing chemical reactions. In other cases, disulfide bonds can act as regulatory switches. Reduction (breaking) and oxidation (forming) of disulfide bonds can activate or deactivate enzyme functions, serving as a control mechanism for enzyme activity.

    Disulfide bonds are crucial in redox signaling pathways. They can undergo reversible oxidation and reduction, acting as molecular switches that respond to changes in the cellular redox environment. This mechanism allows cells to adapt to oxidative stress, regulate apoptosis, and modulate the activity of redox-sensitive transcription factors, thereby impacting gene expression and cellular responses. Changes in the redox state of cells, often seen in cancer cells, can alter disulfide bond formation and stability in key regulatory proteins, affecting cell growth and apoptosis pathways. The differential redox environment of cancer cells compared to normal cells can lead to altered disulfide bond patterns, impacting protein function and contributing to malignancy.

    Incorrect disulfide bond formation can lead to protein misfolding, which is implicated in various diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. In cystic fibrosis, for example, a misfolded CFTR protein due to improper disulfide bonding results in its degradation and malfunction.

    Oxidative stress leading to disruption of disulfide bond homeostasis in cardiovascular tissues can contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases like atherosclerosis and heart failure. The dynamic nature of disulfide bonds, facilitating both stability and flexibility in response to redox changes, places them at the heart of many physiological processes and pathologies. Understanding these roles provides insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets, especially in conditions characterised by oxidative stress and redox imbalance.

    CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN ALLIUM SATIVUM

    Presence of the highly active disulphides and sulphur-containing functional groups in the molecular constituents of allium sativum raises this drug to the status of “biological sulphur” in MIT understanding of homeopathy and makes it the NUMBER ONE remedy in the therapeutics of diverse kinds of acute and chronic disease conditions.

    Allicin is perhaps the most well-known compound in garlic, formed when garlic is crushed or chopped. Allicin has antimicrobial, anti-fungal, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. It’s also known for its ability to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and it may have anti-cancer properties.

    Diallyl Disulfide (DADS) is formed during the decomposition of allicin. It has been found to have anti-cancer effects, particularly in the suppression of certain tumour growths. It also possesses antimicrobial properties and may contribute to cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol triglyceride levels.

    S-Allyl Cysteine (SAC) is a water-soluble organosulfur compound, known for its antioxidant properties. It helps protect against oxidative stress and may also support cardiovascular health by reducing the accumulation of cholesterol and inhibiting the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

    Ajoene is a compound formed from allicin and has significant anticoagulant (blood-thinning) properties. It’s also effective against a variety of fungal infections and shows potential in treating skin diseases and cancers.

    Alliin  is the precursor to allicin, which is actually odorless until converted into allicin via enzymatic reactions. It has moderate antimicrobial properties.

    Vinyldithiins are also breakdown products of allicin and have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

    Saponins found in garlic, have immune-boosting and cholesterol-lowering effects. They also exhibit antioxidant and anti-cancer activities.

    Flavonoids, which are known for their antioxidant properties. They help reduce oxidative stress in the body and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer.

    Garlic is rich in vitamins such as Vitamin C and Vitamin B6, and minerals like selenium and manganese, which play critical roles in immune function, metabolism, and cellular health.

    Together, these compounds make garlic a potent natural remedy with a diverse range of health benefits. The combination of antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective actions helps explain why garlic has been used medicinally for thousands of years.

    Garlic (Allium sativum) is generally considered safe for most people, but it can cause some adverse effects, particularly when consumed in large quantities or used as a supplement.

    Consuming large amounts of garlic, especially on an empty stomach, can cause gastrointestinal irritation, including heartburn, gas, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Some people may also experience an increase in acid reflux symptoms when consuming garlic.

    Garlic is infamous for causing bad breath and a distinct body odor that can be persistent and difficult to eliminate, due to compounds like allicin that are excreted through the skin and lungs.

    Although rare, some individuals may have allergic reactions to garlic. Symptoms can range from mild (skin irritation, hives, tingling or swelling of the mouth) to severe (anaphylaxis).

    Garlic has natural anticoagulant properties, which can thin the blood. While this can be beneficial in preventing blood clots, it can also increase the risk of bleeding, particularly if taken in high doses or in conjunction with other blood-thinning medications such as warfarin or aspirin.

    Applying garlic directly to the skin can cause burns and irritation, especially if left on the skin for extended periods. This is due to the potent compounds like allicin.

    Garlic is known to help lower blood pressure, but in some cases, it can cause blood pressure to fall too low, particularly when consumed in large doses or as a concentrated supplement. This can lead to lightheadedness or fainting.

    Garlic can interact with certain medications, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and drugs used for HIV treatment. It can also affect the metabolism of medications by the liver, potentially altering their effectiveness.

    Due to its blood-thinning properties, consuming garlic before surgical procedures can increase the risk of excessive bleeding. It is typically recommended to avoid garlic at least two weeks before any planned surgery.

    While moderate consumption of garlic is safe for most people and can contribute to a healthy diet, it’s important to be cautious with high doses or concentrated forms, especially for individuals with certain health conditions or those taking specific medications. Always consult a healthcare provider if in doubt about garlic’s impact on health, especially when considering garlic supplements.

    ALLICIN IN GARLIC

    Allicin is a sulfur-containing compound found in garlic and is primarily responsible for garlic’s distinctive odor and many of its health benefits. It is not present in fresh garlic cloves but is produced when garlic is chopped, crushed, or chewed. This process causes the enzyme alliinase to convert alliin, a naturally occurring amino acid in garlic, into allicin. Allicin is well-known for its antimicrobial properties. It has been shown to be effective against a range of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. This makes garlic a popular natural remedy for preventing and fighting infections. Allicin acts as a strong antioxidant, helping to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. This is important for preventing chronic diseases and supporting overall health. Allicin can help improve cardiovascular health in several ways. It has been found to help lower cholesterol levels, reduce blood pressure, and decrease the risk of artery hardening (atherosclerosis). These effects contribute to reducing the risk of heart disease. The compound also has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help manage conditions like arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Some research suggests that allicin may have properties that help prevent cancer by promoting the death of cancer cells and blocking pathways that lead to cancer growth. Allicin is quite volatile and can be degraded by heat, which is why garlic’s medicinal properties are best preserved in its raw form or as a supplement specifically designed to stabilise allicin. In the kitchen, adding garlic at the end of cooking can help preserve some of its allicin content.

    Allicin is available in dietary supplements, often in an aged form, which may be more stable and gentle on the stomach. These supplements are used for the same health benefits associated with fresh garlic, particularly for those seeking to avoid garlic’s strong taste or potential breath odor. Despite its numerous health benefits, it’s important to use allicin-containing supplements cautiously as they can interact with certain medications and are not suitable for everyone.

    Research on allicin’s potential for cancer prevention has produced intriguing results, though it is important to note that most of this research has been conducted in laboratory settings and on animal models, with limited clinical trials on humans. Here are some of the key findings and mechanisms through which allicin may help in cancer prevention. Allicin’s antioxidant capability can neutralise free radicals in the body. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells and lead to mutations and cancer. By reducing oxidative stress, allicin may help prevent the initiation and progression of cancer. Several studies have demonstrated that allicin can inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells, including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. It appears to interfere with cellular processes that are essential for cancer cell growth and replication. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is another mechanism through which allicin may exert its anti-cancer effects. Research indicates that allicin can induce apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines, thus helping to remove cancerous cells from the body. Chronic inflammation is a known risk factor for the development of cancer. Allicin’s anti-inflammatory properties can potentially reduce this risk by modulating inflammatory pathways in the body. A study published in “Anticancer Research” suggested that allicin could inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells both in vitro and in animal models. Research in “Cancer Prevention Research” found that derivatives of allicin were effective in suppressing the growth of colorectal cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Some studies have suggested that allicin may help in reducing the risk of prostate cancer by influencing pathways that affect cancer cell proliferation and survival.

    While laboratory and animal studies are promising, human clinical trials are relatively scarce and results are less conclusive. The bioavailability of allicin (i.e., its absorption and utilisation by the human body when ingested through diet or supplements) also presents a challenge, as allicin is highly unstable and can be quickly decomposed in the stomach. Furthermore, the dosage and long-term safety of using high concentrations of allicin for cancer prevention have not been well-established. Therefore, while allicin is considered a potential anticancer agent, more research, especially in human clinical settings, is needed to fully understand its efficacy and safety profile. Overall, the research supports the potential of allicin as part of a broader approach to cancer prevention, particularly due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and direct anticancer properties. However, relying solely on allicin for cancer prevention without considering other medical advice and lifestyle factors would be insufficient and potentially misleading.

    MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALLICIN

    Allicin, the bioactive compound derived from garlic, exhibits its anti-cancer effects through a variety of molecular mechanisms that inhibit cancer cell proliferation. These mechanisms are complex and involve multiple pathways within cells. Here are some of the key molecular processes through which allicin may exert its anti-cancer effects:

    One of the primary mechanisms by which allicin inhibits cancer cell proliferation is through the induction of apoptosis. Allicin can activate multiple signalling pathways that lead to apoptosis, including the mitochondrial pathway. It increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cancer cells, which can damage cellular components and trigger the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. This release activates caspases, a family of proteases that play essential roles in programmed cell death.

    Allicin has been shown to cause cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. By interfering with the cell cycle, allicin can stop the cells from dividing and multiplying. Studies have shown that allicin can arrest the cell cycle at various phases, including the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints, depending on the type of cancer cell. This is often mediated through the modulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are crucial for cell cycle progression.

    Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is critical for tumour growth and metastasis. Allicin can inhibit angiogenesis by reducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other angiogenic factors in tumor cells. This reduces the tumor’s ability to develop new blood vessels, thereby limiting its growth and spread.

    Allicin can influence the expression of various genes involved in cancer development and progression. For example, it can down-regulate the expression of oncogenes, which are genes that when mutated or expressed at high levels, promote tumour growth. Conversely, allicin can up-regulate tumour suppressor genes, which help protect cells from cancer.

    Metastasis is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another, and it is a major cause of cancer mortality. Allicin has been found to inhibit several processes involved in metastasis, including cell adhesion, invasion, and migration. This is achieved through the modulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and facilitate cancer cell invasion.

    Recent studies suggest that allicin may also exert anti-cancer effects through epigenetic modifications. These include changes in DNA methylation and histone modification, which can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence itself. This can lead to the reactivation of tumor suppressor genes and the silencing of oncogenes.

    These diverse molecular actions of allicin contribute to its potential as an anti-cancer agent, affecting multiple stages of cancer development and progression. While the evidence from laboratory studies is compelling, translating these effects into effective clinical treatments requires further investigation, particularly to understand how allicin can be effectively delivered and used within the human body.

    ANTICOAGULANT PROPERTIES OF GARLIC

    The specific chemical constituent in garlic that gives it anticoagulant properties is ajoene. Ajoene is a compound formed from another compound called allicin when garlic is crushed or chopped and then allowed to stand. Allicin itself is initially formed from the precursor compound alliin when garlic is damaged.

    Ajoene works by inhibiting platelet aggregation, which is the clumping together of platelets in the blood—part of the blood clotting process. By preventing platelet aggregation, ajoene can reduce the formationAN of blood clots, making it a natural anticoagulant. This property makes garlic and its derivatives potentially beneficial in preventing conditions such as thrombosis, although care must be taken when used with other anticoagulant medications to avoid excessive bleeding.

    “GARLIC BREATH”

    The characteristic bad breath caused by consuming garlic, commonly known as “garlic breath,” results from several molecular processes involving the breakdown and release of sulfur-containing compounds from garlic.

    When garlic is consumed, it is digested and its sulfur-containing compounds, notably allicin, are broken down into smaller volatile compounds. Allicin, which is formed when garlic is chopped or crushed, quickly breaks down into various volatile sulfur compounds such as diallyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl mercaptan, and others.

    These volatile compounds are absorbed into the bloodstream through the digestive tract. Once absorbed, they circulate throughout the body. As blood passes through the lungs, these sulfur compounds can be transferred from the blood to the air exhaled. This results in the breath carrying the distinctive odor of these compounds. Some of the sulfur compounds are also excreted through the pores of the skin. This can contribute to a lingering body odor in addition to bad breath. Compounds like allyl methyl sulfide are particularly notable for their persistence in the body, as they are not metabolized quickly. This is why the odor can last for several hours and up to a day or more after consuming garlic.

    The metabolic pathways involved highlight how garlic’s compounds are metabolized and eventually excreted, explaining both the persistence and the intensity of the odor associated with garlic consumption. This process is entirely natural and is part of what gives garlic both its culinary appeal and its notorious social side effects like bad breath.

    BLOOD THINNING PROPERTIES

    Garlic’s blood-thinning properties, largely attributed to its ability to prevent blood clots, are primarily driven by its sulfur-containing compounds, especially ajoene and other related compounds.

    The primary mechanism by which garlic acts as a blood thinner is through the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Ajoene, a compound derived from allicin (which is itself formed when garlic is crushed or chopped), is particularly effective in this regard. Ajoene blocks the activation of platelets, which are small blood cells that play a critical role in blood clot formation. By preventing platelets from clumping together, ajoene reduces the likelihood of clot formation. This is crucial in the prevention of thrombosis, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes.

    Garlic and its compounds can interfere with the synthesis of thromboxane A2, a molecule that promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. By reducing the levels of thromboxane A2, garlic helps in keeping the blood vessels dilated and reduces platelet activity, further contributing to its anticoagulant effects.

    Garlic enhances fibrinolytic activity, which is the process that breaks down clots after they are formed. This is primarily achieved through the modulation of enzymatic activity that controls fibrinolysis, the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots, thus helping in the prevention and potential dissolution of existing clots.

    Some studies suggest that garlic can help reduce the viscosity (thickness) of the blood, which in turn helps in reducing the overall risk of clot formation. Lower plasma viscosity facilitates smoother blood flow, reducing the strain on the cardiovascular system.

    Garlic has been shown to influence lipid levels in the blood. It can lower the concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which are known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. By improving lipid profiles, garlic indirectly supports cardiovascular health and reduces clotting risks associated with high cholesterol levels.

    These molecular processes highlight how garlic contributes to anticoagulant effects through a combination of mechanisms, including direct inhibition of platelet aggregation and broader impacts on cardiovascular health. While garlic can be beneficial in preventing blood clotting, it is essential for individuals on anticoagulant medications to consult healthcare providers due to potential interactions and enhanced effects.

    EFFECTS OF GARLIC ON LIPID PROFILE

    Garlic has been shown to have beneficial effects on lipid profiles, particularly in reducing levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The molecular mechanisms involved in these effects are complex and involve multiple biochemical pathways:

    Garlic compounds, particularly those derived from allicin such as ajoene and other sulfur-containing molecules, have been shown to inhibit the activity of HMG-CoA reductase. This enzyme plays a critical role in the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol. By inhibiting this enzyme, garlic can reduce the body’s internal production of cholesterol, similarly to how statin drugs work.

    Saponins found in garlic also contribute to the reduction of blood cholesterol. They can bind to cholesterol molecules, preventing their absorption and facilitating their excretion from the body.

    Garlic stimulates the activity of LDL receptors on liver cells. This increase in receptor activity helps to clear LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream more effectively, thereby lowering blood levels of LDL cholesterol.

    Garlic promotes the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. This not only helps in reducing blood cholesterol levels but also aids in fat digestion and absorption, indirectly affecting cholesterol metabolism.

    Oxidation of LDL cholesterol is a critical factor in the development of atherosclerosis. Garlic’s antioxidant properties help prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, reducing the risk of plaque formation within arterial walls.

    Garlic and its compounds can interfere with the absorption of fats in the intestine, which helps lower the levels of circulating cholesterol.

    By promoting the excretion of cholesterol and its metabolites in the feces, garlic helps reduce the overall cholesterol levels in the body.

    Chronic inflammation is linked to higher cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis. Garlic’s anti-inflammatory properties help reduce inflammation, which is indirectly beneficial for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels.

    These molecular processes make garlic a multifaceted tool in the management of cholesterol levels, particularly LDL cholesterol. The combination of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, enhancing its metabolism, preventing LDL oxidation, and modulating lipid absorption effectively contributes to cardiovascular health. However, the efficacy of garlic in lowering cholesterol may vary among individuals, and its use should complement other lifestyle factors like diet and exercise for optimal cardiovascular health.

    Garlic promotes the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids through a biochemical pathway involving the regulation of liver enzymes that play critical roles in cholesterol metabolism. The primary enzyme involved in this process is cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the bile acid synthesis pathway from cholesterol.

    Activation of Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A): This enzyme catalyzes the first step in the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids in the liver. By hydroxylating cholesterol at the 7α-position, it initiates the pathway that leads to the production of bile acids. Compounds in garlic, particularly those related to its sulfur-containing constituents, have been shown to modulate the expression and activity of CYP7A1. Research suggests that these compounds can up-regulate the expression of this enzyme, thereby enhancing the metabolic conversion of cholesterol into bile acids.

    Regulation at the Genetic Level: Garlic influences the transcriptional activity of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism. It affects the nuclear receptors and transcription factors that regulate the expression of CYP7A1. For instance, garlic may interact with liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which play key roles in cholesterol homeostasis. Saponins and other garlic-derived molecules can modulate these receptors, enhancing the transcription of CYP7A1 and thus promoting the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids.

    Enhanced Bile Acid Synthesis: As CYP7A1 activity increases, more cholesterol is converted into 7α-hydroxycholesterol and subsequently into different bile acids, such as cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. These bile acids are then conjugated, usually with glycine or taurine, making them more effective in fat digestion and absorption. By converting cholesterol into bile acids, garlic effectively helps lower the cholesterol levels in the blood. These bile acids are eventually excreted in the feces, further helping to reduce the overall cholesterol pool in the body.

    Antioxidant Effects: Garlic’s antioxidant properties also support the liver’s function and protect hepatocytes (liver cells) during the conversion process. By reducing oxidative stress, garlic ensures that the biochemical pathways involved in bile acid synthesis operate efficiently.

    By enhancing the activity of CYP7A1 and potentially affecting the expression of genes involved in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, garlic supports the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, thereby contributing to reduced cholesterol levels and promoting a healthy lipid profile. This process is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing conditions such as hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

    HARMFUL EFFECTS OF GARLIC

    Garlic, while offering numerous health benefits, can also cause gastrointestinal irritation such as gas, bloating, acid reflux, and stomach upset in some individuals. The molecular processes and enzymes involved in these reactions include several key components related to the digestion and metabolic breakdown of garlic’s sulfur-containing compounds.

    Allicin and Other Organosulfur Compounds: When garlic is crushed or chopped, it releases allicin, which quickly breaks down into various other sulfur-containing compounds like diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, and others. These compounds can be irritants to the gastric mucosa, causing inflammation and irritation. These compounds can increase the release of gastric acid or slow gastric emptying, exacerbating symptoms of acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).  

    Garlic contains alliin and the enzyme alliinase, which are stored in different cell compartments. When the garlic cell structure is disrupted (through cutting or crushing), alliinase converts alliin into allicin, which is highly reactive and breaks down into various metabolites responsible for both the beneficial and irritative properties of garlic. The metabolites formed can stimulate the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, potentially leading to irritation and symptoms like gas and bloating.

    While not directly linked to a specific enzyme, the compounds in garlic can have antimicrobial properties that may disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the gut. This disruption can lead to gas and bloating as the gut flora adjust, sometimes unfavourably, to the antibacterial agents in garlic.

    Gastrointestinal Motility: Some compounds in garlic can stimulate the gut’s motility, leading to either faster or slower movement of content through the gut. Changes in motility can lead to symptoms like gas, bloating, or diarrhoea.

    The irritation caused by sulphur compounds might increase peristalsis (the movements of the digestive tract that propel food along), which can contribute to discomfort and increased acid reflux, as stomach contents may be pushed back into the oesophagus.

    Garlic’s acidic nature and its ability to relax the lower oesophageal sphincter (the valve that prevents stomach acid from moving upwards) can lead to acid reflux. This relaxation allows stomach acid to escape into the esophagus, causing heartburn.

    In some individuals, the indigestible components of garlic may reach the colon where they are fermented by bacteria, producing gas and leading to bloating and discomfort.

    The gastrointestinal effects of garlic are thus a combination of its chemical makeup affecting the stomach’s environment, its impact on digestive enzymes, and its interaction with gut flora. For individuals with sensitive stomachs or gastrointestinal conditions like IBS or GERD, consuming garlic can exacerbate symptoms. Awareness and moderation can help manage these effects for those who are sensitive to garlic.

    SCOPE OF ALLIUM SATIVUM IN MIT THERAPEUTICS

    Molecular forms of chemical constituents of allium sativum contained in its mother tincture preparations produce biological effects in living systems by binding to biological molecules utilising their sulphur functional groups. Many endogenous or exogenous disease-causing molecules, including various bacterial and viral proteins, produce diseases by causing pathological molecular inhibitions in diverse molecular pathways in living systems by binding to biological targets using their sulphur containing functional groups. Allium Sativum in potentized forms above 12c will contain molecular imprints of sulphur-containing functional groups being part of its constituent molecules. These molecular imprints can act as artificial binding pockets for any pathogenic molecule having sulphur-containing functional groups and remove the molecular inhibitions that caused a particular disease condition. This is the biological mechanism by which post-avogadro potentized forms of allium sativum produces therapeutic effects.

    MIT approach to therapeutics involves the detailed study of target-ligand molecular mechanism underlying the specific pathological processes, identifying the exact participant molecules, preparing the molecular imprints of ligand molecules or similar molecules, and applying those molecular imprints as therapeutic agents. Since potentized forms of Allium Sativa will contain molecular imprints of sulphur-containing functional groups of constituent molecules, it could be effectively used as therapeutic agents in any disease condition where sulphur-containing functional groups are involved as a pathogenic factor.

    Allicin is an important constituent of garlic. One of the primary mechanisms by which allicin inhibits cancer cell proliferation is through the induction of apoptosis. Allicin can activate multiple signalling pathways that lead to apoptosis, including the mitochondrial pathway. It increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cancer cells, which can damage cellular components and trigger the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. This release activates caspases, a family of proteases that play essential roles in programmed cell death. Allicin has been shown to cause cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. By interfering with the cell cycle, allicin can stop the cells from dividing and multiplying. Studies have shown that allicin can arrest the cell cycle at various phases, including the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints, depending on the type of cancer cell. This is often mediated through the modulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are crucial for cell cycle progression. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is critical for tumour growth and metastasis. Allicin can inhibit angiogenesis by reducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other angiogenic factors in tumor cells. This reduces the tumor’s ability to develop new blood vessels, thereby limiting its growth and spread. Allicin can influence the expression of various genes involved in cancer development and progression. For example, it can down-regulate the expression of oncogenes, which are genes that when mutated or expressed at high levels, promote tumour growth. Conversely, allicin can up-regulate tumour suppressor genes, which help protect cells from cancer. Metastasis is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another, and it is a major cause of cancer mortality. Allicin has been found to inhibit several processes involved in metastasis, including cell adhesion, invasion, and migration. This is achieved through the modulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and facilitate cancer cell invasion. Recent studies suggest that allicin may also exert anti-cancer effects through epigenetic modifications. These include changes in DNA methylation and histone modification, which can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence itself. This can lead to the reactivation of tumor suppressor genes and the silencing of oncogenes. These diverse molecular actions of allicin contribute to its potential as an anti-cancer agent, affecting multiple stages of cancer development and progression. While the evidence from laboratory studies is compelling, translating these effects into effective clinical treatments requires further investigation, particularly to understand how allicin can be effectively delivered and used within the human body.

    Various endogenous or exogenous pathogenic molecules having sulphur-containing functional groups similar to allicin can inhibit this molecular pathway. In such cases, molecular imprints of allicin can act as binding pockets for those pathogenic molecules, and produce anti cancer effects.

    The specific chemical constituent in garlic that gives it anticoagulant properties is ajoene. Ajoene is a compound formed from another compound called allicin when garlic is crushed or chopped and then allowed to stand. Allicin itself is initially formed from the precursor compound alliin when garlic is damaged. Ajoene works by inhibiting platelet aggregation, which is the clumping together of platelets in the blood—part of the blood clotting process. By preventing platelet aggregation, ajoene can reduce the formation of blood clots, making it a natural anticoagulant. This property makes garlic and its derivatives potentially beneficial in preventing conditions such as thrombosis, although care must be taken when used with other anticoagulant medications to avoid excessive bleeding. Molecular imprints of ajoene can act as a homeopathic anticoagulant, by removing the molecular inhibitions caused by endogenous or exogenous pathogenic molecules having sulphur containing functional groups.

    The characteristic bad breath caused by consuming garlic, commonly known as “garlic breath,” results from several molecular processes involving the breakdown and release of sulfur-containing compounds from garlic. When garlic is consumed, it is digested and its sulfur-containing compounds, notably allicin, are broken down into smaller volatile compounds. Allicin, which is formed when garlic is chopped or crushed, quickly breaks down into various volatile sulfur compounds such as diallyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl mercaptan, and others. These volatile compounds are absorbed into the bloodstream through the digestive tract. Once absorbed, they circulate throughout the body. As blood passes through the lungs, these sulfur compounds can be transferred from the blood to the air exhaled. This results in the breath carrying the distinctive odor of these compounds. Some of the sulfur compounds are also excreted through the pores of the skin. This can contribute to a lingering body odor in addition to bad breath. Compounds like allyl methyl sulfide are particularly notable for their persistence in the body, as they are not metabolized quickly. This is why the odor can last for several hours and up to a day or more after consuming garlic. Allium Sativum 30 can act as a highly effective drug in compating the issue of offensive body odor as well as bad breath. We know, sulphur dioxide is involved in causing offensive odors in human body. Molecular imprints of sulphur-containing compounds in garlic can obviously resolve this issue.

    In Autoimmune diseases caused by cross reactivity of antibodies, antibodies bind to autoantigens having sulphur containing functional groups. Molecular imprints of sulphur-containing chemical molecules of Allium Sativum can act as artificial binding pockets for these auto antigens, thereby preventing them from binding to the cross-reactive antibodies.

    By enhancing the activity of CYP7A1 and potentially affecting the expression of genes involved in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, garlic supports the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, thereby contributing to reduced cholesterol levels and promoting a healthy lipid profile. This process is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing conditions such as hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Constituent molecules of garlic can interact with nuclear receptors and transcription factors that regulate the enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism. As such, molecular imprints of constituent molecules can bind to deactivate pathogenic molecules that inhibit the enzymes and dyregulate the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids.

    Garlic’s blood-thinning properties, largely attributed to its ability to prevent blood clots, are primarily driven by its sulfur-containing compounds, especially ajoene and other related compounds. The primary mechanism by which garlic acts as a blood thinner is through the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Ajoene, a compound derived from allicin (which is itself formed when garlic is crushed or chopped), is particularly effective in this regard. Ajoene blocks the activation of platelets, which are small blood cells that play a critical role in blood clot formation. By preventing platelets from clumping together, ajoene reduces the likelihood of clot formation. This is crucial in the prevention of thrombosis, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes. Garlic and its compounds can interfere with the synthesis of thromboxane A2, a molecule that promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. By reducing the levels of thromboxane A2, garlic helps in keeping the blood vessels dilated and reduces platelet activity, further contributing to its anticoagulant effects.

    Garlic enhances fibrinolytic activity, which is the process that breaks down clots after they are formed. This is primarily achieved through the modulation of enzymatic activity that controls fibrinolysis, the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots, thus helping in the prevention and potential dissolution of existing clots. In pathological conditions of blood clotting caused by sulphur containing endogenous or exogenous agents, molecular imprints of functional groups contained in potentized forms of Allium Sativa can act as an exellent anti-clotting medication. This is the readon why Avena Sativa 30 should be included in the MIT prescription for arterial thrombosis and cardiac amergencies.

    Molecular forms of Allium Sativum were found to cause gastrointestinal irritation such as gas, bloating, acid reflux, and stomach upset. The molecular processes and enzymes involved in these pathological effects include several key components related to the digestion and metabolic breakdown of garlic’s sulfur-containing compounds.  As per MIT perspective, Allium Sativum 30c will be a very good remedy for various pathological conditions where gas, bloating, acid reflux, and stomach upset are prominent symptoms.

    When garlic is crushed or chopped, it releases allicin, which quickly breaks down into various other sulfur-containing compoundser like diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, and others. These compounds cause irritation to the gastric mucosa, causing inflammation and irritation. These compounds can increase the release of gastric acid or slow gastric emptying, exacerbating symptoms of acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The compounds in garlic can have antimicrobial properties that may disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the gut. This disruption can lead to gas and bloating as the gut flora adjust, sometimes unfavourably, to the antibacterial agents in garlic. Some compounds in garlic can stimulate the gut’s motility, leading to either faster or slower movement of content through the gut. The irritation caused by sulphur compounds might increase peristalsis (the movements of the digestive tract that propel food along), which can contribute to discomfort and increased acid reflux, as stomach contents may be pushed back into the oesophagus. Garlic’s acidic nature and its ability to relax the lower oesophageal sphincter (the valve that prevents stomach acid from moving upwards) can lead to acid reflux. This relaxation allows stomach acid to escape into the oesophagus, causing heartburn. In some individuals, the indigestible components of garlic may reach the colon where they are fermented by bacteria, producing gas and leading to bloating and discomfort.  Obviously, Allium Sativa 30 will work as a great therapeutic agent for Heartburn, Hyperacidity, GERD, gastritis and oesophagitis.  Changes in motility can lead to symptoms like persistent diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis etc. Potentized forms of Allium Sativa will work as therapeutic agent in such cases.

    REFERENCES:

                1.         “Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science” by Eric Block.

                2.         “Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species” (Second Edition), edited by Heinrich P. Koch and Larry D. Lawson.

                3.         “Allicin: chemistry and biological properties” by M. Ankri and D. Mirelman, published in Biofactors.

                4.         “A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of garlic: a nutraceutical” by Matthew J. Budoff, published in the Journal of Nutrition.

                5.         “Garlic for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients” published in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

                6.         “Effect of garlic on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis” by Karin Ried et al., published in BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.

                7.         “Antibacterial activity of garlic and onions: a historical perspective” published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

                8.         “Antiviral properties of garlic: in vitro effects on influenza B, herpes simplex and coxsackie viruses” by P. Tatarintsev et al., published in Planta Medica.

                9.         “Anticancer properties of garlic: a review” published in Cancer Prevention Research.

                10.      “Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects” by Leyla Bayan, Peir Hossain Koulivand, and Ali Gorji, published in Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine.

                11.       “Sulfur Compounds in Garlic: Underestimated Players in the Chemistry and Biochemistry of Allium sativum” published in Angewandte Chemie International Edition.

  • MIT HOMEOPATHY APPROACH TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a prevalent, preventable, and treatable disease characterised by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities, typically caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. The complexity of COPD, which encompasses emphysema and chronic bronchitis, demands a comprehensive understanding to effectively manage and mitigate its impact on individuals and healthcare systems globally. This article endeavours to present a systematic overview of COPD, covering its pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, management, prevention strategies, as well as scope of MIT Homeopathy approach to its therapeutics.

    COPD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting millions of individuals and posing significant challenges to public health systems. The disease’s hallmark, persistent airflow limitation, results from a mix of small airway disease (e.g., chronic bronchitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), significantly impacting the quality of life of those affected.

    The pathophysiological foundation of COPD is a chronic inflammatory response in the airways and lung parenchyma to harmful particles or gases. This inflammation leads to structural changes, including airway narrowing, loss of alveolar attachments, decreased elastic recoil, and mucus hyper-secretion, all contributing to airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms.

    Primary risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoke, including second-hand exposure. Other factors are occupational exposure to dusts and chemicals, indoor air pollution, such as biomass fuel used for cooking and heating, outdoor air pollution, genetic factors with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, as well as aging, given the cumulative exposure to risk factors and the natural decline in lung function over time.

    COPD symptoms are progressive and include chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea. The severity of symptoms varies, with exacerbations (worsening of symptoms) often triggered by respiratory infections or environmental pollutants, leading to significant morbidity.

    The diagnosis of COPD is primarily based on the presence of respiratory symptoms and confirmed by spirometry, demonstrating a reduced ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) after bronchodilator administration. Other diagnostic tests may include chest imaging (X-ray or CT scan) and arterial blood gas analysis.

    COPD management focuses on reducing exposure to risk factors, relieving symptoms, preventing and treating exacerbations, and improving overall health status. Smoking cessation is the most effective intervention for preventing disease progression. Pharmacotherapy includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and combination therapies to reduce symptoms and prevent exacerbations. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive intervention that includes exercise training, education, and behaviour change, designed to improve the physical and psychological condition of people with chronic respiratory disease. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are recommended to prevent respiratory infections. Long-term oxygen therapy will be required for individuals with chronic respiratory failure.

    Preventing COPD involves addressing the modifiable risk factors, primarily through public health policies aimed at reducing tobacco use, occupational exposures, and air pollution. COPD remains a significant public health challenge with a complex interplay of pathophysiological, environmental, and genetic factors. Early diagnosis and comprehensive management strategies are critical for improving outcomes for individuals with COPD. Continued research and policy efforts are needed to better understand the disease, reduce risk exposures, and develop more effective treatments.

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COPD

    The pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is intricate, involving various pathological processes that contribute to the characteristic airflow limitation. This airflow limitation is largely irreversible and progressively worsens over time. The pathophysiological changes in COPD are primarily driven by chronic inflammation in response to inhaled noxious particles and gases, leading to structural changes in the lung, airway remodelling, and loss of lung elasticity. Understanding these processes in detail is crucial for the development of effective treatment and management strategies for COPD.

    The cornerstone of COPD pathophysiology is chronic inflammation caused by the inhalation of harmful particles or gases, with cigarette smoke being the most common culprit. This inflammation is characterised by increased inflammatory cells Including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes (particularly CD8+ T cells). These cells are activated and recruited to the lungs, where they release a variety of inflammatory mediators. Inflammatory mediators such as Cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β), chemokines, growth factors, and proteases are released, contributing to the inflammatory response, tissue damage, and remodelling of the airways.

    Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between antioxidants and reactive oxygen species (ROS), with COPD patients exhibiting increased levels of ROS. These ROS contribute to COPD pathogenesis by enhancing inflammation, damaging lung tissues, and affecting the function of antiproteases (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin), which protect the lung from enzymatic degradation.

    A critical aspect of COPD pathophysiology is the imbalance between proteases (enzymes that break down proteins) and antiproteases. This imbalance favours proteases, leading to the destruction of alveolar walls (emphysema) and contributing to airway inflammation and remodelling.

    Chronic inflammation leads to structural changes within the airways, collectively known as airway remodelling. These changes include:

                •           Mucous gland hyperplasia and hypersecretion: Increased size and number of mucous glands, along with increased production of mucus, contribute to airway obstruction.

                •           Fibrosis: Thickening of the airway wall due to fibrotic tissue deposition, narrowing the airways.

                •           Airway smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia: Increased muscle mass further narrows the airways and contributes to airflow limitation.

    The destruction of alveolar walls (emphysema) reduces the surface area available for gas exchange and decreases elastic recoil, leading to air trapping and reduced airflow. The loss of alveolar attachments also contributes to the collapse of small airways, further exacerbating airflow limitation.

    As COPD progresses, the destruction of alveolar tissue and the presence of chronic bronchitis impair the lungs’ ability to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide. This can lead to hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels) and hypercapnia (high blood carbon dioxide levels), contributing to respiratory failure in advanced stages.

    In response to chronic hypoxemia, the blood vessels in the lungs constrict (pulmonary vasoconstriction), increasing the pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension). This condition can lead to right heart failure (cor pulmonale) over time.

    COPD is not only a disease of the lungs but also has systemic effects, including muscle wasting, weight loss, and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. These systemic effects are thought to be partly due to systemic inflammation and hypoxemia.

    In conclusion, COPD pathophysiology is characterised by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, protease-antiprotease imbalance, airway remodelling, alveolar destruction, gas exchange abnormalities, pulmonary hypertension, and systemic effects. These interconnected processes contribute to the progressive nature of COPD and its significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies to manage and treat COPD effectively.

    ENZYMES INVOLVED IN PATHOLOGY OF COPD

    In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), several enzymes play critical roles in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease, largely due to their involvement in inflammatory processes, tissue remodelling, and protease-antiprotease imbalance. Below is an overview of key enzymes involved in COPD, along with their substrates, activators, and inhibitors.

    Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, contributing to emphysema’s alveolar wall destruction and airway remodelling. Substrates: Extracellular matrix components (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectin). Activators: Inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1), oxidative stress. Inhibitors: Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).

    Neutrophil elastase is a key enzyme in lung tissue destruction and mucus hypersecretion in COPD. Substrates: Elastin, collagen, and other extracellular matrix proteins. Activators: Produced by activated neutrophils in response to inflammatory stimuli. Inhibitors: Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI).

    Cathepsins are lysosomal enzymes that contribute to the breakdown of the extracellular matrix, with specific types (e.g., cathepsin K, S, L) being implicated in COPD pathogenesis. Substrates: Extracellular matrix components. Activators: Lysosomal activation, cellular damage. Inhibitors: Cystatins, stefins.

    Proteinase 3 shares many substrates with neutrophil elastase and plays a role in inflammatory processes and tissue damage in COPD.  Substrates: Elastin, other extracellular matrix proteins. Activators: Similar to neutrophil elastase, produced by activated neutrophils. Inhibitors: Alpha-1 antitrypsin.

    Myeloperoxidase (MPO) contributes to oxidative stress and tissue damage in COPD. Substrates: Produces hypochlorous acid and other reactive oxygen species from hydrogen peroxide. Activators: Activated neutrophils and monocytes. Inhibitors: Antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, glutathione).

    Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) produces nitric oxide, which has diverse roles in inflammation, vasodilation, and airway tone regulation. Substrates: L-arginine. Activators: Various stimuli, including inflammatory cytokines. Inhibitors: Specific inhibitors for each NOS isoform (e.g., L-NMMA for iNOS).

    Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) is involved in the regulation of inflammatory cell activity by modulating levels of cAMP, making it a target for COPD treatment to reduce inflammation. Substrates: cAMP. Activators: Inflammatory signals. Inhibitors: PDE4 inhibitors (e.g., Roflumilast).

    These enzymes and their regulation play crucial roles in the development, progression, and exacerbation of COPD. Targeting these enzymes with specific inhibitors can help manage the disease, reduce symptoms, and improve the quality of life for patients with COPD.

    ROLE OF HORMONES

    In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), hormonal imbalances can contribute to the disease’s pathophysiology and impact systemic manifestations. Several hormones and related molecules play roles in inflammation, metabolic processes, and the body’s stress response, influencing the course of COPD. Here are some key hormones involved in COPD and their target molecules or effects:

    Cortisol: Target Molecules/Effects : Glucocorticoid receptor activation leads to anti-inflammatory effects, including inhibition of inflammatory gene transcription and suppression of immune cell activity. However, chronic stress and prolonged cortisol elevation may contribute to systemic effects and potentially steroid resistance in the lung.

    Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine):  Target Molecules/Effects : Beta-adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle cells; activation leads to bronchodilation. These hormones are part of the body’s stress response and can influence heart rate, blood pressure, and airway tone.

    Leptin: Target Molecules/Effects: Leptin receptors in the hypothalamus and on immune cells; influences appetite regulation and promotes pro-inflammatory responses. Increased levels of leptin have been associated with systemic inflammation in COPD.

    Adiponectin: Target Molecules/Effects: AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 receptors; generally has anti-inflammatory effects on the immune system. Lower levels of adiponectin are associated with increased COPD risk and severity, possibly due to its role in metabolic regulation and inflammation.

    Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1): Target Molecules/Effects: GH receptor on liver and other tissues, leading to the production of IGF-1, which acts on IGF-1 receptors affecting cellular growth and metabolism. These hormones can influence body composition, including muscle and bone mass, which are often adversely affected in advanced COPD.

    Sex Hormones (Estrogens and Androgens):  Target Molecules/Effects: Estrogen and androgen receptors; influence immune function and may have protective (or in some cases, deleterious) effects on lung function. The impact of sex hormones on COPD progression is complex and may differ between males and females.

    Vitamin D: Target Molecules/Effects: Vitamin D receptor; influences immune cell function, including anti-inflammatory effects and modulation of infection responses. Vitamin D deficiency is common in COPD and may contribute to disease severity and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

    Thyroid Hormones (Triiodothyronine [T3] and Thyroxine [T4]):  Target Molecules/Effects: Nuclear thyroid hormone receptors; regulate metabolic rate and energy balance. Thyroid hormone imbalances can affect respiratory muscle function and overall energy levels, potentially impacting COPD outcomes.

    These hormones and their interactions with target molecules play a critical role in COPD’s systemic effects, influencing metabolism, inflammation, immune response, and respiratory muscle function. Understanding these relationships provides insight into potential therapeutic targets and the management of COPD’s systemic manifestations.

    CYTOKINES INVOLVED IN COPD

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterised by chronic inflammation in the airways, lung parenchyma, and systemic circulation. This inflammation is mediated by various cytokines—small signalling proteins that play crucial roles in cell signalling. These cytokines can either drive the inflammatory response, leading to tissue damage and disease progression, or attempt to resolve inflammation and repair tissue.

    Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α): Target Molecules/Effects: TNF receptors on various cell types; stimulates inflammation, activates neutrophils and macrophages, and contributes to airway and systemic inflammation.

    Interleukin-6 (IL-6): Target Molecules/Effects: IL-6 receptor; plays a role in inflammation and immune response, contributing to systemic effects of COPD such as muscle wasting and increased cardiovascular risk.

    Interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8):  Target Molecules/Effects: CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors; a potent chemokine that attracts neutrophils to the site of inflammation, leading to neutrophilic infiltration of the airways in COPD.

    Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β): Target Molecules/Effects: IL-1 receptor; involved in airway and systemic inflammation, activating macrophages and epithelial cells to release further pro-inflammatory cytokines.

    Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β): Target Molecules/Effects: TGF-β receptors; plays a dual role by contributing to airway remodelling and fibrosis on the one hand, and suppressing inflammation on the other hand. It’s heavily involved in the tissue repair process but can lead to pathological changes when dysregulated.

    Interleukin-17 (IL-17):  Target Molecules/Effects: IL-17 receptor; promotes neutrophilic inflammation by stimulating the release of neutrophil-attracting chemokines (e.g., IL-8) and is associated with severe and steroid-resistant forms of COPD.

    Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ):  Target Molecules/Effects: IFN-γ receptor; primarily produced by T cells and natural killer cells, involved in the modulation of immune response and has been linked with chronic inflammation in COPD.

    Interleukin-10 (IL-10): Target Molecules/Effects: IL-10 receptor; an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a role in limiting and terminating inflammatory responses, its levels are often found to be decreased in COPD patients.

    Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-13 (IL-13): Target Molecules/Effects: IL-4 and IL-13 receptors; both cytokines are involved in allergic responses and airway remodelling. They can influence IgE production, mucus secretion, and contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS).

    Chemokines (e.g., CCL2, CCL3, CCL5): Target Molecules/Effects: Corresponding chemokine receptors; involved in the recruitment of various immune cells (e.g., monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils) to the lung, contributing to the inflammatory milieu in COPD.

    These cytokines and their interactions play a pivotal role in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of inflammation in COPD. They serve as potential targets for therapeutic intervention, aiming to modulate the inflammatory response and improve patient outcomes in COPD management.

    ROLE OF FREE RADICALS AND SUPEROXIDES

    In the molecular pathology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), free radicals and superoxides play a significant role in initiating and perpetuating the inflammatory processes, contributing to the tissue damage and disease progression observed in COPD patients. These reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can originate from both endogenous sources, such as mitochondrial electron transport during cellular respiration, and exogenous sources, including cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational dusts and chemicals.

    Central to the pathogenesis of COPD is oxidative stress, characterised by an imbalance between the production of ROS (like superoxides, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide) and the body’s ability to detoxify these reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. This imbalance leads to damage of cellular components, including lipids, proteins, and DNA. ROS play a crucial role in activating various cell-signalling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, MAPK) that lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8), chemokines, and other mediators of inflammation. This inflammation further recruits immune cells into the lung, which produce more ROS, creating a vicious cycle. ROS can inactivate antiprotease defences like alpha-1 antitrypsin, leading to an imbalance favouring protease activity. This protease activity, especially from neutrophil elastase and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leads to the destruction of alveolar structures (emphysema) and contributes to mucus hypersecretion and airway remodelling. Oxidative stress can directly stimulate mucus secretion from goblet cells and submucosal glands, contributing to airway obstruction. ROS can also modulate the expression of mucin genes, leading to the overproduction of mucus. ROS contribute to airway remodelling by inducing the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, and by activating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), processes that thicken the airway wall and narrow the airway lumen. ROS can impair the function of cilia (ciliostasis) and reduce the effectiveness of the mucociliary escalator, a key defence mechanism against inhaled particles and pathogens. This impairment can increase susceptibility to respiratory infections, a common trigger for COPD exacerbations.  Beyond the lungs, oxidative stress in COPD is linked to systemic inflammation and extra-pulmonary complications, including cardiovascular diseases, muscle wasting, and osteoporosis, contributing to the overall morbidity and mortality associated with COPD.

    Given the role of oxidative stress in COPD, antioxidants have been explored as potential therapeutic agents. However, the efficacy of antioxidant supplements in COPD management remains inconclusive. The complexity of ROS roles and the need for a delicate balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant forces in the body make targeting oxidative stress a challenging but promising area of research. Therapies that can effectively reduce oxidative stress or enhance the body’s antioxidant defences are of considerable interest for improving outcomes in COPD patients.

    HEAVY METALS AND MICROELEMENTS

    The role of heavy metals and microelements in the development and progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an area of growing interest and research. These substances can have both harmful and beneficial impacts on pulmonary health, depending on their nature and levels of exposure.

    Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and arsenic are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD through various mechanisms.

    A significant component of cigarette smoke and industrial emissions, cadmium can accumulate in the lungs, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and disruption of cellular processes. It mimics the effects of smoking in terms of COPD development, even in non-smokers exposed to high levels of this metal.

    Exposure to lead and arsenic, primarily through environmental and occupational sources, has been associated with increased risk of respiratory symptoms and reductions in lung function. They promote oxidative stress and inflammation, similar to cadmium.

    The harmful effects of heavy metals in COPD are generally mediated through oxidative stress, induction of inflammation, impairment of lung function, and inhibition of the lung’s natural defence mechanisms against inhaled particles and pathogens.

    Microelements, or trace elements, such as selenium, zinc, and copper, play complex roles in lung health, with their balance being crucial for optimal respiratory function:

    Selenium is an antioxidant trace element that is a component of glutathione peroxidases, enzymes that help protect cells from oxidative damage. Low selenium levels have been linked to increased risk of lung diseases, including COPD, suggesting a protective role against oxidative stress.

    Essential for immune function, zinc plays a role in maintaining the integrity of respiratory epithelium and modulating inflammation. Zinc deficiency has been observed in COPD patients and is associated with increased susceptibility to infection and potentially exacerbations of the disease.

    While necessary for certain enzyme functions, including antioxidant defence, an imbalance with high levels of copper can contribute to oxidative stress, potentially exacerbating COPD pathology.

    Magnesium is important for smooth muscle function and has been shown to have bronchodilatory effects. Low levels of magnesium can lead to increased bronchial reactivity and have been associated with worse outcomes in COPD.

    Given the role of oxidative stress in COPD and the potential protective effects of certain microelements, there has been interest in the use of supplements to correct deficiencies and mitigate disease progression. However, the efficacy and safety of supplementation (e.g., selenium, zinc) for COPD patients remain subjects for ongoing research.

    For heavy metals, reducing exposure is crucial. This includes smoking cessation and implementing occupational and environmental safety measures to limit contact with harmful metals.

    The relationship between heavy metals, microelements, and COPD underscores the importance of environmental and nutritional factors in respiratory health. Understanding these relationships helps in identifying potential strategies for prevention and management of COPD, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach that includes both dietary considerations and environmental protections.

    ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN COPD

    Environmental factors play a significant role in the development and exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), with various pollutants and occupational exposures contributing to the onset and progression of this complex respiratory condition. While smoking is the most well-known risk factor, the impact of environmental factors is substantial, affecting both smokers and non-smokers alike.

    Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3), is associated with an increased risk of developing COPD. These pollutants can induce oxidative stress, inflammation in the airways, and may impair lung function over time.

    Exposure to indoor pollutants, especially in poorly ventilated spaces, significantly impacts respiratory health. Common sources include biomass fuel combustion (used for cooking and heating in many parts of the world), tobacco smoke, and household chemicals. These pollutants contribute to the chronic inflammation and oxidative stress seen in COPD.

    Workers in certain industries face a higher risk of developing COPD due to exposure to dusts, chemicals, and fumes. Coal mining, woodworking, and textile industries can expose workers to significant amounts of organic and inorganic dust, leading to respiratory symptoms and COPD. Exposure to various chemicals, such as ammonia, chlorine, and sulphur dioxide, as well as fumes from welding or working with plastics, can irritate the airways and contribute to COPD development.

    Socioeconomic status can influence COPD risk indirectly through several pathways. Lower socioeconomic status is often associated with higher exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution, occupational hazards, and a higher prevalence of smoking. Moreover, limited access to healthcare and preventive measures can exacerbate the impact of these environmental exposures.

    Climate change is expected to exacerbate COPD risks and outcomes through several mechanisms. Increased temperatures and changes in weather patterns can intensify air pollution and pollen levels, potentially leading to more frequent and severe COPD exacerbations. Furthermore, extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and wildfires, can directly impact air quality and respiratory health.

    Environmental factors can also influence the frequency and severity of respiratory infections, which are a major trigger for COPD exacerbations. Poor air quality, overcrowding, and inadequate ventilation can increase exposure to respiratory pathogens.

    Given the significant role of environmental factors in COPD, strategies for prevention and mitigation are crucial. Policies and practices aimed at reducing air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, are essential. This includes reducing emissions from vehicles, industries, and the use of clean cooking fuels. Implementing safety standards and protective measures in workplaces can reduce exposure to harmful dusts, fumes, and chemicals. Smoking cessation programs, vaccination campaigns, and health education can help reduce COPD risk and severity. Addressing the broader issue of climate change can indirectly benefit COPD outcomes by improving air quality and reducing extreme weather-related health impacts.

    Understanding and addressing the environmental determinants of COPD is crucial for developing effective public health strategies and interventions to prevent and manage this debilitating disease.

    Lifestyle and food habits significantly influence the risk, progression, and management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). While smoking remains the most critical risk factor for developing COPD, other lifestyle factors, including diet, physical activity, and exposure to environmental pollutants, play vital roles in the disease’s onset, severity, and patients’ quality of life.

    Nutritional status has a profound effect on lung health and COPD outcomes. A balanced diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals can help mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation, key factors in COPD pathogenesis. Fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains are high in antioxidants (such as vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium) that can help combat oxidative stress in the lungs. Found in fish and flaxseed, omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties that may benefit individuals with COPD. Adequate protein intake is crucial for maintaining muscle strength and function, particularly important in COPD patients who are at risk of cachexia and muscle wasting. Highly processed foods can increase inflammation and may negatively impact lung function and COPD symptoms.

    Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining and improving lung function and overall health in COPD patients. Helps improve cardiovascular health, muscle strength, and endurance, which can be compromised in COPD. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs often include exercise training tailored to individual capabilities. A sedentary lifestyle can exacerbate the loss of muscle mass and function, leading to worse outcomes in COPD. Smoking cessation is the most effective intervention to slow the progression of COPD. Exposure to secondhand smoke and the use of other inhaled substances (e.g., vaping, occupational or environmental pollutants) also significantly impact lung health.

    Both underweight and obesity can negatively affect COPD outcomes. Often due to muscle wasting and cachexia, underweight is associated with increased risk of exacerbations and mortality. Obesity can exacerbate breathlessness and reduce exercise capacity. Weight management strategies should be part of a comprehensive COPD care plan.

    Adequate hydration is essential, as it helps thin mucus, making it easier to clear from the lungs. Excessive alcohol intake can impair immune function, increase the risk of respiratory infections, and interact negatively with COPD medications. Avoiding exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollutants, such as vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, and indoor cooking with biomass fuels, is crucial for lung health.

    Lifestyle modifications, including a balanced diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and careful management of environmental exposures, play crucial roles in managing COPD. These changes can help reduce symptoms, decrease the frequency of exacerbations, and improve overall health and quality of life for individuals with COPD. Tailored nutritional advice and physical activity programs should be considered integral components of COPD management plans.

    ROLE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN COPD

    Infectious diseases, particularly those affecting the respiratory system, play a significant role in the causation and exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Both acute and chronic infections can influence the development, progression, and clinical course of COPD through various mechanisms, including direct lung damage, inflammation, and alterations in immune responses. Understanding the relationship between infectious diseases and COPD is crucial for prevention, early detection, and management of this chronic respiratory condition.

    Acute respiratory infections, such as those caused by influenza, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Streptococcus pneumoniae, can lead to significant worsening of COPD symptoms, known as exacerbations. These exacerbations are key events in the natural history of COPD that contribute to accelerated lung function decline, reduced quality of life, increased healthcare utilisation, and higher mortality rates.

    Acute infections can increase airway inflammation, enhance mucus production, and impair the function of cilia, the small hair-like structures that help clear mucus and debris from the airways. These changes exacerbate airflow obstruction and respiratory symptoms.

    Certain chronic infections are also implicated in the development and progression of COPD. Past tuberculosis (TB) infection can cause lung damage leading to chronic airflow obstruction, a form of post-TB COPD. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM): Infections can lead to a progressive decline in lung function, particularly in individuals with pre-existing lung conditions like COPD. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection may indirectly increase the risk of developing COPD by affecting the immune system’s ability to respond to pulmonary infections and by increasing the susceptibility to opportunistic lung infections.

    The lower airways in healthy individuals are typically sterile, but in COPD patients, chronic colonisation by bacteria (such as Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) can occur. This bacterial colonization contributes to chronic inflammation and is associated with more frequent exacerbations and a faster decline in lung function.

    Infectious agents contribute to COPD pathogenesis by eliciting a chronic inflammatory response and altering immune responses. Persistent inflammation, even in the absence of active infection, can lead to tissue damage, remodelling of the airways, and progressive loss of lung function. Moreover, COPD itself may impair the lung’s defences, making it more susceptible to infections, thereby creating a vicious cycle of infection and inflammation.

    Immunisations against influenza and pneumococcus are recommended for COPD patients to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and exacerbations. Smoking increases the risk of respiratory infections and is the primary risk factor for COPD; quitting smoking can reduce these risks. Programs that include exercise, education, and support can improve immune function and overall health. Timely and appropriate use of these medications can help manage acute exacerbations of COPD caused by infections.

    In summary, infectious diseases play a critical role in the causation and exacerbation of COPD. Strategies to prevent respiratory infections and manage chronic colonisation can significantly impact the course of COPD, highlighting the importance of comprehensive care approaches that include infection control as a central component.

    ROLE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS

    Phytochemicals, the bioactive compounds found in plants, have garnered significant interest for their potential therapeutic effects in various diseases, including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The pathophysiology of COPD involves chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and an imbalance in protease and antiprotease activity in the lungs. Phytochemicals, with their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, may offer beneficial effects in managing COPD symptoms and progression.

    Flavonoids have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Quercetin, in particular, has been studied for its ability to inhibit neutrophil elastase, an enzyme involved in the degradation of lung tissue in COPD.

     Carotenoids are potent antioxidants that can neutralise free radicals, reducing oxidative stress in the lungs. Higher dietary intakes of carotenoids have been associated with a lower risk of COPD development and may improve lung function.

    Curcumin has been highlighted for its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It can inhibit NF-κB, a key transcription factor involved in the inflammatory response, potentially reducing airway inflammation and oxidative stress in COPD.

    Sulforaphane activates the Nrf2 pathway, which increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes, offering protection against oxidative damage in the lungs. It may also have anti-inflammatory effects beneficial in COPD.

    Resveratrol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic properties. It can modulate inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially improving lung function and reducing COPD exacerbations.

    Though not a phytochemical, omega-3 fatty acids from plant sources have anti-inflammatory effects that may benefit COPD patients by reducing airway inflammation and improving lung function.

    Incorporating foods rich in these phytochemicals into the diet or through supplementation may offer protective effects against COPD progression. However, the effectiveness and optimal dosages of phytochemical supplements need more research.  Phytochemicals may serve as adjunct therapy in COPD management, alongside conventional treatments. Their ability to target multiple pathways involved in COPD pathogenesis makes them promising candidates for further investigation.

    While the potential of phytochemicals in COPD is promising, it is important to approach their use with caution. Further clinical trials are needed to fully understand their efficacy, safety, and optimal administration methods. Nonetheless, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and other sources of phytochemicals is beneficial for overall health and may contribute to better outcomes in individuals with COPD.

    VITAMINS

    Vitamins play an essential role in maintaining lung health and may influence the course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Given the disease’s association with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction, certain vitamins, due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties, have been of particular interest in COPD management. Here’s an overview of the role of specific vitamins in COPD:

    Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. It can influence lung function and health by modulating immune responses and reducing the risk of respiratory infections, which are common triggers for COPD exacerbations. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in COPD patients and has been associated with increased severity and frequency of exacerbations. Sources: Sunlight exposure, fatty fish, fortified foods, and supplements.

    Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress in the lungs. It also supports the immune system and may help protect against respiratory infections. Observational studies suggest that higher dietary intake of vitamin C is associated with better lung function and reduced COPD risk. Sources: Citrus fruits, berries, kiwi, bell peppers, and broccoli.

    Vitamin E possesses antioxidant properties that can help protect lung tissue from oxidative damage caused by cigarette smoke and other pollutants. There is evidence to suggest that higher intake of vitamin E may be associated with a lower risk of developing COPD, although more research is needed to establish a causal relationship. Sources: Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and green leafy vegetables.

    Vitamin A and its precursors (like beta-carotene) play a critical role in maintaining healthy mucous membranes in the respiratory tract and supporting immune function. Deficiency in vitamin A has been linked to impaired lung function and a higher risk of respiratory infections. Sources: Liver, dairy products, fish, and foods high in beta-carotene (such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and leafy greens).

    B vitamins, including B6, B12, and folic acid, are involved in homocysteine metabolism. Elevated levels of homocysteine have been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, which are common comorbidities in COPD patients. B vitamins may play a role in reducing homocysteine levels, although direct effects on COPD progression need further research. Sources: Whole grains, eggs, dairy products, meat, fish, and legumes.

    Vitamin supplementation, particularly for vitamins D, C, and E, may benefit some COPD patients, especially those with documented deficiencies. However, supplementation should be considered carefully and personalized based on individual needs and existing medical guidance. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains is recommended to ensure adequate intake of these vitamins and support overall health and lung function.

    While there’s growing interest in the potential therapeutic roles of vitamins in COPD, it’s important to approach supplementation judiciously. Over-supplementation of certain vitamins can have adverse effects. Therefore, it is crucial to consult healthcare providers for personalised advice, especially for patients with COPD, to ensure an optimal and safe approach to vitamin intake through diet and/or supplements.

    ROLE OF MODERN CHEMICAL DRUGS IN COPD

    The role of modern chemical drugs in the causation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is not a primary concern in medical research or clinical practice, as COPD is mainly caused by long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs and airways, with cigarette smoke being the most common. However, certain medications have been noted for their potential respiratory side effects, though these are relatively rare and not a significant factor in the majority of COPD cases. Instead, the focus on drugs in COPD is generally on their therapeutic roles and how they can mitigate symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve quality of life. Below, we’ll outline the molecular mechanisms of action of common drug classes used in COPD management rather than causation:

    Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) reduce inflammation in the airways by inhibiting the transcription of genes that code for pro-inflammatory proteins and by activating anti-inflammatory genes. This can help decrease airway hyper-responsiveness, mucus production, and edema. Examples: Fluticasone, budesonide.

    Long-Acting Beta-Agonists (LABAs) stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle cells, leading to relaxation and dilation of the airways. This reduces bronchoconstriction and improves airflow. Examples: Salmeterol, formoterol.

    Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists (LAMAs) block muscarinic receptors in the airways, preventing the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that causes bronchoconstriction. This results in relaxation and widening of the airways. Examples: Tiotropium, aclidinium.

    Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) Inhibitors target PDE4, an enzyme that breaks down cyclic AMP (cAMP) in lung cells. By inhibiting PDE4, these drugs increase cAMP levels, leading to reduced inflammation in the airways. Examples: Roflumilast.

    Mucolytics reduce the thickness of mucus in the airways, making it easier to clear. This can help reduce the frequency of exacerbations in some patients with COPD who have a chronic productive cough. Examples: N-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine.

    Antibiotics are used selectively for managing acute exacerbations of COPD that are caused by bacterial infections, antibiotics can reduce bacterial load and secondary inflammation in the airways. Examples: Azithromycin, doxycycline.

    While these medications are vital for managing COPD, they are not without potential side effects. For instance, inhaled corticosteroids can increase the risk of pneumonia, especially in high doses or in susceptible individuals. However, the benefits of appropriately used COPD medications far outweigh the potential risks for most patients.

    In summary, modern chemical drugs are primarily used in the management of COPD rather than being a cause of the condition. Their mechanisms of action are designed to address the pathophysiological changes in COPD, such as inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production, to improve lung function, reduce symptoms, and enhance quality of life for patients with this chronic disease.

    PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROLOGICAL FACTORS

    Psychological and neurological factors do not directly cause Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a condition primarily resulting from long-term exposure to lung irritants like cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational dusts and chemicals. However, these factors can significantly impact the course of the disease, its management, and patient outcomes. Understanding the interplay between psychological, neurological factors, and COPD is crucial for comprehensive care.

    Chronic stress and anxiety can exacerbate COPD symptoms. Stressful conditions may lead to behaviours like smoking or poor adherence to treatment, worsening the disease. Moreover, the physiological effects of stress can increase inflammation, potentially exacerbating COPD symptoms.

    Depression is common among individuals with COPD and can affect the disease’s progression. Patients with depression may have lower motivation to maintain treatment regimens, engage in physical activity, or seek medical help, leading to poorer health outcomes.

    The psychological burden of living with a chronic disease like COPD can influence a person’s coping mechanisms. Maladaptive coping, such as continued smoking or substance use, can directly impact the disease progression and overall health.

    COPD can lead to decreased oxygen levels (hypoxia), which can impair cognitive functions over time. Cognitive impairment in COPD patients can affect their ability to follow treatment plans, recognise symptoms of exacerbations, and perform daily activities.

    COPD may involve dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, which controls breathing patterns and airway reactivity. This dysregulation can contribute to symptoms like breathlessness and may influence the disease’s progression.

    COPD is associated with sleep-related issues, including sleep apnea, which can lead to fragmented sleep and further exacerbate daytime fatigue and cognitive function. Poor sleep quality can also impact mood and quality of life, creating a cycle that may worsen COPD outcomes.

    Given the complex relationships between psychological/neurological factors and COPD, integrated care approaches are essential. Interventions might include Counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and support groups can help patients manage stress, anxiety, and depression, potentially improving adherence to treatment and overall quality of life. Programs that combine exercise training, education, and psychological support can address both the physical and emotional aspects of COPD, improving symptoms and functional status. Regular cognitive assessments can identify patients who may benefit from interventions to improve cognitive function, including strategies to enhance oxygenation and manage sleep issues.

    In conclusion, while psychological and neurological factors do not cause COPD, they are critically important in its management and progression. A holistic approach that includes addressing these factors can lead to better patient outcomes and improved quality of life for those living with COPD.

    MIT APPROACH TO THERAPEUTICS OF COPD

    DRUG MOLECULES act as therapeutic agents due to their CHEMICAL properties. It is an allopathic action, same way as any allopathic or ayurvedic drug works. They can interact with biological molecules and produce short term or longterm harmful effects, exactly similar to allopathic drugs. Please keep this point in mind when you have a temptation to use mother tinctures, low potencies or biochemical salts which are MOLECULAR drugs.

    On the other hand, MOLECULAR IMPRINTS contained in homeopathic drugs potentized above 12 or avogadro limit act as therapeutic agents by working as artificial ligand binds for pathogenic molecules due to their conformational properties by a biological mechanism that is truly homeopathic.

    Understanding the fundamental difference between molecular imprinted drugs regarding their biological mechanism of actions, is very important.

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics. According to MIT hypothesis, potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, where in the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted or engraved as hydrogen- bonded three-dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ are the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions used as homeopathic drugs. Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes or ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules.

    According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure. According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseases indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as the therapeutics agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms. Nobody in the whole history could so far propose a hypothesis about homeopathy as scientific, rational and perfect as MIT explaining the molecular process involved in potentization, and the biological mechanism involved in ‘similia similibus- curentur, in a way fitting well to modern scientific knowledge system.

    If symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition as well as symptoms produced in a healthy individual by a particular drug substance were similar, it means the disease-causing molecules and the drug molecules could bind to same biological targets and produce similar molecular errors, which in turn means both of them have similar functional groups or molecular conformations. This phenomenon of competitive relationship between similar chemical molecules in binding to similar biological targets scientifically explains the fundamental homeopathic principle Similia Similibus Curentur.

    Practically, MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics is all about identifying the specific target-ligand ‘key-lock’ mechanism involved in the molecular pathology of the particular disease, procuring the samples of concerned ligand molecules or molecules that can mimic as the ligands by conformational similarity, preparing their molecular imprints through a process of homeopathic potentization upto 30c potency, and using that preparation as therapeutic agent.

    Since individual molecular imprints contained in drugs potentized above avogadro limit cannot interact each other or interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands, and since they can act only as artificial binding sites for specific pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, there cannot by any adverse effects or reduction in medicinal effects even if we mix two or more potentized drugs together, or prescribe them simultaneously- they will work.

    Based on the detailed analysis of pathophysiology, enzyme kinetics and hormonal interactions involved, MIT approach suggests following molecular imprinted drugs to be included in the therapeutics of COPD:

    Hydrogen petoxide 30, Carbo veg 30, Interleukin -1 30, Collagen 30, Fibronectin 30, Elastin 30, Amyl nitrosum 30, Adrenalin 30, Leptin 30, Thyroidinum 30, Cadmium 30, Arsenic alb 30, Tobacco smoke 30, TNF-a 30, Interlekin-8 30, Cuprum Ars 30, Sulphur 30, Ozone 30, House dust 30, Influenzinum 30, Rhinovirus 30, Streptococcinum 30, Tuberculinum 30.

    REFERENCES:

             1.      Vogelmeier, C. F., et al. (2017). “Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report: GOLD Executive Summary.” European Respiratory Journal, 49(3).

             2.      Adeloye, D., et al. (2015). “Global and regional estimates of COPD prevalence: Systematic review and meta–analysis.” Journal of Global Health, 5(2).

             3.      Agustí, A., & Hogg, J. C. (2019). “Update on the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine, 381(13), 1248-1256.

             4.      Barnes, P. J. (2017). “Inflammatory Mechanisms in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 138(1), 16-27.

             5.      Celli, B. R., & Wedzicha, J. A. (2019). “Update on Clinical Aspects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine, 381(13), 1257-1266.

             6.      Qaseem, A., Wilt, T. J., Weinberger, S. E., et al. (2011). “Diagnosis and Management of Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians.” Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(3), 179-191.

             7.      Rabe, K. F., Watz, H. (2017). “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.” Lancet, 389(10082), 1931-1940.

             8.      Singh, D., Agusti, A., Anzueto, A., et al. (2019). “Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: The GOLD Science Committee Report 2019.” European Respiratory Journal, 53(5).

             9.      Lareau, S. C., & Fahy, B. (2019). “The Role of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.” Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 13.

             10.    Tønnesen, P., Carrozzi, L., Fagerström, K. O., et al. (2007). “Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory diseases: a high priority, integral component of therapy.” European Respiratory Journal, 29(2), 390-417.

             11.    Brightling, C. E., Bleecker, E. R., Panettieri, R. A., Jr., et al. (2019). “Benralizumab for the Prevention of COPD Exacerbations.” New England Journal of Medicine, 381(11), 1023-1034.

             12.    Polkey, M. I., Spruit, M. A., Edwards, L. D., et al. (2013). “Six-minute-walk test in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: minimal clinically important difference for death or hospitalization.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 187(4), 382-386.

             13. J H Clarke, A Dictionary of Homeopathic Materia Medica

             14. www.redefininghomeopathy.com, Chandran Nambiar KC

  • MIT HOMEOPATHY APPROACH TO ALOPECIA AND BALDNESS

    Hair loss and baldness are conditions that affect millions of individuals worldwide, leading to psychological distress and diminished quality of life for many. This article provides a comprehensive overview of hair loss (also known as alopecia) and baldness, including their causes, types, diagnostic methods, modern treatment options, and preventative measures, and MIT homeopathy approach to its therapeutics.

    Hair loss can be temporary or permanent and can affect just the scalp or the entire body. While it is more prevalent in adults, hair loss can also occur in children. Baldness typically refers to excessive hair loss from the scalp and is often the result of hereditary hair loss with age.

    Hair loss and baldness can be attributed to a variety of factors. The most common cause of hair loss is a hereditary condition called androgenetic alopecia, more commonly known as male-pattern or female-pattern baldness. Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, or thyroid problems can cause temporary or permanent hair loss. Conditions such as alopecia areata (an autoimmune disease that attacks hair follicles), scalp infections like ringworm, and trichotillomania (a hair-pulling disorder) can lead to hair loss. Hair loss can be a side effect of certain drugs, such as those used for cancer, arthritis, depression, heart problems, gout, and high blood pressure. Lack of nutrients such as iron, protein, and vitamins can contribute to hair loss. Physical or emotional stress can trigger temporary hair loss.

    Androgenetic Alopecia is a hereditary condition affecting both men and women and is characterised by a receding hairline and the disappearance of hair from the crown and frontal scalp. Alopecia Areata is a condition that causes patchy hair loss on the scalp and possibly other areas of the body. Telogen Effluvium is a temporary hair loss condition that usually happens after stress, a shock, or a traumatic event and typically involves the thinning of hair rather than bald patche. Anagen Effluvium is rapid hair loss resulting from medical treatment, such as chemotherapy.

    Diagnosing hair loss involves a medical history and physical examination by a healthcare provider. Tests might include: 1. Blood Tests: To uncover medical conditions related to hair loss. 2. Pull Test: A gentle tug on a few strands of hair to determine the stage of the shedding process. 3. Scalp Biopsy: Taking a small section of the scalp to examine under a microscope. 4. Light Microscopy: To examine hairs trimmed at their bases.

    Treatment depends on the type of hair loss, its severity, and whether it’s temporary or permanent. Options may include: 1. Medications: Over the counter (OTC) or prescription drugs such as minoxidil (Rogaine) or finasteride (Propecia). 2. Hair Transplant Surgery: Removing small plugs of hair from areas where hair is continuing to grow and placing them in balding areas. 3. Laser Therapy: FDA-approved to treat hereditary hair loss. 4. Lifestyle Changes: Including managing stress, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding tight hairstyles.

    While it’s not always possible to prevent hair loss, some practices can help maintain hair health: 1. Avoid harsh treatments and hair styles that pull the hair 2. Protect hair from sunlight and other sources of UV light. 3. Stop smoking, as it has been linked to baldness. 4. If undergoing chemotherapy, consider a cooling cap to reduce the risk of hair loss.

    Hair loss and baldness can significantly impact an individual’s self-esteem and overall quality of life. Understanding the causes and available treatments is the first step toward managing this condition effectively. It’s crucial for those experiencing hair loss to consult with healthcare providers to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment. With the advancements in treatment options, many individuals find relief and satisfactory outcomes in managing their hair loss.

    GENETIC FACTORS IN ALOPECIA AND BALDNESS

    Genetic factors play a pivotal role in hair loss, particularly in the context of androgenetic alopecia, the most common form of hair loss in both men and women. This condition is also known as male-pattern baldness or female-pattern hair loss. Understanding the genetic basis of alopecia involves delving into how specific genes influence hair follicle health, hormone interactions, and ultimately, the hair growth cycle.

    Androgenetic alopecia is highly heritable, meaning it has a strong genetic component. It is polygenic, which means it involves the interaction of multiple genes rather than being traced back to a single gene mutation. The condition is influenced by genes inherited from both parents, although the precise pattern of inheritance and the degree to which genetics play a role can vary between individuals.

    Androgen Receptors (AR) Gene is one of the most significant genes associated with androgenetic alopecia. Located on the X chromosome, this gene codes for the androgen receptor, which interacts with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a derivative of testosterone. DHT has a miniaturising effect on hair follicles, leading to thinner hair and a shorter hair growth cycle. Variations in the AR gene can increase the sensitivity of hair follicles to DHT, accelerating hair loss. 5-Alpha Reductase Type 2 (SRD5A2) Enzyme is crucial for the conversion of testosterone to DHT. Variations in genes encoding for this enzyme can influence the levels of DHT and thus the extent of its impact on hair follicles. Inhibitors of 5-alpha reductase, such as finasteride, target this pathway to reduce hair loss. Hair Cycle Genes that regulate the hair growth cycle also play a role in androgenetic alopecia. The hair follicle cycles through phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), rest (telogen), and shedding (exogen). Genetic factors that disrupt the normal cycle can lead to premature hair loss.

    While genetic predisposition is a key factor, the onset and severity of androgenetic alopecia are also influenced by environmental factors such as diet, stress, and health conditions. This interaction between genetics and environment complicates the prediction and treatment of hair loss.

    Genetic testing can identify individuals at higher risk for developing androgenetic alopecia, allowing for early intervention and personalised treatment plans. However, due to the complex nature of genetic interactions and the influence of environmental factors, these tests cannot predict the condition with absolute certainty.

    Research continues to uncover new genes associated with hair loss and baldness, offering insights into the biological mechanisms behind these conditions. Understanding these genetic factors opens the door to targeted therapies that can more effectively manage or even prevent hair loss. For example, drugs designed to specifically block the action of DHT on hair follicles or to modulate the activity of genes involved in the hair growth cycle represent promising areas of development.

    Genetics plays a crucial role in the development of androgenetic alopecia, with several key genes influencing the sensitivity of hair follicles to hormones, the hair growth cycle, and the conversion of testosterone to DHT. While genetic predisposition is significant, the interplay between genes and environmental factors means that the expression of these genetic tendencies can vary widely among individuals. Ongoing research into the genetic basis of alopecia not only helps in understanding the condition but also in developing targeted treatments that address the specific genetic pathways involved.

    ROLE OF AUTOIMMUNITY IN ALOPECIA

    Autoimmunity plays a significant role in certain types of alopecia, which is a condition characterised by hair loss. There are various forms of alopecia, and among them, alopecia areata is particularly associated with autoimmunity.

    In alopecia areata, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the hair follicles, leading to hair loss. This can result in a few bald patches, extensive hair loss (alopecia totalis), or even complete loss of hair on the entire body (alopecia universalis). The autoimmune attack causes inflammation around the hair follicles, preventing them from producing hair. The exact reason why the immune system attacks the hair follicles in alopecia areata is not fully understood, but it’s believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

    Other types of hair loss, such as androgenetic alopecia (commonly known as male or female pattern baldness), are primarily due to genetic and hormonal factors rather than autoimmunity. In these cases, the hair loss is caused by the sensitivity of hair follicles to androgens (male hormones), which can lead to thinning hair and eventual baldness in genetically predisposed individuals.

    In the autoimmune mechanism of alopecia, specifically in alopecia areata, the immune system mistakenly targets certain components within the hair follicle, leading to hair loss. The exact autoantigens—that is, the self-proteins recognized as foreign by the immune system—involved in alopecia areata are not completely understood and are an area of active research. However, several potential autoantigens have been proposed based on studies involving patients with alopecia areata and experimental models.

    Trichohyalin is a protein found in the inner root sheath of hair follicles. Some research suggests that it may be targeted by autoreactive T cells in alopecia areata.

    Tyrosine-related Protein-2 (TYRP2) is involved in the pigmentation of the hair and is another potential autoantigen. Mice models have shown that targeting TYRP2 can lead to an alopecia areata-like condition.

    Other hair follicle-associated proteins, not specifically identified, are also thought to be potential targets of the autoimmune response in alopecia areata. These could include various structural proteins and enzymes involved in hair growth and maintenance.

    Since alopecia areata can also affect pigmented cells, melanocyte-associated antigens have been considered potential targets. This is supported by the observation that regrowing hair in alopecia areata often lacks pigment is white or gray initially. Melanocyte-associated antigens are proteins found on the surface of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. These antigens can be targeted by the immune system in various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, as well as in cancer immunotherapy. Their role is particularly highlighted in conditions like vitiligo and melanoma, as well as in alopecia areata when it involves the loss of pigmented hair. Although primarily an attack on hair follicles, alopecia areata can also involve melanocyte-associated antigens, particularly in cases where the regrowth of hair occurs without its natural pigment (resulting in white or gray hair). This suggests that the autoimmune attack may sometimes extend to melanocytes or their associated components within the hair follicle. TYRP1 and TYRP2 enzymes are involved in melanin biosynthesis and are expressed in melanocytes and melanomas. They are potential targets for therapies aiming to modulate the immune response to melanoma. The study and utilization of melanocyte-associated antigens in autoimmune diseases and cancer highlight the importance of understanding immune system interactions with specific cell types. Immunotherapeutic approaches targeting these antigens offer promising treatment avenues alopecia areata.

    The involvement of these autoantigens suggests that the autoimmune response in alopecia areata is quite complex, potentially involving various components of the hair follicle and associated structures. It’s also important to note that the immune response involves both cellular immunity (particularly T lymphocytes) and humoral immunity (antibodies), further complicating the identification of specific autoantigens.

    Research is ongoing to better understand the specific autoantigens and the mechanisms through which they trigger the immune response in alopecia areata. Identifying these components could lead to more targeted therapies for individuals affected by this condition.

    In summary, autoimmunity is a key factor in alopecia areata, causing the immune system to attack hair follicles, but it is not the main cause of all types of alopecia or baldness. Each type of alopecia has its own set of causes and mechanisms, with autoimmunity being significant in some but not all cases.

    ROLE OF ENZYMES

    The pathogenesis of alopecia, particularly androgenetic alopecia (AGA), involves complex biochemical pathways that include several enzyme systems. These enzymes interact with various substrates, and their activity can be modulated by specific activators and inhibitors. Understanding these enzyme systems is crucial for developing targeted therapies for hair loss. Below are the key enzyme systems involved in alopecia and baldness, along with their substrates, activators, and inhibitors.

    15-Alpha Reductase is crucial in the pathogenesis of AGA. It converts testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is a more potent androgen that binds to androgen receptors on hair follicles, leading to follicular miniaturisation and eventually hair loss. Substrate: TestosteroneActivators: AndrogensInhibitors: Finasteride, Dutasteride

    Aromatase converts androgens into oestrogens. In the context of hair loss, its activity is more significant in women. Higher levels of aromatase in female scalp follicles can lead to lower DHT levels, which may explain the different patterns and severity of hair loss in women compared to men. Substrate: Androgens (Testosterone and Androstenedione). Activators: FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), LH (Luteinizing Hormone). Inhibitors: Aromatase inhibitors (e.g., Letrozole, Anastrozole)

    CYP17A1 (17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-Lyase) is involved in the synthesis of androgens in the adrenal glands and gonads. It catalyses the conversion of pregnenolone and progesterone into precursors of androgens. By influencing the overall levels of androgens, it indirectly affects hair growth and loss. Substrate: Pregnenolone and Progesterone. Activators: ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone). Inhibitors: Abiraterone

    The balance between these enzyme activities plays a significant role in determining androgen levels in the scalp and systemic circulation, thereby influencing hair growth or loss. For example, elevated activity of 5-alpha reductase increases DHT levels, promoting hair loss. Conversely, higher aromatase activity in women converts more androgens into oestrogens, potentially protecting against extensive hair loss.

    Understanding these enzyme systems has led to targeted treatments for androgenetic alopecia.

    5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Drugs like finasteride and dutasteride inhibit 5-AR, reducing DHT levels and slowing the progression of hair loss. These are commonly prescribed for men with AGA and have shown effectiveness in many cases.

    Aromatase Enhancers: Although not a standard treatment for AGA, increasing aromatase activity or oestrogen levels can theoretically benefit hair growth by reducing effective androgen levels.

    Adrenal Androgen Inhibitors: For women, controlling adrenal androgens through inhibitors of CYP17A1 or using oral contraceptives can sometimes manage hair loss by reducing the systemic levels of androgens.

    TYRP1 (Tyrosinase-related protein 1) and TYRP2 (Tyrosinase-related protein 2, also known as DCT, Dopachrome tautomerase) are enzymes that play crucial roles in the melanin biosynthesis pathway, which is responsible for the pigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes. These enzymes are involved in the metabolic pathway that leads to the production of eumelanin, a type of melanin that gives a brown to black color. Understanding their substrates and activators is key to comprehending how pigmentation is regulated and can have implications for conditions like albinism, vitiligo, and the development of pigmented lesions like melanoma.

    TYRP1 Enzyme. Substrate: TYRP1 works downstream of tyrosinase in the melanin synthesis pathway. It helps to oxidize 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) into indole-5,6-quinone-2-carboxylic acid. Although it acts mainly to stabilize tyrosinase and prolong its activity rather than directly interacting with specific substrates, its exact substrate specificity beyond its role in melanogenesis is not well-defined. Activators: The activity of TYRP1 is closely tied to the presence and activity of tyrosinase, the primary enzyme in the melanogenesis pathway. Factors that increase tyrosinase activity or expression, such as ultraviolet radiation (UV light), can indirectly increase TYRP1 activity by increasing the substrate availability for melanin synthesis. Additionally, the expression of TYRP1 is regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors involved in melanocyte function, such as MITF (Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor).

    TYRP2 (DCT) Enzyme. Substrate: TYRP2 catalyses the tautomerization of dopachrome, a melanin intermediate, into 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). This reaction is a key step in the biosynthesis of eumelanin, contributing to the dark pigmentation. Activators: Similar to TYRP1, TYRP2 activity is also influenced by factors that regulate the overall melanin biosynthetic pathway. UV light can enhance melanin production, indirectly affecting TYRP2 activity by upregulating the melanogenesis pathway. Transcription factors like MITF also regulate TYRP2 expression. Certain hormones and signalling molecules that activate these transcription factors or directly stimulate melanocyte receptors can enhance the expression of melanogenic enzymes, including TYRP2.

    Both TYRP1 and TYRP2 are essential for the proper functioning of the melanin biosynthesis pathway, contributing to the stability, quantity, and quality of melanin produced. Alterations in the activity or expression of these enzymes can lead to pigmentation disorders and affect the vulnerability of skin to UV radiation and oxidative stress. Understanding these enzymes’ regulation can contribute to developing therapeutic strategies for pigmentation disorders and protection against UV-induced damage.

    The biochemical pathways involved in hair loss, specifically through the action of various enzymes, highlight the complex nature of alopecia. By targeting these enzymes, current treatments aim to modulate the hormonal environment of hair follicles, offering hope for managing this challenging condition. Ongoing research into these pathways promises to uncover new therapeutic targets and more effective treatments for those suffering from hair loss.

    ROLE OF HORMONES IN ALOPECIA

    Hormonal imbalances and interactions play a significant role in the development of alopecia and baldness, particularly in conditions like androgenetic alopecia (AGA), which is the most common form of hair loss in both men and women. The primary hormones involved include androgens (such as dihydrotestosterone [DHT] and testosterone), oestrogen, and cortisol. Their molecular targets and mechanisms of action are crucial in understanding the pathophysiology of hair loss and developing targeted therapies.

    Androgens (Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone [DHT]) is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. DHT has a higher affinity for androgen receptors than testosterone and, when bound to these receptors in scalp hair follicles, can alter the normal cycle of hair growth. DHT shortens the growth (anagen) phase and extends the rest (telogen) phase, leading to thinner hair and a receding hairline. Over time, this can result in the miniaturisation of hair follicles and eventual hair loss. Molecular Targets: Androgen Receptors (AR) on hair follicle cells.

    Oestrogens are believed to extend the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle, promoting hair growth and increasing hair density. They may also counteract the effects of androgens by decreasing the expression of androgen receptors in hair follicles or by inhibiting the enzyme 5-alpha reductase, thereby reducing the conversion of testosterone to DHT. The protective effects of oestrogens on hair growth are more evident in women, which is why women generally have less severe patterns of baldness compared to men. Molecular Targets: Oestrogen Receptors (ER) on hair follicle cells.

    Cortisol, known as the stress hormone, can influence hair growth and health. High levels of cortisol can lead to telogen effluvium, a form of hair loss characterised by excessive shedding. Cortisol can negatively impact the hair growth cycle by shortening the anagen phase and prematurely shifting hair follicles into the telogen phase. Additionally, chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels can decrease the proliferation of hair follicle cells and reduce the synthesis of proteins essential for hair growth. Molecular Targets: Glucocorticoid Receptors (GR) on hair follicle cells.

    The interplay between these hormones significantly influences hair growth and loss. For instance, the balance between androgens and oestrogens can determine the health and lifecycle of hair follicles. Hormonal changes, such as those experienced during pregnancy, menopause, or as a result of certain medical conditions, can shift this balance and lead to hair loss or changes in hair density and texture.

    Understanding the hormonal mechanisms behind hair loss has led to targeted treatment options. The use of androgen receptor blockers (such as spironolactone) or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (such as finasteride and dutasteride) can reduce the effects of DHT on hair follicles, slowing or preventing hair loss in some individuals. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or contraceptives containing oestrogens can sometimes be used to treat hair loss in women, particularly if it’s related to hormonal imbalances. Techniques to reduce stress and lower cortisol levels, including lifestyle modifications, may indirectly benefit hair health by normalising the hair growth cycle.

    Hormones significantly influence hair growth and loss, with androgens, oestrogens, and cortisol playing pivotal roles. Their actions on specific molecular targets within hair follicles dictate the hair growth cycle and can lead to alopecia when imbalanced. Treatments targeting these hormonal pathways can offer hope for those experiencing hair loss, underscoring the importance of hormonal balance in maintaining hair health.

    PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN ALOPECIA

    The impact of psychological factors on alopecia and baldness has been an area of growing interest and research, acknowledging the complex interplay between the mind and body in health and disease. Psychological stress, in particular, has been identified as a significant factor that can influence the onset and progression of hair loss. The mechanisms through which psychological factors contribute to hair loss encompass both direct physiological pathways and indirect behaviours that affect hair health.

    Chronic stress can have a direct impact on hair growth and health through several physiological mechanisms.  Chronic stress leads to elevated levels of cortisol, the body’s primary stress hormone. High cortisol levels can shorten the anagen (growth) phase of the hair cycle and prematurely push hair follicles into the telogen (resting) phase, resulting in telogen effluvium, where hair sheds excessively. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to changes in hormone levels that can affect hair follicle function and health. For instance, fluctuations in hormones like androgens, thyroid hormones, and growth hormone under stress can contribute to hair loss. Psychological stress can dysregulate the immune system, potentially triggering autoimmune conditions like alopecia areata, where the immune system attacks hair follicles, leading to patchy hair loss. Stress and psychological distress can also lead to behaviours that indirectly contribute to hair loss. Stress may lead to poor dietary choices, with inadequate intake of essential nutrients required for healthy hair growth, such as proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Stress and anxiety can trigger compulsive behaviours, including trichotillomania, a condition characterised by the urge to pull out one’s hair, leading to noticeable hair loss. Psychological distress can result in neglect of personal grooming and hair care, contributing to conditions that may exacerbate hair loss, such as scalp infections or damage from harsh hair treatments.

    Depression can also contribute to hair loss, both directly and indirectly. The physiological effects of depression, including altered neurotransmitter levels and hormonal imbalances, can impact hair growth cycles and overall hair health. Additionally, individuals suffering from depression may experience changes in appetite and nutrition, poor sleep, and reduced motivation for self-care, all of which can adversely affect hair health.

    It’s important to note that the relationship between psychological factors and hair loss is bidirectional. Just as psychological stress can contribute to hair loss, experiencing hair loss itself can lead to significant psychological distress, including reduced self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. This can create a vicious cycle where stress and hair loss perpetuate each other.

    Incorporating stress reduction practices, such as mindfulness, meditation, exercise, and adequate rest, can help manage stress levels and potentially mitigate its impact on hair health. Counselling or therapy can provide support for individuals dealing with the psychological impact of hair loss, helping them develop coping strategies and improve their mental health. Encouraging a balanced diet, regular exercise, and good sleep hygiene can help improve overall health and potentially support hair health. In some cases, treating underlying psychological conditions with medications or therapy may indirectly benefit hair health.

    Psychological factors play a significant role in the causation and exacerbation of alopecia and baldness. Recognising and addressing these factors are essential components of a holistic approach to managing hair loss, underscoring the importance of mental health in dermatological conditions.

    HEAVY METALS AND MICROELEMENTS

    The role of heavy metals and microelements (trace elements) in hair health and disorders such as alopecia and baldness is a complex and multifaceted area of study. Both deficiencies and excesses of certain metals and microelements can impact hair growth and health, leading to or exacerbating hair loss. Understanding these relationships is crucial for diagnosing and treating various forms of alopecia.

    Exposure to certain heavy metals, either through environmental sources, occupational hazards, or dietary intake, can negatively affect hair health and contribute to hair loss.

    Chronic exposure to lead can disrupt hormone regulation and damage hair follicles, potentially leading to hair loss. High levels of mercury, often due to consumption of contaminated fish or dental amalgam fillings, can contribute to hair loss by damaging the hair follicles or disrupting protein synthesis. Exposure to arsenic, whether through water or food sources, can cause hair loss, among other health issues, due to its toxicity to organ systems, including the skin and hair follicles. Cadmium exposure can lead to hair loss through its detrimental effects on the kidneys, which play a crucial role in maintaining mineral and hormone balance that affects hair health.

    Microelements, or trace elements, are nutrients required by the body in small amounts to perform various physiological functions, including those related to hair growth and health. Imbalances in these elements can lead to hair disorders. Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies associated with hair loss, particularly in women. Iron is essential for the production of haemoglobin, which helps supply oxygen to hair follicles. Low iron levels can lead to anaemia, reducing oxygen delivery to the follicles and potentially causing hair loss. Zinc plays a crucial role in hair tissue growth and repair. It also helps keep the oil glands around the follicles working properly. Zinc deficiency can lead to hair loss, while excessive zinc levels can also cause hair loss. Selenium is important for the health of the hair, but an imbalance can contribute to hair loss. High levels of selenium can lead to selenosis, a condition that causes brittle hair and nails, and hair loss. Conversely, selenium deficiency can impair hair growth. Copper peptides are known to stimulate hair follicles and can promote hair growth. However, both copper deficiency and toxicity can affect hair health, influencing hair color and strength.

    Detoxification from heavy metals, when necessary, often involves chelation therapy or other medical interventions to bind and remove the metals from the body. For microelement imbalances, dietary adjustments, and supplementation under medical guidance can help restore levels to a healthy range and potentially address related hair loss. It’s important for these interventions to be carefully managed to avoid creating imbalances that could lead to further health issues. Heavy metals and microelements have significant roles in the health of hair, with both deficiencies and excesses potentially leading to hair loss.

    A high sodium chloride content in the diet even though is not directly linked to causing alopecia or hair loss according to mainstream medical and nutritional research, there are indirect ways in which an excessively high salt diet could potentially influence hair health.  A diet high in sodium can lead to increased blood pressure and possibly reduce blood flow to certain areas, including the scalp. Adequate blood flow is essential for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the hair follicles, which are necessary for healthy hair growth. High salt intake can potentially affect the body’s balance of other minerals, such as potassium and magnesium, which play roles in hair health. An imbalance in these and other nutrients might indirectly influence hair growth and health. Excessive salt consumption can lead to dehydration. Proper hydration is crucial for maintaining the health of hair follicles. Dehydration can lead to dry and brittle hair, which may be more prone to breakage, though this is not the same as affecting hair growth directly from the follicle.

    Phosphoric acid, commonly found in soft drinks and some processed foods as a flavor enhancer or acidity regulator, doesn’t have a direct, widely recognized role in causing hair loss. One of the concerns regarding high intake of phosphoric acid, particularly from cola beverages, is its potential effect on calcium absorption. There’s some evidence to suggest that high phosphoric acid consumption may lower calcium levels, as it could lead to an imbalance between phosphorus and calcium in the body. Calcium is vital for various bodily functions, including hair growth, as it helps in keratinization and in the formation of hair and nails. The effect of phosphoric acid on hair loss would be indirect. Excessive consumption of phosphoric acid might also affect the body’s acid-base balance. While the body’s buffering systems are highly effective in maintaining pH balance, extremely poor dietary habits that favour high intake of acidic substances over alkaline foods can potentially stress these systems.

    Iodine plays a crucial role in the body’s metabolic processes, primarily through its influence on thyroid function. The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce thyroid hormones, which are critical for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. A connection between iodine and hair health exists mainly through the effects of thyroid hormone imbalances on hair growth. An iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and also hair loss. The hair loss associated with hypothyroidism is typically diffuse, affecting the entire scalp rather than creating bald patches. Beyond just hair loss, hypothyroidism can affect the quality of the hair, making it dry, brittle, and weak. This can further contribute to the appearance of thinning hair. Excessive iodine intake can lead to hyperthyroidism in some individuals, especially those with pre-existing thyroid conditions. Hyperthyroidism is the overproduction of thyroid hormones, which can also cause hair loss, among other symptoms. Excessive iodine consumption can trigger or worsen autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (leading to hypothyroidism) and Graves’ disease (leading to hyperthyroidism). Both conditions can have hair loss as a symptom.

    VITAMINS

    Vitamins play a crucial role in maintaining overall health, including the health of your hair. Adequate intake of specific vitamins is essential for hair growth, strength, and preventing hair loss. Deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to alopecia (hair loss) and, in severe cases, baldness. Here’s a closer look at the role of various vitamins in hair health and how they influence alopecia and baldness:

    Vitamin A is crucial for cell growth, including hair, the fastest growing tissue in the human body. It helps the skin glands produce sebum, an oily substance that moisturises the scalp and helps keep hair healthy. While deficiency in vitamin A can lead to several health issues, including hair loss, excessive intake can also contribute to alopecia. A balanced intake is essential.

    B-vitamins, especially Biotin (vitamin B7), are well-known for their role in hair health. Biotin is used as an alternative hair-loss treatment, though it is most effective in those who are deficient. Other B-vitamins, such as B12, help with the formation of red blood cells, which carry oxygen and nutrients to the scalp and hair follicles, a process crucial for hair growth. Deficiencies in B-vitamins can lead to hair loss. For instance, B12 deficiency is often associated with hair loss in vegetarians and vegans who don’t consume enough B12 sources.

    Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect against the oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Additionally, it is crucial for collagen production and iron absorption, two factors important for hair health. Deficiency in vitamin C can lead to dry, brittle hair, and eventually hair loss.

    Vitamin D’s role in hair production is not fully understood, but receptors in hair follicles suggest its involvement in hair cycle regulation. Low levels of vitamin D are linked to alopecia areata and may be associated with more severe hair loss. Vitamin D deficiency is linked to alopecia areata and may affect hair growth. Supplementation can help improve hair regrowth.

    Similar to vitamin C, vitamin E is an antioxidant that can prevent oxidative stress. Studies have shown that people with hair loss experienced an increase in hair growth after supplementing with vitamin E. While deficiency is rare, lacking vitamin E can lead to oxidative stress, potentially exacerbating hair loss.

    Though not a vitamin, iron’s role in hair health is closely related to that of vitamins. Iron helps red blood cells carry oxygen to your cells, including hair follicles, essential for hair growth and repair. Iron deficiency, which leads to anemia, is a major cause of hair loss, especially in women.

    A balanced diet rich in these vitamins and minerals is essential for maintaining healthy hair and preventing hair loss. While supplementation can help in cases of deficiency, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, especially since overdosing on certain vitamins (like A and E) can lead to adverse effects, including hair loss. Addressing vitamin deficiencies can significantly contribute to reducing hair loss and promoting hair growth, offering a valuable approach to managing alopecia and baldness.

    PHYTOCHEMICALS

    Phytochemicals are bioactive chemical compounds found in plants that have various health benefits, including potential roles in preventing and treating hair loss (alopecia) and baldness. These natural compounds can influence hair growth and health through several mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-androgenic effects. Research into the role of phytochemicals in hair care is ongoing, but some compounds have shown promise in preliminary studies. Here’s a look at how some phytochemicals may help manage alopecia and baldness:

    Polyphenols, found in green tea (especially epigallocatechin gallate or EGCG), berries, and nuts, have antioxidant properties that can help reduce inflammation and combat oxidative stress in hair follicles, potentially promoting hair growth. Green tea polyphenols, for instance, have been shown to stimulate hair growth by prolonging the anagen phase (growth phase) of the hair cycle.

    Sulforaphane, a compound found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, has been noted for its ability to up-regulate the production of enzymes that protect cells from oxidative stress and DNA damage. It may also have potential benefits for hair growth by improving the detoxification of harmful substances in hair follicles.

    Quercetin is a flavonoid present in many fruits, vegetables, and grains. It has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Quercetin can inhibit the production of DHT (dihydrotestosterone), a hormone implicated in androgenetic alopecia, by blocking the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase. It may also protect hair follicles from inflammation and stress.

    Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It can help in treating alopecia, particularly forms driven by inflammatory processes, such as alopecia areata. Curcumin’s ability to suppress inflammatory pathways in the body could help reduce inflammation around hair follicles, potentially preventing hair loss.

    Resveratrol, found in grapes, berries, and peanuts, is another polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. It has been suggested to promote hair growth by enhancing the proliferation of dermal papilla cells and could protect hair follicles from damage by oxidative stress.

    Procyanidin, a class of flavonoids found in apples, cinnamon, and grapes, has been shown to promote hair growth. Specifically, procyanidin B2, found in apple skin, has demonstrated the ability to promote hair growth by transitioning hair follicles from the telogen phase (resting phase) to the anagen phase (growth phase).

    While the potential of phytochemicals in treating alopecia and baldness is promising, most of the evidence comes from in vitro studies, animal studies, or small-scale human trials. Therefore, more comprehensive clinical trials are needed to fully understand their effectiveness and safety for hair loss treatment.

    It’s also important to note that while dietary intake of these phytochemicals can contribute to overall health, topical formulations or supplements specifically designed to deliver therapeutic doses directly to the scalp or systemically are typically required to see significant effects on hair growth.

    Phytochemicals offer a promising, natural approach to managing alopecia and baldness. However, individuals interested in using phytochemical-based treatments should consult healthcare providers or dermatologists to discuss the best approach for their specific situation.

    ROLE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

    Infectious diseases and the immune response they trigger, including the production of antibodies, can play a significant role in causing hair loss (alopecia) and, in some cases, lead to baldness. The relationship between infections, immune responses, and hair loss is complex and can vary depending on the type of infection and the individual’s immune response.

    Tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) is a common fungal infection of the scalp, primarily affecting children. It can cause patchy hair loss, scaling, and inflammation. The body’s immune response to the fungus can damage hair follicles, leading to hair loss. Tinea capitis, also known as scalp ringworm, is a fungal infection of the scalp that primarily affects children but can also occur in adults. It’s caused by dermatophytes, which are a type of fungi that can invade and grow in the keratin of the skin, hair, and nails. Tinea capitis can lead to a range of symptoms, including scaling, itching of the scalp, hair loss, and the development of bald patches where the hair breaks off at or just above the scalp. In more severe cases, it can lead to inflammation, redness, and the development of tender areas or sores filled with pus (kerions), which can also contribute to scarring and permanent hair loss if not treated properly. Trichophyton tonsurans is the most common cause of tinea capitis in the United States and many other parts of the world, especially in urban areas. Infections with T. tonsurans are typically characterized by black dot ringworm, where hair breaks off at the scalp surface. Microsporum canis species is more common in Europe and parts of Asia and is often associated with pets, especially cats, as a source of infection.  Trichophyton violaceum species is a common cause of tinea capitis in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and India. It tends to cause less inflammatory reactions compared to other species.

    Folliculitis, an infection of the hair follicles caused by bacteria (often Staphylococcus aureus), can lead to inflammation and, if severe, scarring and hair loss. The immune system’s response to the bacteria can exacerbate the damage to hair follicles.

    While the exact cause of alopecia areata is not fully understood, it is believed to be an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles. Some evidence suggests that viral infections could trigger this autoimmune response in genetically predisposed individuals.

    Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can cause various dermatological conditions, including hair loss, due to the virus itself or secondary infections that occur as a result of the weakened immune system.

    Secondary syphilis can cause a diffuse hair loss known as “syphilitic alopecia,” which can appear as moth-eaten alopecia. The immune response to the Treponema pallidum bacterium can contribute to hair loss, which is often reversible with treatment.

    In some cases, infections can trigger an autoimmune response that leads to hair loss. For example, the production of antibodies in response to an infection might cross-react with tissue in the hair follicle, leading to hair loss:

    As mentioned, alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition that can be triggered by viral infections. The body produces antibodies against the hair follicles, mistaking them for foreign pathogens.

    Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can cause discoid lesions on the scalp, leading to scarring and permanent hair loss. While not directly caused by infectious agents, infections can exacerbate autoimmune conditions like lupus, potentially leading to episodes of hair loss.

    The treatment of hair loss due to infectious diseases and their antibodies primarily involves addressing the underlying infection. Anti-fungal, antibacterial, or antiviral medications can be prescribed depending on the type of infection. For autoimmune conditions like alopecia areata, treatments may include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and immunotherapy to modulate the immune response.

    In conclusion, infectious diseases and the immune response they trigger, including antibody production, can contribute to hair loss through direct damage to hair follicles or through triggering autoimmune responses. Identifying and treating the underlying infection or managing the autoimmune response is crucial for preventing further hair loss and potentially allowing for hair regrowth.

    ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN ALOPECIA

    Environmental factors play a significant role in the health of hair and can contribute to the development of alopecia (hair loss) and baldness. These factors can exert their effects through direct damage to hair follicles, disruption of hair growth cycles, or indirect mechanisms such as influencing hormonal levels or immune responses.

    Understanding the impact of these environmental factors is crucial for developing strategies to prevent and manage hair loss.

    Air pollution, including particulate matter (PM), smoke, and gases like sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), can damage hair follicles. Pollutants can penetrate the scalp and hair, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation that disrupt the normal hair growth cycle and potentially contribute to alopecia.

    Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can harm the hair and scalp, leading to hair protein degradation and color changes. UV radiation can also weaken the hair, making it more susceptible to breakage and damage. Furthermore, it can induce inflammation in the scalp, contributing to hair loss.

    Hard water, which contains high levels of calcium and magnesium, along with chlorine in swimming pools, can make hair dry and brittle, increasing the risk of hair breakage. While there’s limited evidence linking hard water directly to alopecia, it can exacerbate existing scalp conditions and affect hair health.

    A diet lacking essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals can lead to hair loss. For example, deficiencies in iron, zinc, vitamin D, and protein are linked to alopecia.

    Environmental stress, including psychological stress from work or personal situations, can trigger telogen effluvium, a condition where hair prematurely enters the telogen (resting) phase and falls out. Chronic stress can also exacerbate autoimmune conditions like alopecia areata.

    Smoking tobacco can negatively affect the hair growth cycle by reducing blood flow to the hair follicles, leading to nutrient deprivation. The toxins in cigarette smoke can also damage hair follicles and disrupt hair growth.

    Exposure to certain chemicals, such as those found in hair dyes, bleaches, and other hair treatment products, can cause damage to the hair and scalp. These chemicals can lead to allergic reactions, disrupt the natural hair growth cycle, and weaken the hair shaft, leading to hair loss.

    Extreme weather conditions, such as high humidity or dry, cold air, can affect hair health. High humidity can lead to frizz and breakage, while dry conditions can make the hair and scalp dry, leading to dandruff and itchiness, which can exacerbate hair shedding.

    Environmental factors can significantly impact hair health and contribute to the development of alopecia and baldness. While it’s not always possible to completely avoid these factors, understanding their effects can help in adopting protective measures. These can include using hair products that protect against pollution and UV radiation, ensuring a nutrient-rich diet, managing stress, avoiding harmful chemicals, and quitting smoking. Additionally, individuals experiencing hair loss should consult healthcare providers to explore potential environmental causes and develop effective treatment strategies.

    OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS IN ALOPECIA

    Occupational factors can significantly contribute to hair loss (alopecia) and baldness due to various hazards present in the workplace. These factors can range from exposure to chemicals and toxins to physical stress and psychological stress, all of which can potentially affect hair health and growth.

    Many industries use chemicals that, upon exposure, can lead to hair loss. Workers may be exposed to solvents, metals (like lead and mercury), and other industrial chemicals that can harm the hair follicles or disrupt hormonal balances leading to hair loss. Hairdressers and cosmetologists frequently work with hair dyes, bleaches, and perm solutions containing potentially harmful chemicals like formaldehyde, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. Prolonged or unprotected exposure can damage the hair and scalp, causing hair loss.

    Jobs that require physical exertion can lead to telogen effluvium, a condition where significant stress on the body pushes more hairs into the resting phase, leading to increased shedding. The physical and psychological stresses experienced by Military Personnel can lead to hair loss. Intense physical training and stress might trigger hair loss in some Athletes.

    Jobs with high stress levels can increase the risk of alopecia. Stress is a well-known trigger for several types of hair loss, including telogen effluvium and alopecia areata. Especially in high-stress environments like emergency rooms or during health crises, and high-pressure roles with tight deadlines and performance pressure in Corporate Jobs can lead to stress-induced hair loss.

    Occupations that involve the risk of physical injury to the scalp can lead to scarring alopecia, where hair loss is permanent due to scar tissue replacing hair follicles. Workers in the nuclear industry or healthcare professionals who frequently use X-rays may be exposed to radiation that can cause hair loss. Protective measures are crucial in these fields to minimise exposure.

    Certain occupations increase the risk of contracting infections that can lead to hair loss. Healthcare Workers exposed to fungal, bacterial, and viral infections can indirectly cause hair loss by affecting the scalp or triggering autoimmune responses.

    Working conditions involving extreme weather or temperatures can also affect hair health. Prolonged exposure to sunlight (UV radiation) and pollutants can damage the hair and scalp of Outdoor Workers.  Workers in Extremely Cold or Hot Environments can lead to dry, brittle hair or exacerbate conditions like seborrheic dermatitis, contributing to hair loss.

    Modern chemical drugs, while designed to treat various medical conditions, can sometimes have side effects, including the causation of alopecia (hair loss) and, in rare cases, contributing to baldness. The impact of these drugs on hair health can vary depending on the type of medication, dosage, duration of treatment, and individual sensitivity.

    Chemotherapy drugs used in cancer treatment are well-known for causing significant hair loss, as they target rapidly dividing cells, including those in hair follicles. This type of drug-induced hair loss is often temporary, with hair usually regrowing after the treatment ends, though sometimes with changes in texture or color. Blood thinners, such as warfarin and heparin, have been associated with hair loss. This side effect is relatively rare and may vary with the dose and duration of treatment Oral Contraceptives and Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) can cause hair thinning or loss in some women, particularly those with a predisposition to hormonal-related hair loss (androgenetic alopecia). Drugs used for treating prostate enlargement or cancer, like finasteride and dutasteride, can also lead to hair loss, though they are sometimes used to treat hair loss at lower doses. Medications used to control seizures, such as valproic acid and phenytoin, can lead to diffuse hair thinning. Certain drugs used to treat depression and bipolar disorder, including lithium and some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have been linked to hair loss. Blood pressure medications, particularly beta-blockers (e.g., atenolol) and ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril), can cause hair thinning or loss in some individuals. Drugs containing vitamin A derivatives, used for acne and other skin conditions (such as isotretinoin), can cause hair thinning or hair loss. Long-term use of certain NSAIDs can potentially lead to hair loss, although this is relatively uncommon.

    According to MIT homeopathy approach of therapeutics, molecular imprints or potentized forms of these above said drugs could be used as therapeutic agents, as molecular imprints of disease-causing molecules can act as artificial binding pockets for them.

    The mechanisms by which drugs cause hair loss can include: 1. Anagen Effluvium: Rapid hair loss occurring within days to weeks of drug exposure, affecting hairs in the growth phase. Commonly associated with chemotherapy. 2. Telogen Effluvium: A delay in hair loss until the resting phase of the hair cycle, typically occurring 2-4 months after starting the medication. This is more common with non-chemotherapy drugs and usually results in diffuse thinning that is often reversible. 3. Alteration of Hormonal Balance: Some drugs affect hormonal pathways, leading to hair thinning or loss, particularly in individuals genetically predisposed to hair loss.

    In many cases, hair loss due to medication is reversible upon cessation or adjustment of the drug. However, any changes to medication should always be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider to ensure that the primary medical condition continues to be effectively managed.

    MIT APPROACH TO THERAPEUTICS OF ALOPECIA AND BALDNESS

    DRUG MOLECULES act as therapeutic agents due to their CHEMICAL properties. It is an allopathic action, same way as any allopathic or ayurvedic drug works. They can interact with biological molecules and produce short term or longterm harmful effects, exactly similar to allopathic drugs. Please keep this point in mind when you have a temptation to use mother tinctures, low potencies or biochemical salts which are MOLECULAR drugs.

    On the other hand, MOLECULAR IMPRINTS contained in homeopathic drugs potentized above 12 or avogadro limit act as therapeutic agents by working as artificial ligand binds for pathogenic molecules due to their conformational properties by a biological mechanism that is truly homeopathic.

    Understanding the fundamental difference between molecular imprinted drugs regarding their biological mechanism of actions, is very important.

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics. According to MIT hypothesis, potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, where in the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted or engraved as hydrogen- bonded three-dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ are the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions used as homeopathic drugs. Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes or ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules.

    According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure. According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseases indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as the therapeutics agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms. Nobody in the whole history could so far propose a hypothesis about homeopathy as scientific, rational and perfect as MIT explaining the molecular process involved in potentization, and the biological mechanism involved in ‘similia similibus- curentur, in a way fitting well to modern scientific knowledge system.

    If symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition as well as symptoms produced in a healthy individual by a particular drug substance were similar, it means the disease-causing molecules and the drug molecules could bind to same biological targets and produce similar molecular errors, which in turn means both of them have similar functional groups or molecular conformations. This phenomenon of competitive relationship between similar chemical molecules in binding to similar biological targets scientifically explains the fundamental homeopathic principle Similia Similibus Curentur.

    Practically, MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics is all about identifying the specific target-ligand ‘key-lock’ mechanism involved in the molecular pathology of the particular disease, procuring the samples of concerned ligand molecules or molecules that can mimic as the ligands by conformational similarity, preparing their molecular imprints through a process of homeopathic potentization upto 30c potency, and using that preparation as therapeutic agent.

    Since individual molecular imprints contained in drugs potentized above avogadro limit cannot interact each other or interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands, and since they can act only as artificial binding sites for specific pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, there cannot by any adverse effects or reduction in medicinal effects even if we mix two or more potentized drugs together, or prescribe them simultaneously- they will work.

    Based on the detailed analysis of pathophysiology, enzyme kinetics and hormonal interactions involved, MIT approach suggests following molecular imprinted drugs to be included in the therapeutics of ALOPECIA AND BALDNESS:

    Dihydrotestosterone 30, Testosterone 30, Trichohyalin 30, Tyrosin related protein 30, ACTH 30, Progesterone 30, Cortisol 30, Thyroidinum 30, Natrum mur 30, Mercurius 30, Arsenic Alb 30, Pumbum Met 30, Cadmium 30, Ferrum met 30,  Acid Phos 30, Iodum 30, Sepia 30, Trichophyton 30, Staphylococcin 30, Trepanoma Pallidum (Syphilinum) 30, Tenia versicolor 30, Hydrogen peroxide 30, Tobacco smoke 30,

    REFERENCES:

                1.         Sinclair, R. (2019). “Alopecia: Classification and pathophysiology.” Journal of Dermatological Science, 96(1), 2-8. This article provides a detailed classification of hair loss types and their pathophysiological mechanisms.

                2.         Paus, R., & Cotsarelis, G. (1999). “The biology of hair follicles.” The New England Journal of Medicine, 341(7), 491-497. Offers an in-depth look at hair follicle biology and its implications for understanding hair growth and alopecia.

                3.         Hamilton, J.B. (1951). “Patterned loss of hair in man; types and incidence.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 53(3), 708-728. Classic study on the genetics and patterns of male pattern baldness.

                4.         Sawaya, M.E., & Price, V.H. (1997). “Different levels of 5α-reductase type I and II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenetic alopecia.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 109(3), 296-300. Discusses the role of hormones and enzymes in androgenetic alopecia.

                5.         Trüeb, R.M. (2003). “Association between smoking and hair loss: another opportunity for health education against smoking?” Dermatology, 206(3), 189-191. Explores the link between smoking and increased risk of hair loss.

                6.         Aoi, N., Inoue, K., Chikanishi, T., et al. (2012). “1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the hair-inductive capacity of dermal papilla cells: Therapeutic potential for hair regeneration.” Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 1(8), 615-626. Investigates the role of vitamin D in hair follicle function and potential therapies.

                7.         Hunt, N., & McHale, S. (2005). “The psychological impact of alopecia.” British Medical Journal, 331(7522), 951-953. A comprehensive review of the psychosocial aspects of living with hair loss.

                8.         Mysore, V., Shashikumar, B.M. (2016). “Guidelines on the use of finasteride in androgenetic alopecia.” Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 82(2), 128-134. Guidelines for the use of finasteride in the treatment of hair loss.

                9.         Avci, P., Gupta, G.K., Clark, J., Wikonkal, N., Hamblin, M.R. (2014). “Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) for treatment of hair loss.” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 46(2), 144-151. Reviews the evidence for low-level laser therapy as a treatment for alopecia.

                10.      Fukuoka, H., Suga, H. (2015). “Hair regeneration treatment using adipose-derived stem cell conditioned medium: Follow-up with trichograms.” Eplasty, 15, e10. An examination of novel treatments for hair loss using stem cell-derived factors.

                11.       Sinclair, R.D., Jolley, D., Mallari, R., Magee, J. (2004). “The reliability of horizontally sectioned scalp biopsies in the diagnosis of chronic diffuse alopecia

                12. Chandran Nambiar KC, www.redefininghomeopathy.com, Fedarin Mialbs,Kannur, Kerala

                13. JH Clarke, A Dictionary of homeopathic materia medica

  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REPORT ON SAFETY ASPECTS OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (MCCP)

    Responding to my proposition that MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE could be a superior substitute to LACTOSE and CANE SUGAR as dispensing vehicles for potentized homeopathic drugs, many friends asked me to provide more details regarding the safety studies of MCCP. Hence I am posting here World Health Organization Report on Microcrystalline Cellulose, prepared by the forty-ninth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), World Health Organization, Geneva 1998. First draft prepared  by Dr J.B. Greig, Department of Health, Skipton House, 80 London Road, London, SE1 6LW, UK

    This report contains a detailed overview, evaluation and comments upon hundreds of studies done regarding Biochemical aspects (Absorption, distribution and excretion), Acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals, Short-term toxicity studies, Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity studies, Reproductive toxicity studies, Special studies on embryotoxicity and teratogenicity, Special studies on genotoxicity, Special studies on sensitization, Special studies on skin and eye irritation, Special studies on effects of cellulose fibre on tumour growth,  Toxicity consequent to substance abuse,  Changes in gastrointestinal function and nutrient balance etc with complete references.

    “The Committee concluded that the toxicological data from humans  and animals provided no evidence that the ingestion of  microcrystalline cellulose can cause toxic effects in humans when used  in foods according to good manufacturing practice”.

    The committee concludes the report with the following statement:

    “Persorption of microcrystalline cellulose was reported in various species, which included rats, in early studies. A recent study in which a special fine particle size preparation of microcrystalline  cellulose (median diameter of particles 6 µm) was administered orally to rats (5 g/kg bw per day) for 90 days has failed to confirm the earlier observations. In this study precautions were taken to ensure that, at autopsy, there was no cross-contamination of the tissues with fine particulate matter.

    In various parenteral studies of the acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals there have been signs consistent with a tissue response to foreign particles. Similarly, microcrystalline cellulose has been associated with the formation of granulomas in human lung when it has been injected intravenously during drug abuse. No such lesions have been described as a consequence of oral ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose by rats or humans.

    In 90-day toxicity tests during which microcrystalline cellulose was administered to rats in the diet at concentrations of 2.5 to 50%, increased consumption of food to compensate for the content of this material was observed. Although this may have some effects on mineral absorption there was, in general, no compound-related systemic toxicity. The NOEL exceeded 50 g/kg diet, at which dose level the mean intakes of microcrystalline cellulose by male and female rats were 3.8 and 4.4 g/kg bw per day, respectively.

    A two-year feeding study of microcrystalline cellulose in rats was brought to the attention of the Committee. Despite a lack of evidence of toxic effects, the Committee considered that the execution and reporting of the study were not adequate to identify a NOEL.

    In vitro and  in vivo genotoxicity studies were negative.

    In a three-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats that had been reviewed by an earlier Committee, there were some effects of using 30% microcrystalline cellulose in the diet; these had been considered to be a consequence of the quantity of material reducing the energy density of the diet. However, in recent embryotoxicity and teratogenicity studies in rats there was no evidence of compound-related effects at dietary levels up to 50 g of microcrystalline cellulose per kg diet (equal to 4.6 g/kg bw per day), given on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy.

    In some human studies there have been reports of alterations to gastrointestinal function following ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose. The changes do not appear to be related to systemic toxicity”

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a purified, partially depolymerzed cellulose prepared by treating alpha-cellulose, obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material, with mineral acids. The degree of polymerization is typically less than 400. Not more than 10% of the material has a particle size of less than 5 nanometer. Insoluble in water, ethanol, ether and dilute mineral acids. Slightly soluble in sodium hydroxide solution.

    Microcrystalline cellulose (C6H10O5)n is refined wood pulp. It is a white, free-flowing powder. Chemically, it is an inert substance, is not degraded during digestion and has no appreciable absorption. In large quantities it provides dietary bulk and may lead to a laxative effect.

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a commonly used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry. It has excellent compressibility properties and is used in solid dose forms, such as tablets. Tablets can be formed that are hard, but dissolve quickly. Microcrystalline cellulose is the same as cellulose, except that it meets USP standards.

    It is also found in many processed food products, and may be used as an anti-caking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, or suspending agent among other uses. According to the Select Committee on GRAS Substances, microcrystalline cellulose is generally regarded as safe when used in normal quantities.

    The most common form is used in vitamin supplements or tablets. It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethylcellulose.

    A naturally occurring polymer, it is composed of glucose units connected by a 1-4 beta glycosidic bond. These linear cellulose chains are bundled together as microfibril spiralled together in the walls of plant cell. Each microfibril exhibits a high degree of three-dimensional internal bonding resulting in a crystalline structure that is insoluble in water and resistant to reagents. There are, however, relatively weak segments of the microfibril with weaker internal bonding. These are called amorphous regions; some argue that they are more accurately called dislocations, because of the single-phase structure of microfibrils. The crystalline region is isolated to produce microcrystalline cellulose.

    Approved within the European Union as a thickener, stabilizer or emulsifiers microcrystalline cellulose was granted the E number E460(i) with basic cellulose given the number E460.

    Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is pure partially depolymerized cellulose synthesized from α-cellulose precursor. The MCC can be synthesized by different processes such as reactive extrusion, enzyme mediated, steam explosion and acid hydrolysis. The later process can be done using mineral acids such as H2SO4, HCl and HBr as well as ionic liquids. The role of these reagents is to destroy the amorphous regions remaining the crystalline domains. The degree of polymerization is typically less than 400. The MCC particles with size lower than 5 µm must not be more than 10%. The MCC is a valuable additive in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries. Different properties of MCC are measured to qualify its suitability to such utilization, namely particle size, density, compressibility index, angle of repose, powder porosity, hydration swelling capacity, moisture sorption capacity, moisture content, crystallinity index, crystallite size and mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are also important to predict the thermal behavior of the MCC upon heat stresses.

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a widely used excipient, an inert substance used in many pill and tablet formulations. As an insoluble fiber, microcrystalline cellulose is not absorbed into the blood stream, so it cannot cause toxicity when taken orally. In fact, it is so inert it is often used as a placebo in controlled drug studies. However, some side effects have been noted in animal studies, although usually at much higher dosages than would be normal for a human subject.

    World Health Organization Report on Microcrystalline Cellulose

    INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION- SAFETY EVALUATION OF CERTAIN FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS – WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 40-  Prepared by: The forty-ninth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).  World Health Organization, Geneva 1998 –  First draft prepared     by Dr J.B. Greig Department of Health, Skipton House, 80 London Road, London, SE1 6LW, UK

    EXPLANATION

    Microcrystalline cellulose was evaluated at the fifteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth meetings of the Committee (see Annex 1, references 26, 32 and 38). At the nineteenth meeting an ADI “not specified” was allocated. In the light of concern about possible persorption and consequential adverse effects of fine particles, the substance was re-evaluated at the present meeting.

    BIOLOGICAL DATA

    Biochemical aspects-  Absorption, distribution and excretion

    Rats

    Four rats were fed 14C-labelled microcrystalline cellulose at 10 or 20% of their diet. No evidence of degradation or digestion was noted. Faecal recoveries of radioactivity ranged from 96-104% and were complete for all labelled material. No radioactivity appeared in the urine (Baker, 1966).

    A study was specifically designed to investigate the possibility that persorption of microcrystalline cellulose might induce toxicological effects. Groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley CD rats (20 per group) from Charles River Laboratories were administered, by gavage, suspensions of a special fine particle-size microcrystalline cellulose (median particle size 6 µm). The rats were dosed orally daily for 90 consecutive days at a level of 5000 mg/kg bw per day by means of a 25% suspension in tap water. The animals were killed on study days 91-94 and necropsies were carried out under conditions that reduced the possibility of contamination of tissues with fine particulates. The birefringent microcrystalline cellulose particles were not detected in any organ or tissue, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, liver, lung, spleen and brain. The size limit for detection of the particles was considered to be < 1 µm (Kotkoskie  et al., 1996; FMC Corporation N.V., 1996

    Humans

    One human subject received 150 g of microcrystalline cellulose daily in two portions for a 15-day adaptation period. He then received 14C-labelled microcrystalline cellulose (47.6 µCi) in two portions on one day. Supplementation of the diet with unlabelled microcrystalline cellulose continued for 10 days. Twenty-four-hour faecal and urine collections were examined for radioactivity. No radioactivity appeared in the urine or in the expired CO2. All administered radioactivity (98.9 ± 3.0%) was recovered from the faeces within two days (Baker, 1968).

    Metabolism of a preparation of 14C-labelled cellulose by four volunteers has been shown to be increased by the consumption, for a period of 3 months, of an additional 7 g/per day of dietary fibre. In six subjects with an ileostomy, the cumulative excretion of 14CO2 was lower than in controls. In two constipated subjects metabolism appeared to be more extensive and occurred over a longer period (Walters  et al., 1989).

    Examination of the stools of one male and one female patient given 30 g microcrystalline cellulose as dry flour or gel for 5´ weeks showed the presence of undegraded material of the same birefringence as the original microcrystalline cellulose administered. No significant effects on the human gastrointestinal tract were noted during the administration (Tusing  et al., 1964).

    Most (87%) of the radiolabel associated with 131I-labelled alpha-cellulose fibres (retained by a sieve with pores of 1 mm diam) was excreted by 4 male and 4 female volunteers within 5 days of ingestion. Less than 2% of the faecal radiolabel was unbound; urinary excretion of unbound radio-iodine accounted for another 1.9% of the total dose (Carryer  et al., 1982).

    Other studies have been carried out to demonstrate the relationship between persorbability and size and consistency of granules. Using quartz sand, the upper limit for persorbability was shown to be 150 µm. Starch granules must be structurally largely intact to possess the property of persorbability. Persorbed starch granules may be eliminated in the urine, pulmonary alveoli, peritoneal cavity, cerebrospinal fluid, via lactating milk and transplacentally (Volkheimer  et al., 1968).

    In another study, dyed plant foods (oatmeal, creamed corn) were fed to human subjects, and blood and urine were examined for coloured fibres. Dyed fibres were shown to be present (Schreiber, 1974).

    Lycopodium spores and pollen grains have also been shown to be persorbed by humans (Linskens & Jorde, 1974).

    Mean intake of dietary microcrystalline cellulose in the USA has been estimated to range from 2.7 g/person per day (children 2 years of age) to 5.1 g/person per day (young adult males). For heavy consumer intake of microcrystalline cellulose (90th percentile) the values are 5.4 to 10.2 g/person per day for the same age groups (CanTox Inc., 1993).

    The mean intake of dietary microcrystalline cellulose in the United Kingdom has been estimated as 0.65 g/person per day. The highest mean intake, 0.90 g/person per day, was for children aged 10-11 (the youngest group for which data were available). For heavy consumer intake of microcrystalline cellulose (90th percentile) the values ranged from 1.13 g/person per day for adults age 16-24 to 1.83 g/person per day for males age 10-11 (Egan & Heimbach, 1994).

    Persorption in animal species:

    Rats, pigs and dogs were used to study the persorption of microcrystalline cellulose. The animals were not fed for 12 hours prior to oral administration of the test compound. Rats, dogs and pigs were given 0.5, 140 and 200 g, respectively, of the test compound. Venous blood was taken from the animals 1-2 hours after administration of the test compound, and examined for particles. Persorbed particles were demonstrated in the blood of all three species. The average maximum diameter for persorbed particles was greater in rats than in dogs or pigs (Pahlke & Friedrich, 1974)

    Acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals

    No deaths in 10 rats of each sex administered 5000 mg/kg of Avicel RCN-15.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex administered 5000 mg/kg of Avicel AC-815.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex treated with 2000 mg/kg of Avicel RCN-15.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex treated with 2000 mg/kg of Avicel AC-815.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex exposed to 5.35 mg/litre of Avicel AC-815.

    In the studies summarized in Table 1, there was no evidence of toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose preparations administered either orally or dermally to rats at doses of 5000 or 2000 mg/kg bw, respectively. The observations seen at necropsy in animals treated  intraperitoneally with Cellan 300 at 3160 mg/kg bw are consistent with an irritant reaction caused by the presence of foreign material. An inhalation toxicity study showed only transient effects at a concentration of 5.35 mg/litre.

    Groups of five male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single oral dose, by stomach tube, of 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000 or 3160 mg/kg bw of a suspension of Cellan 300 (refined alpha-cellulose) in either  distilled water or Mazola corn oil. The animals were observed for 7 days following administration. No differences were observed among the groups as regards the average body weight, appearance and behavior  compared to untreated rats. No observable gross pathology was revealed  at autopsy in animals dosed with either suspension. Therefore, the  acute oral LD50 was >3160 mg/kg (Pallotta, 1959).

    Similar single doses of refined alpha-cellulose were given i.p. in distilled water suspension to five male rats. During 7 days observation there were no abnormalities in the rats given 316 mg/kg bw or less. At 1000 and 3160 mg/kg bw inactivity, laboured respiration and ataxia were observed 10 min after administration and, at 3160 mg/kg bw, ptosis and sprawling of the limbs were observed. These  animals appeared normal after 24 hours and for the remainder of the  observation period. At sacrifice body weights were higher than normal and gross autopsy revealed adhesions between the liver, diaphragm and peritoneal wall and congestion of the kidneys. Masses resembling   unabsorbed compound were also observed and these were found to a small extent in the mesentery of the animals administered 316 mg/kg bw.

    There were no deaths and therefore the acute i.p. LD50 was >3160 mg/kg bw (Pallotta, 1959).

    Ten male and ten female Sprague-Dawley rats fasted overnight were  fed Avicel RCN-15 (a mixture of 85% microcrystalline cellulose with 15% guar gum) at a dose level of 5000 mg/kg bw mixed with parmesan cheese. Six of ten males and five of ten females consumed the mixture within 24 hours. After a 14-day period during which all rats gained  weight normally they were killed. There were no gross lesions at necropsy. Under the specified conditions of administration the LD50 was >5000 mg/kg bw (Freeman, 1991a).

    An acute inhalation toxicity study using a preparation of Avicel AC-815 (composed of 85% microcrystalline cellulose and 15% calcium  alginate) with mass median aerodynamic diameter of 8.48-8.61 µm (range of measures) was dispersed and delivered at a mean concentration of  5.35 mg/litre in a nose-only inhalation exposure chamber to 5 male and 5 female Crl:CDBR VAF Plus rats for a period of 4 hours. The rats were observed over the 14 days after removal from the chamber. The only signs of toxicity were on removal from the chamber and consisted of  chromodacryorrhea, chromorhinorrhea and, in one male rat, decreased  locomotion; these signs had resolved by the next day. After 14 days no gross lesions were observed at necropsy (Signorin, 1996)

    Short-term toxicity studies

    Rats

    Groups of four male rats were kept on diets containing 0.25, 2.5 or 25% of various edible celluloses for 3 months. No differences were observed among the groups with regard to growth and faecal output. Histopathology of the gastrointestinal tract revealed no treatment-related abnormalities (Frey  et al., 1928).

    Three groups of five male rats received 0.5 or 10% microcrystalline cellulose in their diet for 8 weeks. Growth was comparable to controls but the 10% group showed slightly lower body  weights. Haematology, serum chemistry and vitamin B1 levels in blood and faeces showed no differences from controls (Asahi Chemical Industry Co., 1966).

    Groups of five male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats received 0, 5, 10 or 20% of acid-washed cellulose in their diet during three consecutive nutrient balance trials over a period of 17 days. Absorption of magnesium and zinc were significantly lower in the animals that were receiving the 10 and 20% cellulose diets. Histopathology of the gastrointestinal tract revealed increased mitotic activity and the presence of increased numbers of neutrophils in crypt epithelial cells, particularly of the duodenum and jejunum (Gordon  et al., 1983).

    A mixture of four types of Elceme (in the ratio of 1:1:1:1) was fed to groups of Wistar rats for 30 days at a dietary level of 50%,  and for 90 days at a dietary level of 10% (Elceme is a  microcrystalline cellulose, and the four types are identified by particle size, namely, 1-50 (powder), 1-100 (powder), 1-150 (fibrillar), 90-250 (granulate)). All test animals were observed for food intake and weight gain. For animals in the 10% group, urinalysis,  haematological tests and serum biochemical tests were carried out at weeks 6 and 13 of the test. A complete autopsy including  histopathology was carried out at the end of the study. Animals in the 50% group were subjected to a persorption test, on the last day of the  study, by addition of a cellulose staining dye (Renal, Wine-red) to  the food of the test animals at a level equivalent to 5% of the Elceme. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after administration of the diet, and a careful histological examination was made of the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, liver, kidney and heart for stained particles.

    Animals in the 10% group gained significantly less weight than  those in the control group; the marked decrease commenced in the third or fourth week of the study. Food intake was similar in test and  control groups. Urinalysis, haematological values and biochemical values were similar for test and control group 1. At autopsy some ofthe rats on the test diet had distended stomachs, which often contained considerable amounts of the test diet. The absolute liver and kidney weights and the ratio of the weight of these organs to brain weight was increased in test animals when compared with control animals. No compound-related pathology was reported. Animals in the 50% group showed considerable less weight gain than control animals in spite of a marked increase in food consumption. No persorption of dyed fibres was observed (Ferch, 1973a,b).

    Randomly bred rats of both sexes were divided into groups that  received a control diet or the control diet with 330 mg/kg microcrystalline cellulose for a period of 6 months. Six rats in each group were then killed, their organs were examined, and tissues were taken for histopathology. No effects of the treatment were observed (Yartsev  et al., 1989).

    Groups of Crl: CD(R) BR/VAF/Plus rats (20/sex per group) were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50 000 mg/kg Avicel RCN-15 in the diet for 90 days. A few test animals were noted as having  chromodacryorrhea/ chromorhinorrhea, but this was not considered to be   biologically significant. In some early weeks the rats increased diet consumption, probably to allow for the increased dietary fibre content. Body weight gain was unaffected. During the study and at necropsy there was no evidence of treatment-related changes. Clinical chemistry, haematology and organ weights were unaffected by treatment. Histopathology of 34 organs or tissues, including gastrointestinal tract and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the ileum, provided no evidence of toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose. The calculated  daily consumption of microcrystalline cellulose was 3769 mg/kg bw per day for males and 4446 mg/kg bw per day for females. The author noted that the NOEL exceeded 50 000 mg/kg diet (Freeman, 1992a).

    Groups of Sprague-Dawley CD rats (20 rats/dose per sex) from Charles River Laboratories were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50000 mg/kg Avicel CL-611 in the diet for 90 days. (Avicel CL-611 orAvicel(R) Cellulose Gel is composed of 85% microcrystalline cellulose and 15% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). There were no differences in weight gain of the males; a body weight gain decrement in females was attributed to a decreased caloric intake. No adverse  effects attributable to the treatment were observed. At necropsy organ  weights of the test groups were normal other than changes to adrenals of males receiving 50 000 mg/kg and to absolute brain and kidney weights in females receiving 25 000 mg/kg, but these were not  attributed to the treatment. Histopathology of 36 organs or tissues  from the control and high-dose groups, including gastrointestinal tract and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the ileum, provided no evidence of toxicity of the microcrystalline cellulose. The mean  nominal consumptions, averaged over weekly periods, of Avicel CL-611  by males and females of the top-dose groups ranged from 2768 to 5577 and 3673 to 6045 mg/kg bw per day, respectively (Freeman, 1994a).

    Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) was used as a positive control  in a short-term toxicity study (approximately 13 weeks) of Cellulon, a  cellulose fibre. Sprague-Dawley Crl:CB (SD) BR rats, 20 rats/sex per group, received a diet containing 0, 5 or 10% of the appropriate fibre ad libitum. Animals were checked daily, and body weights and food consumption were monitored weekly. Haematology (10 parameters) and clinical chemistry (14 parameters) were performed on blood samples taken from 10 rats/sex per group. All animals were necropsied, and gross observations and the weights of liver, testes with epididymes, adrenals and kidneys were recorded. Histological examination was  carried out on tissue sections from control and high-dose groups.

    Food consumption was increased in the groups fed cellulose fibre, although there were no differences in body weight between the fibre-fed and control groups. This effect was attributed to the altered nutritional value of the diet. From the haematology and  clinical chemistry there was only one significant difference of   microcrystalline cellulose group from the control value; this was in  the group of female rats fed 5% microcrystalline cellulose in which there was an elevation of the haematocrit. There was no evidence of a  dose response.

    Study of the necropsy results and the histological observations  indicate that there was no evidence of any treatment-related effects of microcrystalline cellulose during the 13-week feeding study in rats  at either 5 or 10% in the diet (Schmitt  et al., 1991).

    Groups of Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats (20 rats/dose per sex) from Charles River Laboratories were administered, by gavage, suspensions  of a special, fine particle size, microcrystalline cellulose (median particle size 6 µm). The dose levels were 0 (control), 500, 2500 or  5000 mg/kg per day as a 25% suspension in tap water. Dosing was   performed daily for 90 consecutive days. No treatment-related deaths occurred during the study and the only treatment-related clinical sign (pale faeces) was not attributed to toxicity. There were no toxicologically significant effects in treated animals with respect to body weight, absolute and relative organ weights (5 organs weighed), food consumption, clinical chemistry measurements, haematology measurements or opthalmoscopic examinations. In animals that has received 5000 mg/kg per day there were no treatment-related lesions detected histopathologically (in 36 tissues including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, liver, lung, spleen and brain) nor was there any macroscopic or microscopic finding of microemboli or granulomatous  inflammatory lesions (Kotkoskie  et al., 1996).

    Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity studies

    Rats

    Three groups of 50 male and 50 female rats received in their die  for 72 weeks either 30% ordinary cellulose or dry microcrystalline cellulose or micro-crystalline cellulose gel. Appearance and behavior was comparable in all groups. No adverse effects were noted. The body weights of males given microcrystalline cellulose gel were higher than  those of the controls. Food efficiency, survival and haematology were comparable in all groups. The liver and kidney weights of males receiving microcrystalline cellulose gel were higher than the controls. Gross and histopathology showed some dystrophic calcification of renal tubules in females on microcrystalline  cellulose but all other organs appeared unremarkable. Tumour incidence  did not differ between the groups (Hazleton Labs, 1963).

    The Committtee was aware of a study in which a microcrystalline  cellulose preparation, of which 90% of the particles had a diameter   < 20 µm, was fed to male and female rats at 0 (control), 30, 100 or 200 g/kg diet. The high mortality during the course of the study, the evidence of confounding infection, the limited number of animals for which there was histopathological examination, and the absence of details of the first year of feeding do not provide adequate reassurance as to the ability of this study to detect other than gross effects (Lewerenz  et al., 1981).

    Reproductive toxicity studies

    Rats 

    Groups of eight male and 16 female rats were used to produce P,  F1a, F1b, F2 and F3 generations after having been fed on diets containing 30% microcrystalline cellulose flour or gel or ordinary cellulose as a control. The presence in the diet of such an amount of  non-nutritious material, which contributed no calories, had an adverse effect on reproduction. Fertility and numbers of live pups were  relatively depressed, and lactation performances in all three  generations, as well as survival and the physical condition of the pups, were unsatisfactory throughout the study. The new-born pup appeared smaller, weak and showed evidence of disturbed motor  coordination. Liver weights were increased in the group receiving microcrystalline cellulose gel in all generations but other organ  weights showed no consistent patterns. At autopsy female rats of all generations showed kidney changes comprising pitting, occasional  enlargement and zonation of the cortex. Other organs showed  no consistent changes. No teratological deformities were seen (Hazleton Labs, 1964).

    Special studies on embryotoxicity and teratogenicity

    Rats  

    Seventy-two rats (Sprague-Dawley CD) divided into eight groups were fed a mixture of four types of Elceme in the ratio of 1:1:1:1 in the diet at a level of 0, 2.5, 5 or 10% for 10 days, between days 6 and 15 of pregnancy. Rats of four test groups were killed on day 21 of pregnancy and the following parameters studied: number of fetuses and resorption sites, litter size and average weight of rats, average weight of fetuses and average backbone length. Fetuses were also examined for soft tissue or skeletal defects. The remaining groups were allowed to bear young, which were maintained to weaning (21 days). The following parameters were studied: litter size, weight of  pups at days 7 and 21, and there was a histological study of the offspring. Although there is some suggestion that administration of dietary Elceme resulted in a dose-dependent increase in resorption  sites, as well as a change in sex ratio, and possible defects such as  opaque crystalline lenses, the data has not been presented in a manner  that permits a meaningful interpretation. However, the author concluded that Elceme is non-teratogenic (Ferch, 1973a,b).

    Groups of 25 presumed pregnant Crl:CD(R) BR VAF/Plus rats were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50 000 mg Avicel RCN-15/kg diet (equal to 2.1 and 4.5 g/kg bw per day, respectively)  ad libitum on   days 6 to 15 of gestation. Animals received basal diet at all other  times. In the group receiving 50 000 mg/kg the food consumption on  days 6 to 15 was significantly higher than that of controls, probably because of the increased fibre content. On day 20 of gestation thedams were killed by carbon dioxide inhalation and the following parameters studied: number and distribution of implantation sites,  early and late resorptions, live and dead fetuses and corpora lutea.  External, visceral and skeletal examinations of the fetuses were also  performed. There was no evidence of any adverse effects of the test  material on either the dams or the fetuses. Due to a protocol error fetal sex was not recorded (Freeman, 1992b).

    Groups of 25 presumed pregnant Charles River Sprague-Dawley CD  rats were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50 000 mg Avicel  CL-611/kg (equal to 2.2 and 4.6 g/kg bw per day, respectively) diet   ad libitum on days 6 to 15 of gestation. Animals received basal diet at all other times. In the test groups the food consumption on days     to 15 was significantly higher than for controls, probably because of   the increased fibre content. The parameters studied and examinations performed were the same as in the study of Freeman (1992b). There was  no evidence of any effects of the Avicel treatment on the fetuses, and there was no evidence of a change of sex ratio in the pups or of eye defects. Under the conditions of the study, the maternal and fetal  NOEL was > 50 000 mg/kg diet (equal to 4.6 g/kg bw per day) (Freeman,   1994b).

    Special studies on genotoxicity

    Various microcrystalline cellulose preparations have been tested for genotoxicity in several different assay systems. The results of which were negative, are summarized in Table 2.

    In the reverse mutation assays the microcrystalline cellulose formulations produced a heavy precipitate on the plate at the highest concentration. Solubility also affected the forward mutation assays and it was not possible to include concentrations of the test material that were cytotoxic. In the  in vivo mammalian micronucleus assays it is improbable that there was appreciable persorption of the test materials, and, therefore, there was little exposure of the bone marrow cells. In the test in which Avicel RCN-15 was used it was administered admixed with the diet of male and female ICR mice. Only mice that had consumed all the diet within 10 hours were retained in the study and were killed after 24, 48 or 72 hours. Because one group of control mice had 0 micronuclei per 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes, the comparison with the test group was statistically significant. This was not considered to be a valid observation. There is no evidence that microcrystalline cellulose is genotoxic.

    Special studies on sensitization

      Avicel RCN-15 was determined to be non-sensitizing when topically  applied to ten male and ten female Hartley guinea-pigs (Freeman,  1991e).

    Avicel AC-815 was determined to be non-sensitizing when topicall    applied to ten male Hartley guinea-pigs (Freeman, 1996c).

    Special studies on skin and eye irritation

    Avicel RCN-15 was judged to be minimally irritating after  instillation into the eyes of four male and two female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1991c).

    Avicel AC-815 was judged to be minimally irritating after   instillation into the eyes of four male and two female New Zealand  White rabbits (Freeman, 1996a).

    Avicel RCN-15 was judged to be non-irritating after a 4-hour occlusive contact with the skin of three male and three female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1991d).

    Avicel AC-815 was judged to be non-irritating after a 4-hour occlusive contact with the skin of three male and three female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1996b).

    Special studies on effects of cellulose fibre on tumour growth 

    The effect of artifical diets containing varied concentrations of either wheat bran or pure cellulose fibre on the induction of mammary  tumours by  N-nitrosomethylurea (i.v., 40 mg/kg) was studied in female F344 rats. The wheat bran diet appeared to possess anti-promotion properties that pure cellulose lacked. The concentrations of serum estrogens, urinary estrogens and faecal estrogens did not vary in a consistent, statistically significant manner (Cohen  et al., 1996).

    The effect of a high-fibre diet containing 45 000 mg/kg Avicel PH- 105 on the development of colon tumours was investigated in male Wistar rats that were injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (25 mg/kg, s.c., once weekly for 16 weeks). The test and control diets were administered for 2 weeks prior to the first injection of the carcinogen. There was a reduction in the number of animals bearing colon tumours and a statistically significant reduction in the number of colon tumours/rat in the high-fibre dietary group. However, for small bowel tumours and tumours of the ear canal there was no significant difference between the dietary groups Freeman et al., 1978).

    A later study by the same authors demonstrated that there was no significant effect of increasing the level of cellulose in the diet to 9000 mg/kg (Freeman  et al., 1980).

    Observations in humans

    Toxicity consequent to substance abuse 

    Intravenous abuse of drugs available in tablet form has led to the detection of excipients, e.g., talc, magnesium stearate or microcrystalline cellulose, in the tissues of a series of 33 fatality cases of intravenous drug addicts. Microcrystalline cellulose (21  cases) and talc (31 cases) were detected most frequently and, in some cases, were associated with granulomatous lesions (Kringsholm & Christoffersen, 1987).

    Changes in gastrointestinal function and nutrient balance

    A number of clinical studies using refined cellulose as roughage  in the human diet for the treatment of constipation showed no  deleterious effects. Groups of 18 children received regular amounts of   edible cellulose instead of normal cereal for three months. The only  effect noted was an increase in bowel movements but no diarrhoea or other gastrointestinal disturbances were seen (Frey  et al., 1928).

    Eight male and eight female volunteers supplemented their normal diet with 30 g microcrystalline cellulose per day as either dry powder or gel (15% aqueous) for 6 weeks followed by 2 weeks without supplementation. No adverse findings were reported regarding acceptance or body weight but most subjects complained of fullness and mild constipation. Haematology was normal in all subjects. Biochemical blood values showed no differences between treatment and control periods, nor was there evidence of liver or kidney function disturbance. Urinalysis produced normal findings. The faecal flora remained unchanged. The cellulose content of faeces increase five to eight times during the test period. Microscopy revealed the presence of microcrystalline cellulose (Hazleton Labs, 1962).

    In another study, eight healthy males received 30 g microcrystalline cellulose daily as supplement to their diet for 15 days. D-xylose absorption varied between pretest, test and post-test periods, being lower during microcrystalline cellulose ingestion. The absorption of 131I-triolein was unaffected by microcrystalline  cellulose ingestion. No change was noted in the faecal flora nor was there any significant effect on blood chemistry during ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose. Examination of urine, blood and faecal levels of vitamin B1 during microcrystalline cellulose ingestion showed no difference from control periods (Asahi Chemical Industry Co., 1966).

    Twelve men consumed diets containing fibres from various sources for periods of 4 weeks. There was no significant difference between alues of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels measured after consumption of the basal diet, compared with the values measured after consumption of a diet containing cellulose fibres (90% cellulose, 10% hemicellulose; James River Corp., Berlin, New Hampshire, USA). There were no significant differences in plasma VLDL and HDL cholesterol or in the ratio of HDL/VLDL+LDL cholesterol. However, the increase in plasma LDL cholesterol after the cellulose diet was significant (Behall  et al., 1984).

    A similar study in a group of four men and six women could detect no effect of a diet containing added alpha-cellulose (15 g daily) on serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol. The cellulose was well tolerated (Hillman et al., 1985).

    A double-blind cross-over trial of the effects of guar gum andmicrocrystalline cellulose on metabolic control and serum lipids in 22 Type 2 diabetic patients has been carried out. The fibre preparations were given at 15 g/day for a 2-week period and then at 5 g/day for the remaining 10-week period of each treatment phase. There was no effect of the microcrystalline cellulose diet on fasting blood glucose level, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum HDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum zinc or ferritin, or urinary magnesium excretion (Niemi   et al., 1988).

    The effect of various dietary fibres, including microcrystalline cellulose (40 g), on the uptake of vitamin A (approximately sixty times the daily requirement) from a test meal was investigated in 11 female subjects aged 19 to 22. All the dietary fibres significantly increased the absorption of the vitamin A over a period of 9 hours (Kasper  et al., 1979).

    A study of apparent mineral balance in a group of eleven men revealed that there was no significant effect of cellulose, added to the diet at 7.5 g per 1000 kcal for 4 weeks, on the mineral balance of calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper or zinc. However, in this report the source of the cellulose fibre was not specified (Behall et al., 1987).

    The addition of nutritional grade cellulose (21 g) to the daily diet of healthy adolescent girls resulted in reduction of the serum calcium, phosphorus and iron concentrations. The authors suggested that high-fibre diets may not be advisable (Godara  et al., 1981).

    A study of only three men on a low-fibre diet claimed changes in mineral balance consequent on the consumption of additional cellulose fibre, 10 g of Whatman No. 3 filter paper daily, in the diet (Ismail-Beigi  et al., 1977).

    Microcrystalline cellulose (5 g) did not appear to inhibit the uptake of iron in women who were neither pregnant nor lactating (Gillooly  et al., 1984).

    A group of twenty women, aged 27-48, who were given 20 g packs of alpha-cellulose to be consumed daily for three months, were included in a study of the effect of indole-3-carbinol on estrogen metabolite ratios. Because the control group and the group fed indole-3-carbinol received capsules, the cellulose group could not be blinded; in addition, an unspecified number of subjects in this group dropped out as they found that the cellulose suspension was unpalatable. However, the authors suggest that the estrogen metabolite ratio in the high- fibre group was not different from that in the control group (Bradlow et al., 1994).

    COMMENTS

    Persorption of microcrystalline cellulose was reported in various species, which included rats, in early studies. A recent study in which a special fine particle size preparation of microcrystalline  cellulose (median diameter of particles 6 µm) was administered orally to rats (5 g/kg bw per day) for 90 days has failed to confirm the earlier observations. In this study precautions were taken to ensure that, at autopsy, there was no cross-contamination of the tissues with fine particulate matter.

    In various parenteral studies of the acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals there have been signs consistent with a tissue response to foreign particles. Similarly, microcrystalline cellulose has been associated with the formation of granulomas in human lung when it has been injected intravenously during drug abuse. No such lesions have been described as a consequence of oral ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose by rats or humans.

    In 90-day toxicity tests during which microcrystalline cellulose was administered to rats in the diet at concentrations of 2.5 to 50%, increased consumption of food to compensate for the content of this material was observed. Although this may have some effects on mineral absorption there was, in general, no compound-related systemic toxicity. The NOEL exceeded 50 g/kg diet, at which dose level the mean intakes of microcrystalline cellulose by male and female rats were 3.8 and 4.4 g/kg bw per day, respectively.

    A two-year feeding study of microcrystalline cellulose in rats was brought to the attention of the Committee. Despite a lack of evidence of toxic effects, the Committee considered that the execution and reporting of the study were not adequate to identify a NOEL.

    In vitro and  in vivo genotoxicity studies were negative.

    In a three-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats that had been reviewed by an earlier Committee, there were some effects of using 30% microcrystalline cellulose in the diet; these had been considered to be a consequence of the quantity of material reducing the energy density of the diet. However, in recent embryotoxicity and teratogenicity studies in rats there was no evidence of compound-related effects at dietary levels up to 50 g of microcrystalline cellulose per kg diet (equal to 4.6 g/kg bw per day), given on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy.

    In some human studies there have been reports of alterations to gastrointestinal function following ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose. The changes do not appear to be related to systemic toxicity.

    EVALUATION

    The Committee concluded that the toxicological data from humans  and animals provided no evidence that the ingestion of  microcrystalline cellulose can cause toxic effects in humans when used  in foods according to good manufacturing practice.

    It is recognized that small particles of other materials may be   persorbed and that the extent of persorption is greater with sub-micrometre particles. Despite the absence of any demonstrated persorption of microcrystalline cellulose in the recent study in rats, the Committee, as a precautionary measure, revised the specifications   for microcrystalline cellulose at the present meeting to limit the content of particles less than 5 µm in diameter. The Committee  retained the ADI “not specified” for microcrystalline cellulose  conforming to these specifications.

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    Gillooly, M., Bothwell, T.H., Charlton, R.W., Torrance, J.D., Bezwoda, W.R., MacPhail, A.P., Derman, D.P., Novelli, L., Morrall, P., & Mayet, (1984) Factors affecting the absorption of iron from cereals. Br. J. Nutr., 51: 37-46.

    Godara, R., Kaur, A.P., & Bhat, C.M. (1981) Effect of cellulose incorporation in a low fiber diet on fecal excretion and serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and iron in adolescent girls.  Am. J. Clin.Nutr.,  34: 1083-1086.

    Gordon, D.T., Besch-Williford, C., & Ellersieck, M.R. (1983) The action of cellulose on the intestinal mucosa and element absorption by the rat.  J. Nutr., 113: 2545-2556.

    Hazleton Labs (1962) Microcrystalline cellulose; oral administration – Human. Unpublished report from Hazleton Labs, Inc. (Submitted to WHO by FMC Corporation).

    Hazleton Labs (1963) Long-term nutritional balance study – Rats. Unpublished report from Hazleton Labs, Inc. (Submitted to WHO by FMC Corporation).

    Hazleton Labs (1964) Microcrystalline cellulose: reproduction study – Rats. Unpublished report from Hazleton Labs, Inc. (Submitted to WHO by FMC Corporation).

    Hillman, L.C., Peters, S.G., Fisher, C.A., & Pomare, E.W. (1985) The effects of the fiber components pectin, cellulose and lignin on serum cholesterol levels.  Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 42: 207-213.

    Ismail-Beigi, F., Reinhold, J.G., Faraji, B., & Abadi, P. (1977) Effects of cellulose added to diets of low and high fiber content upon the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus by man. Nutr., 107: 510-518.

    Jani, P., Halbert, G.W., Langridge, J., & Florence, A.T. (1990) Nanoparticle uptake by the rat gastrointestinal mucosa: quantitation and particle size dependency.  J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 42: 821-826.

    Jani, P.U., McCarthy, D.E., & Florence, A.T. (1994) Titanium dioxide rutile particle uptake from the rat GI tract and translocation to systemic organs after oral administration.  Int. J. Pharm., 105: 157-168.

    Jenkins, P.G., Howard, K.A., Blackhall, N.W., Thomas, N.W., Davis, S.S., & O’Hagan, D.T. (1994) The quantitation of the absorption of microparticles into the intestinal lymph of Wistar rats.  Int. J.Pharm., 102: 261-266.

    Kasper, H., Rabast, U., Fassl, H., & Fehle, F. (1979) The effect of dietary fiber on the postprandial serum vitamin A concentration in man.  Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 32: 1847-1849.

    Kotkoskie, L.A., Butt, M.T., Selinger, E., Freeman, C., & Weiner, M.L. (1996). Qualitative investigation of uptake of fine particle size microcrystalline cellulose following oral administration in rats. Anat., 189: 531-535.

    Kringsholm, B. & Christoffersen, P. (1987) The nature and the occurrence of birefringent material in different organs in fatal drug addiction.  Forensic Sci. Int., 34: 53-62.

    Lawlor, T.E. (1996) Mutagenicity test with Avicel AC-815 in the Salmonella-Escherichia coli/mammalian microsome reverse mutation assay with a confirmatory assay. Unpublished report by Corning Hazleton Inc., Vienna, Virginia, USA (FMC Study No. I95-2047) (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    LeFevre, M.E., Hancock, D.C., & Joel, D.D. (1980) Intestinal barrier to large particulates in mice.  J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 6: 691.

    Lewerenz, H.J., Bleyl, D.W.R., & Plass, R. (1981) Report on investigations in the second test year of continuous administration of microcrystalline cellulose into rats with their feed. Translation (and German original) of an unpublished report from the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic, Research Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Linskens, H.F. & Jorde, W. (1974) Persorption of lycopodium spores and pollen grains,  Naturwissenschaften, 61: 275-276.

    McKeon, M.E. (1992). Genotoxicity test on Avicel RCN-15 in the assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver primary cell cultures with a confirmatory assay. Unpublished report by Hazleton Washington Inc., Kensington, Maryland, USA (FMC Study No. I91-1229) (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Murli, H. (1992) Mutagenicity test on Avicel RCN-15  in vivo    mammalian micronucleus assay. Unpublished report by Hazleton     Washington Inc., Kensington, Maryland, USA  FMC Study No. I91-1228)    (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Murli, H. (1994a) Mutagenicity test on Avicel pH101 Pharmaceutical in     an  in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Unpublished report by Hazleton     Washington, Inc., Vienna, Virginia, USA (FMC Study No. I94-1837)     (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Murli, H. (1994b) Mutagenicity test on Avicel CL-611 in an  in vivo    mouse micronucleus assay. Unpublished report by Hazleton Washington,     Inc., Vienna, Virginia, USA (FMC Study No. I94-1835) (Submitted to WHO     by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Niemi, M.K., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S.M., & Salmela, P.I. (1988)     Long-term effects of guar gum and microcrystalline cellulose on     glycaemic control and serum lipids in Type 2 diabetes.  Eur. J.     Clin. Pharmacol., 34: 427-429.

    Pahlke, G. & Friedrich, R. (1974) Persorption of microcrystalline     cellulose,  Naturwissenschaften, 61: 35.

    Pallotta, A.J. (1959) Acute oral administration – Rats; and acute     intraperitoneal administration – Rats, of microcrystalline cellulose. Unpublished report from Hazleton Labs, Inc. (Submitted to WHO by FMC Corporation).

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    Steege, H., Lewerenz, H.J., Philipp, B., & George, J. (1980) Characterization of cellulose powders with special attention to the physiological aspects. International Dissolving Pulp Conference, German Democratic Republic, 5, 169-183.

    Tomashefski, J.F., Hirsch, C.S., & Jolly, P.N. (1981) Microcrystalline cellulose pulmonary embolism and granulomatosis. A complication of illicit intravenous injections of pentazocine tablets.  Arch.Pathol. Lab. Med., 105: 89-93.

    Tusing, T.W., Paynter, O.E., & Battista, O.A. (1964) Birefringence of plant fibrous cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose in human stools freezer-stored immediately after evacuation.  Agric. Food Chem., 12(3): 284-287.

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  • Sankaran’s ‘Sensations-Kingdoms’ Method- Homeopathy Crippled By Lack Of Basic Scientific Awareness

    Corner stone of ‘Sankaran Method’ is classifying drugs into ‘animal’, ‘plant’, and ‘mineral’ kingdoms. Then each kingdom is related with particular group of ‘vital sensations’. Plant remedies are used for individuals having ‘vital sensations’ belonging to the group of ‘sensitivity’, animal remedies are used for those having ‘viatal sensations’ belonging to the class of ‘survival instincts’, and mineral remedies for ‘structural consciousness’.

    First, we have to analyze the concept of ‘remedy kingdoms’. Medicinal properties of any remedy is determined by the chemical structure and properties of the individual chemical molecules they contain. Because, it is individual drug molecules that act upon biological molecules, produce inhibitions, molecular pathology and associated symptoms. During potentization, it is the individual drug molecules that undergo molecular imprinting, and as such, it is the individual molecular imprints that act as therapeutic agents. In the absence of this molecular perspective of our medicinal substances, we fall prey to all sorts of unscientific theories that misguide us gravely.

    Let us consider a particular remedy belonging to plant kingdom. The molecular composition as well as chemical and medicinal properties of the particular drug sample will be decided by various factors. It will contain kingdom-specific, family-specific, species-specific, variety specific, plant-specific and environmental-specific chemical molecules. Part of plant from which the drug substance is extracted is also a decisive factor. Nux vomica tinctures prepared from seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, bark or root of nux vomica plant will have different molecular composition and medicinal properties. Some molecules will be common to all samples from a particular plant. Certain other molecules will be common to all samples from a particular species. There will be some molecules common to family, as well as some common to plant kingdom as a whole.  Plants belonging to same family will have some common genes, which would produce some similar proteins and enzymes, that would lead to similar molecular processes and synthesis of similar molecules. There would be kingdom-specific, family specific, species specific, variety specific and individual specific and tissue specific chemicals in a plant drug.

    As per this perspective, medicinal properties of a given drug substance of ‘plant kingdom’ will be decided by the collective properties of organ specific, plant specific, variety specific, species specific, family specific and kingdom specific chemical molecules contained in them. It is obvious that it is wrong to think that medicinal properties of a drug substance could be assumed by the ‘kingdom’ to which it belongs.

    This is applicable to all drugs belonging to mineral as well as animal kingdoms.

    When animal or plant substances are disintegrated or divided into individual molecules, they become similar to mineral drugs at molecular level. There are many drugs which could not be included in any particular kingdom. Petroleum is a mineral, but it is the product of disintegration of animal and vegetable matter under ocean beds. Acetic acid is a mineral, but it is prepared from vegetable products. How can we say lactic acid, prepared from milk is plant remedy or mineral remedy? All of us consider calc carb as mineral drug, but exactly it is the ‘middle layer of oyster shells’, and as such, is an animal drug. Kreasote is combination of phenols prepared from wood, and how can we say it is ‘plant’ or ‘mineral’?

    At molecular level, the dividing line between ‘plant, animal and mineral’ kingdoms is irrelevant. It is the molecular structure and chemical properties that decide the medicinal properties. To be more specific, it is the functional groups or moieties that act as decisive factor. Classifying drugs on the basis of ‘kingdoms’ and assigning certain ‘mental level sensations’ to them is totally unscientific and illogical. It illustrates the pathetic level of scientific awareness that rules the propagators of ‘sankaran method’.

    Rajan Sankaran’s ‘sensation’ method is based on the concepts of ‘deeper level vital sensations’ and corresponding ‘remedy kingdoms’. This method has nothing in common with classical homeopathy, where symptoms belonging to mentals, physical generals and particulars, with their qualifications such as causations, sensations, locations, modalities and concomitants decide the selection of similimum.

    According to this theory, ‘structure’ is the basic sensation of ‘minerals’, ‘sensitivity’ is the basic sensation of ‘plants’ and ‘survival’ is the basic sensation of ‘animals’.

    According to this methods, case taking involves an inquiry into ‘deeper levels of consciousness’, by prompting the patient to introspect from ‘symptoms’ into ‘deeper, deeper and still deeper’ levels so that his basic ‘vital sensation’ is explored. Then this ‘vital sensation’ is used to decide the ‘kingdom’ to which the patient belong. Remedies are selected from these ‘remedy kingdoms’.

    The most dogmatic part of this theory is the relating of ‘vital sensation’ with ‘remedy kingdoms’. On what basis sankaran says ‘sensitivity’ is the ‘vital sensation’ of ‘plants’? Any logical or scientific explanation for this relationship? If we go through materia medica of various drugs, we can see many ‘animal’ and ‘minerals drugs’ having sensitivity of high order. How can anybody claiming to be a homeopath ignore the whole drug provings and materia medica to declare that ‘sensitivity’ is the ‘vital sensation’ of ‘plants’ only?

    When a homeopath says ‘sensitivity’ is the ‘vital sensation of plants, it means all plant remedies have produced such a characteristic sensation in healthy individuals during drug proving. To say ‘animal drugs’ have ‘vital sensation’ of ‘survival instinct’, a homeopath should be capable of showing examples from materia medica to justify that statement. Same with ‘vital sensations’ of mineral drugs. Our materia medica does not show that only ‘plant drugs’ produced ‘sensitivity’ in provers.  We can see many ‘animal’ and ‘mineral’ drugs with high order of ‘sensitivity’.  If not from materia medica, where from Dr Sankaran ‘invented’ that ‘vital sensation’ of ‘sensitivity’ is the basic characteristic of ‘plant kingdom’?

    See the rubric ‘sensitive’ in ‘mind’ of kent repertory:

    [Kent]Mind : SENSITIVE, oversensitive:- Acon., Aesc., Aeth., Alum., Am-c., Anac., Ang., Ant-c., Apis., Arg-n., Arn., Ars., Ars-i., Asaf., Asar., Aur., Bar-c., Bell., Bor., Bov., Bry., Calc., Calc-p., Calc-s., Camph., Cann-s., Canth., Carb-an., Carb-s., Carb-v., Cast., Caust., Cham., Chin., Chin-a., Chin-s., Cic., Cina., Clem., Cocc., Coff., Colch., Coloc., Con., Crot-h., Cupr., Daph., Dig., Dros., Ferr., Ferr-ar., Ferr-p., Fl-ac., Gels., Gran., Hep., Hyos., Ign., Iod., Kali-ar., Kali-c., Kali-i., Kali-n., Kali-p., Kali-s., Kreos., Lac-c., Lach., Laur., Lyc., Lyss., Mag-m., Med., Meph., Merc., Mez., Mosch., Nat-a., Nat-c., Nat-m., Nat-p., Nat-s., Nit-ac., Nux-v., Ph-ac., Phos., Plat., Plb., Psor., Puls., Ran-b., Sabad., Sabin., Samb., Sanic., Sars., Seneg., Sep., Sil., Spig., Stann., Staph., Sulph., Tab., Teucr., Ther., Thuj., Valer., Verat., Viol-t., Zinc.

    In this list, 46 remedies belong to ‘mineral kingdom’: alumina, ammo carb, antim crud, arg nit, ars, ars iod, aur, baryta, borax, calc, calc phos, calc sulph, carb sulph, causticum, cupr, ferr, ferr ars, ferr ph, fl acid, hep, iod, kali group, mag mur, mercury, natrum group, nit acid, phos acid, phos, platinum, plumbum, sanicula, silicea, stannum, suplh, zinc

    12 remedies are from ‘animal kingdom’: Apis, cantharis, carb an, crot h, lac can, lach, med, moschus, psorinum, sep, theri.

    Remaining 56 remedies are of ‘plant kingdom’.

    On what basis sankaran says ‘sensitivity’ is the ‘vital sensation’ of plant kingdom? How can anybody say persons who are ‘sensitive’ at the deeper’ level need ‘plant remedies only? How can this theory be called homeopathy?

    Similarly, if we examine various rubrics belonging to ‘survival’ instinct, or ‘structural’ sensations, we can see they are not limited to animal or mineral remedies only. Many ‘plant remedies’ have such symptoms.

    According to Rajan Sankaran, FEAR is the indication of VITAL SENSATION of ‘survival instincts’ which need an ANIMAL KINGDOM drug. Based on which materia medica rajan sankaran says ‘vital sensation’ of ‘fear’ indicates only ‘animal kingdom remedy’?

    Please see the MIND rubric FEAR in Kent Repertory:

    [Kent]Mind : FEAR:- Absin., Acet-ac., Acon., Aeth., Agar., Agn., Aloe., Alum., Am-c., Anac., Ang., Ant-c., Ant-t., Arg-n., Ars., Ars-i., Asaf., Aur., Bapt., Bar-c., Bar-m., Bell., Bor., Bry., Bufo., Cact., Calad., Calc., Calc-p., Calc-s., Camph., Cann-i., Cann-s., Caps., Carb-an., Carb-s., Carb-v., Cast., Caust., Cham., Chin., Chin-a., Chlor., Cic., Cimic., Coca., Coc-c., Cocc., Coff., Coloc., Con., Croc., Crot-h., Cupr., Daph., Dig., Dros., Dulc., Echi., Elaps., Eupho., Ferr., Ferr-ar., Ferr-p., Form., Gels., Gent-c., Glon., Graph., Hell., Hep., Hydr-ac., Hyos., Hyper., Ign., Iod., Ip., Kali-ar., Kali-br., Kali-c., Kali-i., Kali-n., Kali-p., Kali-s., Lach., Lil-t., Lob., Lyc., Lyss., Mag-c., Mag-m., Manc., Meli., Merc., Merc-i-r., Mez., Mosch., Mur-ac., Murx., Nat-a., Nat-c., Nat-m., Nat-p., Nat-s., Nicc., Nit-ac., Nux-v., Onos., Op., Petr., Phos., Phyt., Pip-m., Plat., Psor., Puls., Ran-b., Raph., Rheum., Rhod., Rhus-t., Rhus-v., Ruta., Sec., Sep., Sil., Spig., Spong., Squil., Stann., Staph., Stram., Stront., Stry., Sul-ac., Sulph., Tab., Tarent., Thuj., Til., Valer., Verat., Zinc.

    See. 75 drugs belong to PLANT KINGDOM! 54 are MINERAL drugs! Only 9 ANIMAL drugs! How Rajan Sankaran say only ANIMAL drugs are indicated for ‘vital sensation’ of ‘survival instincts’? By this approach, the practitioner who looks only ‘animal’ drugs is actually deprived of a large number of drugs belonging to other ‘kingdoms’, one of which may be the real similimum.

    There may be many patients ‘sensitive at deeper levels’ who may require ‘animal’ or ‘mineral’ drugs if we select drugs using homeopathic method of totality of symptoms. Limiting all ‘sensitive’ patients to ‘plant kingdom’ remedies may be detrimental in such cases.

    Rajan Sankaran says FEAR is the expression if ‘vital sensation of survival instincts’ which the ‘theme’ or quality of ‘animals’. As such, sankaran method uses only ‘animal remedies’ for people exhibiting ‘deep seated’ fear.

    Homeopathic understanding of medicinal properties of drug substances are based on symptoms produced in healthy individuals during drug provings. Those symptoms are listed in our materia medica and repertories. We similimum by comparing symptoms of patients with symptoms of drugs, which is the basis of our therapeutic principle ‘similia similibus curentur’.

    Please go to KENT REPERTORY> MIND > FEAR: Aconite, Argentum Nit, Aurum, Bell, Borax, Calc Phos, Calc, Carb sulph, Cicuta, Digitalis, Graphites, Ignatia, Kali Ars, Lyco, Lyssin, Nat Carb, Phos, Platina, Psor, Sepia and Stram are the drugs listed with THREE MARKS under FEAR.

    As per homeopathic method of similimum being selected on the basis of our materia medica, these are the prominent drugs to be considered in patients with characeristic sensation of FEAR.

    But, according to sankaran, FEAR indicates ‘vital sensation’ of ‘survival instincts’, which needs ‘animal remedies’ only. Only animal remeies found in above list are Lyssin, Psorinum and Sepia. Homeopaths practicing sankaran method will obviously ignore all other drugs in this list, since they are not ‘animal remedies’. Does this approach strengthen homeopaths, or debilitate them?

    I want to know, from where sankaran got the idea that only ‘plant remedies’ have ‘fear’ and ‘survival instincts’? Which drug proving? Which materia medica? A person cannot claim to be homeopath by ignoring all available homeopathic literature on materia medica, and producing materia medica and symptoms from his fancies.

    Some people claim, sankaran’s concepts are based on his ‘observations’. Did he conducted drug provings of all drugs and ‘observe’ their symptoms? Did he prove the symptoms given in our materia medica are not reliable? Which proving showed him sepia, lyssin and psorinum has more ‘fear’ than phos, bell, stram or arg nit?

    Would Sankaran say a homeopath cannot cure a patient having ‘survival insticts’ and ‘fear’ using phosporous or stramonium, if they turn out to be similimum on the basis of totality of symptoms. Should we avoid phos, since it is not an ‘animal drug’?

    Please see following rubrics:

    [Kent]Mind : FIGHT, wants to:- Bell., Bov., Hipp., Hyos., Merc., Sec.

    [Kent]Mind : QUARRELSOME:- Acon., Agar., Alum., Ambr., Am-c., Anac., Anan., Ant-t., Arn., Ars., Aster., Aur., Bar-c., Bell., Bor., Bov., Brom., Bry., Calc., Calc-s., Camph., Canth., Caps., Caust., Cench., Cham., Chel., Chin., Con., Cor-r., Croc., Crot-h., Cupr., Dig., Dulc., Elaps., Ferr., Ferr-ar., Fl-ac., Hipp., Hyos., Ign., Ip., Kali-ar., Kali-c., Kali-i., Lach., Lepi., Lyc., Lyss., Merc., Merl., Mez., Mosch., Nat-a., Nat-c., Nat-m., Nat-s., Nicc., Nit-ac., Nux-v., Olnd., Pall., Petr., Ph-ac., Phos., Plat., Plb., Psor., Ran-b., Rat., Rheum., Ruta., Seneg., Sep., Spong., Stann., Staph., Stram., Stront., Sul-ac., Sulph., Tarent., Thea., Thuj., Til., Verat., Verat-v., Viol-t., Zinc.

    According to sankaran, ‘quarelling’ and ‘fighting’ indicates ‘survival instincts’, which require ‘animal remedies’.

    Under the rubric “Mind : FIGHT, wants to”, not a single ‘animal remedy’ is seen, except hipp.

    Under ‘quarrelsome’, ambra, asterias,cantharis, cenchris, corralium, crotalus, elaps, hipp, lach, lyssin, psor, sep, spong, and tarent are the animal remedies.

    Would you say, all remedies other than these ‘animal remedies’ should be eliminated while selecting a similimum for this patient?

    According to sankaran, JEALOUSY is a ‘vital sensation’ of ‘ANIMAL KINGDOM’.

    See this rubric:

    [Kent]Mind : JEALOUSY:- Anan., Apis., Calc-p., Calc-s., Camph., Cench., Coff., Gall-ac., Hyos., Ign., Lach., Nux-v., Op., Ph-ac., Puls., Raph., Staph., Stram.

    LACHESIS and HYOS are 3 marks drugs for this symptom. Only APIS, CENCHRIS, and LACHESIS are ‘animal’ drugs’. Anan, Camph, Coff, Hyos, Ign, Nux, Opium, Puls, Raph, Staph and Stram are ‘plant remedies’. Calc P, Calc S, Gall ac and Phos ac are mineral drugs.

    We will have to eliminate HYOS when searching a similimum for a person with jealousy as a prominent symptom, if we follow sankaran method!

    Homeopathic materia medica or repertory does not support sankaran’s theory that persons with ‘vital sensation’ of ‘jealousy’ would require ‘animal drugs’ only.

    Sankaran says LACK OF SELF CONFIDENCE indicates a vital sensation of ‘structural consciousness’, which is a MINERAL quality. Only ‘mineral drugs’ have to be considered for patients exhibiting ‘vital sensation of LACK OF SELF CONFIDENCE.

    See this rubric in kent repertory:

    [Kent]Mind : CONFIDENCE, want of self:- Agn., Alum., Anac., Anan., Ang., Arg-n., Aur., Bar-c., Bell., Bry., Calc., Canth., Carb-an., Carb-v., Caust., Chin., Chlor., Dros., Gels., Hyos., Ign., Iod., Kali-c., Kali-n., Kali-s., Lac-c., Lach., Lyc., Merc., Mur-ac., Nat-c., Nat-m., Nit-ac., Nux-v., Olnd., Op., Pall., Phos., Plb., Puls., Ran-b., Rhus-t., Ruta., Sil., Stram., Sul-ac., Sulph., Tab., Ther., Verb., Viol-t., Zinc.

    Only ANACARDIUM is 3 marks drug for this symptom. It is a PLANT REMEDY!

    24 drugs- Agnus, Anac, Anan, Ang, Bell, Bry, Carb v, China, Dros, Gels, Hyos, Ign, Lyc, Nux V, Oleand, Opium, Puls, Ran b, Rhus t, Ruta, Stram, Tab, Verb and Viol t are PLANT REMEDIES.

    5 drugs- Canth, Carb an, Lac can, Lach and Ther are ANIMAL DRUGS.

    23 drugs- Alum, Arg Nit, Aur, Bar c, Calc, Caust, Chlor, Iod, Kali c, Kali n, Kali s, Merc, Mur ac, Nat c, Nat m, Nit ac, Pall, Phos, Plumb, Sil, Sul ac, Sul and Zinc are MINERAL DRUGS.

    Materia medica or repertories no way justify sankaran’s theory that LACK OF SELF CONFIDENCE would require only MINERAL REMEDIES. How can a person claiming to be homeopath make a theory and method of practice totally ignoring our whole materia medica and drug proving?

    Sankaran’s reputation, experience or vast followings should not prevent us from asking genuine questions. We need answers for these questions, since sankaran claims to be a homeopath.

    Sankaran’s method will result in gravely disabled in incapacitated homeopathic practice, preventing homeopaths from utilizing the unlimited potentials of our materia medica.

    Obviously, the basic dogma of ‘sensations-kingdom’ relationship on which ‘sankaran method’ is built up, lacks the support of logic or materia medica.

    Anybody can make any theories. But it is wrong to say it is homeopathy.

    Rajan Sankaran gives a case of ‘tumor in eye ball’ cured by ‘argentum nit’ as an example of successful employment of his ‘sensation method’:

    “I had a case of a man with a tumor in his eyeball, and he described it thus; that this tumour caused a certain “imbalance” in his eyes. Then he described this imbalance as a sense of inco-ordination, and further, how co-ordination was the most important thing in his life; how everything needed to be co-ordinated. Going further along this line, he said it’s the kind of co-ordination that a pilot needs when piloting his plane, or a rocket scientist needs when he makes a rocket. It’s the kind of co-ordination that an actor needs when he is performing live on stage, and several such examples.”

    “At some point, he described a situation where his mother-in-law did something behind his back, and when I asked him what he had felt about it, he replied that he felt very disappointed, and betrayed. Now, these emotions of disappointment and betrayal are present in his case, and one might be tempted to use rubrics like “ailments from disappointment, or betrayal”. But if you ask further, “Describe the disappointment”, then you bring out the true individuality of the person in the circumstance. When somebody does something behind your back, which is not expected, the feeling of disappointment is common, not individual. Hahnemann always emphasized the individualizing phenomena, the characteristic symptoms.”

    “Here, when we look at disappointment, it’s not individual enough, not characteristic enough. Go further. When I asked him, “Describe the disappointment”, he said, “It’s as if somebody had punched me in my stomach.” This now gets more characteristic. Take it one step further. I asked him, “Describe the experience of being punched” and he said, “I feel completely suffocated.” “Describe suffocation.” And it opens out and you find that there is the suffocation sensation in many areas in his life, like when swimming, or in claustrophobic situations, etc. That suffocation sensation, along with the sense of importance of co-ordination and control, like a stage artist, or a plane pilot, gives us the remedy Argentum nitricum, which has the control, co-ordination as well as the suffocation. That remedy cured the tumour in his eye.”

    “So the “ailments from disappointment” or “delusion that somebody had punched his stomach”, is a more superficial expression. The deeper expression is the tremendous sense of suffocation that he felt, not only in the situation with his mother-in-law, but in every area of his life. A sensation that is so individual, and so completely unconnected with the external reality that it becomes the most individualizing symptom of the person, both physical and mental. It is at the Sensation level.”

    MY COMMENTS ON THIS CASE:

    When we analyze, this case, we would realize that sankaran did not utilize his ‘kingdom approach’ in this case. He does not say ‘argentum nitricum’ was selected as a ‘mineral drug’, as he normally does. Instead, he says “suffocation sensation, along with the sense of importance of co-ordination and control, like a stage artist, or a plane pilot, gives us the remedy Argentum nitricum, which has the control, co-ordination as well as the suffocation. That remedy cured the tumour in his eye.

    Rajan Sankaran, being a very experienced physician having mastered the materia medica and successfully treated thousands of cases in his practice, could rightly select ‘arg nit’ as the correct similimum from symptoms such as ‘general sensation of suffocation’, ‘sensation of incordination’, and of course, from other numerous symptoms and observations he would have collected during case taking but opted to give in his case report.

    Can any less experienced follower of sanakaran, with lesser materia medica knowledge, ever select ‘arg nit’ as the similimum of this patient, on the basis of ‘suffocation’ and ‘incoordination’ only, and a knowledge that patient needs a ‘mineral drug’ as per sankaran’s theory? Please note, Sankaran does not mention ‘kingdom’ while explaining this case.

    Any homeopath who knows how to take case, repertorize and decide a similimum using materia medica, could have very easily selected ‘arg nit’ in this case by classical method in a very simple way.

    Since the patient is coming with ‘tumor in eye’, an ordinary homeopath would start case taking by collecting symptoms with ‘eye’ and ‘vision’, trying to collect all modalities, sensations and concomitants associated with ‘eye’ and ‘vision’.

    The ‘incoordination’ in eyes sankaran talks about will have to be probed in detail, to know whether it is problems of accommodation(accommodation defective), dimness of vision, diplopia, moving vision, alternate vanishing of vision or anything like that. Remember, all these problems of vision could be seen in materia medica of ‘arg nit’ in high order. Observe whether there is any chemosis, echymosis, lachrymation, pain, swelling, or any other peculiar sensations in eyes, with their modalities. Sensation of fullness in eyes, strbismus, cold-heat modalities also have to be ascertained. Itching, discoloration, frequent wiping, and many such features could be observed.

    After completing ‘particulars’, physician would inquire mentals and physical generals. What sankaran interprets as ‘suffocation’ would be described by the patient as aggravation in closed room, desire for open air, aggravation in crowded rooms, general physical anxiety, sensation of balls internally, intolerance of clothing, sensation of being constricted by a band around body, and such symptoms. See, most of these symptoms strongly indicate argentum nitricum.

    Regarding his mentals, from what sankaran explained, we can understand there would be symptoms such as persistent anxiety, despair, feeling of betrayed, sadness, anticipations, confusion of mind, being repudiated by relatives, dwelling on past bad experiences, delusions of getting punched, forsaken feelings, mortification and many such symptoms, most of which obviously points to argentum nitricm.

    For an experienced homeopath like sankaran, arg nit is the obvious prescription for this case without any special methods and techniques or even repertorization. Any homeopath who could collect these symptoms would reach argentum nit through simple repertorization. As for me, I would have reached arg nit by the time I complete my case taking.

    Why should Rajan sankaran pretend to be finding similimum in this type of obvious cases through his ‘sensation-kingdom’ method, only to confuse youg homeopaths?

    That is the game plan of all modern gurus and masters. They would prescribe correctly using their materia medica knowledge and, make results. Then they would pretend the made this miraculous results using their ‘special methods’ they are marketing! Innocent follower is betrayed, and his carrier doomed to be spoiled, by keeing on trying the ‘methods’ the guru taught them.

    As part of my mission to evolve and promote scientific homeopathy, I will have to discuss and analyse various existing theories about homeopathy. I will have to point out things I think are not agreeing with modern scientific knowledge system. Such criticisms and discussions are part of work I am engaged in. It is nothing personal. I have no any personal agenda here. I analyse and expose each and every ideas, concepts and methods in homeopathy that hinder scientific transformation of homeopathy.

    Earlier, once I took up discussing Dr Vijaykar’s theories, ‘cubs’ and ‘lions’ of that group threatened me for my life. They told me ‘you will have no place to run’. Next came the attacks from marketers of ‘hair transmissionis’. Promoters of ‘energy medicine’ theories also did the same. Homeopathic World Community removed all my articles from their pages, since they could not tolerate my exposures of ‘international masters’ who promote homeopathy as ‘energy medicine’ and practice homeopathy as part of their CAM ‘healing arts’. I had to relinquish my HWC membership on that issue.

    Now, it is the turn of disciples of Rajan Sankaran and Jan Scholton. Once I just took up discussing ‘sensation method’, ‘kingdom method’ and ‘periodical table method’, a whole hornet’s nest is infuriated and out for me. I wanted to discuss their theories due to my conviction that scientific homeopathy cannot advance without exposing these highly influential but unscientific theories. My message box is daily full of messages warning me of ‘dire consequences’. Instead of discussing or explaining the points I raised, I am abused, threatened and asked to ‘stay away from our master’. I am accused of being jealous, arrogant, insane and working with hidden personal agendas. They diagnosed my problem as ‘severe skepticemia’!

    I just don’t care. I will go on with my mission of evolving homeopathy into a full-fledged medical science. I know I will have to pay a price, perhaps with my life itself. But I am not bothered. Let the dogs bark, caravan will move on!

    Without criticizing and exposing wrong ideas and wrong practices, we cannot evolve and promote right ideas and right practices in homeopathy.

    I am asked to ‘read all books of sankaran, and apply it myself’ to confirm, before commenting on his theories. I agree that we have to study before commenting or criticizing anything. But, we need not ‘apply’ everything ourselves to ‘confirm’. If that were so, nobody will have the right to comment on homeopathy without practicing it. We cannot criticize allopathy without practicing it ourselves! To criticize astrology, I will have to practice astrology. To say robbery is wrong, I will have do robbery myself! To criticize corruption, I have to be corrupt? To comment on a theory, we have to ‘study’ it well, that is all.

    I have commented on sankaran’s theories after studying it well. I need not practice it for that.

    When anybody say only ‘animal drugs’ have to be used in people characterized by ‘vital level sensation of survival instincts’, I can comment on it on the basis of my knowledge of materia medica and drug proving. I need not ‘apply’ that method. I know many homeopathic drugs belonging to plant or mineral kingdoms having that charecteristics. I have applied those drugs in my homeopathic practice very successfully. Any homeopath, who has studied and applied materia medica knows that sankaran is wrong on this point.

    Some friends have expressed their apprehension that criticizing wrong theories and practices happening in homeopathy in public will harm the good will and reputation of our community and our therapeutic system.

    I do not subscribe to that view. All these ‘wrong things’ in homeopathy are done and promoted by their propagators in public, with out any concern about the harm they are doing, through articles, books, interviews and seminars all over the world, making homeopathy a topic of unending mockery before the scientific community. All these things are already known to general public better than homeopaths themselves.

    These people have already done enough damage to homeopathy through their unscientific theories and nonsense practices. They supply arms and ammunition to skeptics to attack homeopathy. There is no meaning in covering up this dirt. Public dirt should be washed in public, to get the lost reputation and credibility of homeopathy back.

    If homeopathic community continue let these people go like this, we cannot even dream about making homeopathy a scientific medical system, and get it recognized as such even in a far distant future.

    In his Homeopathic Links interview, Vithoulkas says: “Sankaran alone has done more harm to homeopathy than all the enemies of homeopathy together.”

    Andre Saine writes on his website: “Sankaran demonstrated several basic errors of methodology and reasoning in his example of how he ‘discovers’ a remedy”

    How would the followers of Sankaran respond to these statements?

    Collect all mentals, physical generals and particular symptoms of your patient, with all qualifications such as causations, sensations, locations, modalities and concomitants. Then grade the symptoms into uncommon, common, mental, physical general and particulars. Then repertorize. Compare the materia medica of drugs coming top in repertorization, and decide a similimum. That is the simple way of homeopathic practice- and the most successful way.

    If a drug is similimum according to totality of symptoms, it does not matter whether that drug belongs to animal, mineral or plant kingdoms. It does not matter to which ‘sub kingdom’ or ‘family’ the drug belongs. Such a knowledge does not make any difference in your similimum.

    Selecting similimum is most important in homeopathy. Similarity of symptoms is our guide in selecting similimum. All these talk about ‘kingdoms’, sub kingdoms, families and such things only contribute in making homeopathy complex, and confuse the young homeopaths. It may help in creating an aura around the teacher, which would attract people to seminars. That is not a silly thing, where money matters above homeopathy!

  • Scientific Homeopathy: Fight ‘Skeptics’ As Well As ‘Energy Medicine Homeopaths’

    Scientific homeopathy can advance only by waging consistent and relentless struggle against pseudo-scientific ‘energy medicine’ homeopathic theoreticians on one side, and negative-mined skeptic community on other side.

    For rational-mined people, any true observation or experience of a novel natural phenomenon would be inevitably followed by an inquiry for its logical explanations. People with a scientific approach would try to explain those experiences in terms of concepts of existing knowledge system. If the new observations could not be explained satisfactorily using existing theories, it results in the formulation of a system of learned assumptions known as hypothesis. Exactly, hypothesis means a proposed explanation or educated guess regarding the observed phenomenon. To be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test the hypothesis using available scientific tools and methodology. A hypothesis is called a working hypothesis once it is provisionally accepted as a candidate for scientific verification. Testability using existing scientific tools, simplicity, scope, fruitfulness and conservatism are considered to be the essential qualities of a working hypothesis. By conservatism, it is implied that assumptions of a good hypothesis should be fitting with existing recognized knowledge systems. Assumptions of these working hypothesis will be then subjected to rigorous verifications impartial and unprejudiced members of scientific community according to scientific methods, and if the outcomes are positive, it leads to a scientific theory and is accepted as part of scientific knowledge system. That is the way science advances.

    There may be some experiences and observations that could not be easily explained using existing scientific paradigms, and formulating a scientifically viable hypothesis would be difficult. Even if they are formulated, a hypotheses may fail during scientific verifications, and will have to be abandoned temporarily or permanently. Some hypotheses could be modified, re-formulated and re-submitted for verification. But, abandoning of a particular hypothesis does not necessarily mean the experiences behind them were totally unreal or they do not exist. It only means that the proposed explanation failed. In some cases, formulating a reasonable hypothesis will be difficult. Skeptic minded people instantly deny the existence of such experiences, since they accept only experiences and observations that are ‘proved’. They consider that failure of a particular hypothesis proves the non-existence of such a phenomenon also. They fail to realize the difference between ‘unproved’ and ‘non-existent’. Beyond any doubt, there is a negative aspect in this skeptic approach.

    Side by side with this negative and destructive approach of skeptics lie those pseudo-scientific people who spin imaginative ‘theories’ about every experiences without any consideration for existing knowledge system. They are never bothered about scientific methods or scientific verifications. People lacking scientific world outlook and rational thinking will float nonsense theories in a way fitting to their evil requirements, in a hurry to utilize such observations to justify and promote diverse pseudo-scientific practices they are engaged in. Both negative skepticism and pseudoscience complement each other in harming the evolution and advance of real scientific knowledge.

    Exactly, homeopathy is based on two fundamental observations made by hahnemann regarding the process of cure-

    1. Similia Similibus Curentur: Hahnemann observed through his experiments that diseases could be cured by extremely diluted forms of drug substances, which could produce symptoms similar to disease when applied in large doses in healthy individuals.

    2. Potentization: Hahnemann developed a special process of preparing drugs by serial dilution and shaking, and observed that such expremely diluted drugs could act as therapeutic agents when applied according to similia similibus curentur

    Due to the limitations imposed by the infantile stage of scientific knowledge available to him during that period, hahnemann could not formulate a viable hypothesis to explain his observation in a way fitting to the scientific knowledge system then existed. In fact, science was not properly equipped to provide a reasonable explanation for the phenomena hahnemann observed.

    Instead of leaving his observations unexplained as it should have been truthfully done, hahnemann resorted to building up of a system of philosophical speculations and imaginative theorizations to explain them. May be since he found that the contemporary scientific paradigms were not sufficient for his purpose, he tried to develop a speculative philosophical system utilizing concepts such as ‘vital force’, ‘dynamic energy’ being part of spiritualistic philosophy existed then.

    Obviously, this speculative part of homeopathy does not agree with scientific knowledge or its methods. As such, scientific community adopted a skeptical approach towards homeopathy. They totally denied the existence of even the fundamental observations of hahnemaan, whereas it would have been judicious to deny the theoretical explanations of homeopathy and asking for a more viable explanation for the phenomena hahnemann observed.

    From a rational perspective, we have to logically differentiate between observational part of homeopathy from its speculative part. Observational part is objective experience, which forms the basis of practical application of similia similibus curentur and potentization. They should not be denied on the reason that hahnemann’s theoretical explanations contradict scientific knowledge.

    Skeptical scientists deny homeopathy works on the reason that nobody could explain how homeopathy works. They should understand, both issues should be considered as different questions. The issue of efficacy of homeopathy should not be confused with the lack of explanations or wrong explanations regarding how homeopathy works.

    Pseudoscientific homeopathic theoreticians, starting from hahnemann himself have contributed a lot in alienating homeopathy from scientific community, through their utter nonsense vitalistic and energy medicine theories that never agree with scientific knowledge system or scientific methods.

    According to me, inorder to promote scientific homeopathy, we have to address fllowing preliminary tasks:

    1. Convince the scientific community that homeopathy works, through demonstrations and scientifically acceptable clinical studies.

    2. Convince them the importance of differentiating objective observational part of homeopathy from the unscientific theoretical or explanatory part of homeopathy.

    3. Propose a scientifically viable working hypothesis regarding how homeopathy works, in a way fitting to the existing scientific knowledge system.

    4. Prove the propositions of this hypothesis using scientific methods, in a way undisputable to the scientific community.

    While addressing this four-pointed fundamental tasks, scientific homeopathy will have to relentlessly fight against the negative-minded skeptics as well as pseudo-scientific energy medicine theoreticians of homeopathy.

    We have to consistently tell the world, real homeopathy is entirely different from those nonsense the pseudoscientific homeopathic theoreticians preach and practice.

    We have to understand and tell the homeopathic community that the negative-minded anti-homeopathic skeptics are entirely different from real scientific community.

    Dialogue has to be between scientific homeopathy and scientific community

  • Molecular Imprinted Drugs Will Provide A Converging Point For Homeopathy And Modern Molecular Medicine

    In a far distant historical perspective, I foresee the possibility of converging of modern medicine and homeopathy into a universal molecular medical science of ‘drug-less therapy’, where only molecular imprints will be used as therapeutic agents.

    Modern Medicine is gradually evolving into ‘Molecular Medicine’. Molecular Medicine studies vital processes and diseases at molecular level, and deals therapeutics as an art and science of molecular level repairing.

    Molecular medicine is the most advanced, most scientific and most recently originated discipline in modern medical science. It is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of pathology, and to develop molecular interventions to correct those errors.

    ‘Molecular Medicine’ emphasizes disease and cure in terms of cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs common to conventional medicine.

    Molecular Medicine studies drug substances in terms of their molecular level structure and organization, and is more and more relying upon target-specific Designer Drugs synthesized by drug designing technology, supported by computer aided designing protocols.

    Drug Designing Technology has recently started exploring the possibilities of Molecular Imprinting in the development of target-specific designer drugs. They are now experimenting for developing bio-friendly imprinting matrices and imprinting protocols, so as to prepare artificial binding surfaces for pathogenic molecules that could be utilized as therapeutic agents.

    Even though not yet recognized as such, homeopathic potentization is a process of molecular imprinting, where artificial binding sites for pathogenic molecules are produced by imprinting drug molecules into water-ethyl alcohol supra-molecular matrices. Homeopathy identifies pathological molecular errors and selects the appropriate molecular imprints through a peculiar technique of ‘comparing symptoms’, which is expressed as the therapeutic principle, ‘simila similibus curentur’

    Most probably, modern molecular medicine and drug designing technology is in the new future going to explore the possibilities of water as a molecular imprinting medium as part of their search for novel substances to be utilized as imprinting matrix.

    It means, Modern Molecular Medicine is slowly advancing towards the realization of a drug designing technology that homeopathy invented as ‘potentization’ and utilized for preparing therapeutic agents 250 years ago. It is based on this understanding that I try to propagate the concept that ‘Homeopathy is Molecular Imprinting Therapeutics- An Advanced Branch of Molecular Medicine.

    In a far distant historical perspective, I foresee the possibility of converging of modern medicine and homeopathy into a universal molecular medical science of ‘drug-less therapy’, where only molecular imprints will be used as therapeutic agents. Instead of our present ‘potentization’, modern science may develop more sophisticated ways of molecular imprinting, that would enable us to produce therapeutic agents more specific and perfect than our present day ‘potentized drugs’.

    May be be distant dream. But it is a dream based on scientific knowledge.

  • ‘Drug Proving With High Potency Drugs’- A ‘Belief’ Never Verified By Well-Organised Experiments

    Homeopaths have many deep-rooted ‘beliefs’- most of them very irrational and unscientific. But I am sure, they cannot be convinced by talking logic or science that goes against such beliefs.

    Homeopaths ‘believe’ that ‘highly potentized’ drugs can produce symptoms, and can be used for ‘drug proving’. They believe it is dangerous to use potentized drugs without indications.

    One homeopath claimed: “I once took a dose of medhorrinum 1M, because I really wanted to know more about Homeopathy, and I got a date of symptoms for some time (a month or less), most corresponded well to the set of symptoms described in materia medica for medhorrinum… So you say that high dilutions is not good for experimentations…. I think it is not correct…”

    Pure rubbish. If he wanted to “know more about homeopathy”, this is not the way he should do experiments. Taking oneself ‘single dose’ of a drug and waiting for ‘its symptoms’ to appear! And he got symptoms of that drug for one month! And he considers he has ‘proved’ that “high dilutions are good for experimentation” beyond any doubt!

    If he really wanted to ‘prove’ that potentized drugs can produce symptoms, he should conduct the experiments according to scientific method. Person who is subjected to experiment should not know which medicine he is taking. Person conducting the experiment should not know which drug is given to which individual. There should be enough controls also. Then we should try to identify the drugs from comparing the symptoms produced with symptoms in materia medica. Only when we succeed in identifying drugs from symptoms in such a well controlled blinded experiment, we can say we ‘proved’ that high potency drugs could produce symptoms.

    Taking a dose of ‘known’ drug oneself, waiting for its symptoms for one month, and ascribing all symptoms you produced during one month to that single drug- it is a joke. After taking that ‘single dose’, he will be ‘taking’ diverse types of exogenous molecules into your body- through food, water, drinks, air and many many other environmental factors. All those molecules can produce symptoms in him. How can he say all symptoms produced for one month ‘after’ a ‘single dose of medorrhinum 1m’ were due that ‘single dose’?

    Only homeopaths, blinded by ‘beliefs’ can make such claims. For them, everything that happens ‘after’ their dose is the ‘effect’ of that dose! They never bother to consider the variables involved! I know it is a waste of time arguing to convince them. They cannot be convinced by logic or science. They are ‘believers’.

    Homeopathic drugs potentized above avogadro limit (12c) contain only ‘molecular imprints’. Molecular imprints are supramolecular nanostructures formed by hydrogen bonding of ethyl alcohol-water molecules, into which the 3-dimensional configuration of drug molecules are imprinted as nano-cavities. These nano-cavities can act as artificial binding sites for endogenous or exogenous molecules having configurational similarity to the molecules used for imprinting. We can say, molecular imprints are ‘artificial key-holes’ for pathogenic molecular keys.

    Biochemical processes involves two aspects: 1.Binding of ligands to targets, which is determined by configurational affinity.2. Chemical transformation, which is determined by charge affinity of ligands and targets. Since ‘molecular imprints’ have only ‘configurational affinity’, without any ‘charge affinity’ towards biological molecules, potentized drugs cannot interfere in normal biological processes.

    Molecular imprints contained in the potentized homeopathic preparations bind to ligands or biological molecules merely due to their complementary cofigurations without any charge affinity, whereas natural ligands bind to their biological target molecules in capacity of their appropriate spacial configurations as well as charge affinities. So, the bindings of molecular imprints with biological molecules or their ligands will be very temporary and cannot stay long. Such bindings of molecular imprints cannot replace the natural ligand-target interactions happening as part of vital processes. Molecular imprints can not compete with natural ligands in binding to their natural biological targets. Hence it is obvious that potentized homeopathic preparations cannot interfere in biological ‘ligand-target’ processes such as ‘substrate-enzyme’, ‘antigens-antibodies’, ‘signal-receptor’ etc. As such, chances of potentized homeopathic medicines acting as pathological agents are very rare even if used indiscriminately. Molecular imprints can interfere only in interactions between pathogenic molecules and biological molecules, as well as off-target bindings of ligands with biological molecules, where only configurational affinity is involved. Obviously, molecular imprints can act upon only the molecular blocks created by exogenous or endogenous foreign pathological molecules.

    Molecular imprints contained in the potentized homeopathic preparations cannot successfully compete with natural ligands in binding with their biological target molecules, and hence, cannot interfere in the interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands. Obviously, potentized drugs cannot produce any pathological molecular inhibitions in the organism or produce symptoms.

    According to scientific view, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means: ‘diseases caused by specific molecular inhibitions and expressed through specific groups of subjective and objective symptoms can be cured by potentized forms of drugs that could create similar pathologic molecular inhibitions and symptoms in healthy individuals if applied in crude form’. Same can be stated in a different way as: “pathological molecular inhibitions can be rectified using ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules that can create similar molecular inhibitions if applied in molecular form”.

    Homeopathy utilizes ‘drug proving’ for studying the pathogenic properties of drug substances by observing their capacity to produce various pathological symptoms in healthy organisms. Homeopathy is based on the principle that a substance becomes a medicinal agent only because it has some disease-producing properties. In other words, if we could know what pathological inhibitions and symptoms a drug can create in healthy organism, we can decide in what disease states that drug could be used as a therapeutic agent in potentized form. Drug proving is unique to homeopathy. Whereas modern medicine studies the disease-curing properties of drugs, homeopathy studies the disease-producing properties of drugs. That makes a great difference.

    Drug proving is done by administering small quantities of a particular drug to controlled volunteer groups of apparently healthy individuals. The subjective and objective symptoms, representing the diverse molecular deviations caused in the organism by the drug substance are carefully observed and recorded. These symptoms are systematically arranged compiled as materia medica of the substance used.

    Let us examine what actually happens at molecular level during drug proving:

    First point we have to note is that most drug substances, especially of vegetable or animal origin, are not ‘simple’ substance. Even if we use them as a ‘single’ substance, actually they consist of diverse types of individual molecules. A substance can interact with biological molecules only as individual molecules. If we really want to understand homeopathy and drug proving scientifically, we should first of all learn to perceive drug substance in terms of its diverse constituent molecules. Once we introduce a sample of drug substance into the living organism for ‘proving’, its constituent molecules are instantly subjected to various processes such as disintegration, ionization, hydration and certain chemical transformations.
    Individual constituent molecules are carried and conveyed through blood and other internal transport systems into the cells and body fluids in different parts of the body. They can interact with various enzymes, receptors, and other biological molecules inside the organism. Individual drug molecules, in capacities of their molecular affinities, get themselves bound to various bio-molecules which participate in the essential biochemical activities in the organism. These interactions are decided and directed by the specific properties such as configurations and charges of active groups of individual drug molecules, and their specific affinity towards biological target molecules.

    The three dimensional structure of the individual drug molecules, and that of the concerned bio-molecules are the decisive factors in this process of formation of molecular binding between them. This peculiarity is called molecular affinity. It is very important to note that drug substances interact with different biological molecules, not as a singular entity, but as individual constituent molecules and ions. These individual drug molecules and ions are capable of competing with natural ligands and substrates in binding to their biological targets, thereby inhibiting the essential bio-chemical processes which can take place only with their presence and mediation. Such molecular inhibitions in various bio-chemical pathways result in a condition of pathology, expressed in the form of a train of subjective and objective symptoms, due to the involvement of various neuro-mediator, neuro-transmitter and cellular signalling systems.

    From this point of view, drug proving has to be done using molecular forms of drugs, since only they can produce real pathological molecular inhibitions in the organism.

    Let us examine what actually happens when potentized drugs are administered into ‘apparently’ healthy individual individuals for drug proving. First point we need to remember is that ‘apparently’ healthy people will not be totally free from pathological molecular inhibitions. There will be diverse types of hidden molecular errors existing in them, arising from diverse types of factors such as nutritional, environmental, miasmatic, genetic, emotional, metabolic, infectious and others. When potentized drugs are introduced into the body, some or other molecular imprints contained in them may act upon these existing molecular inhibitions, which may be reflected as some transient symptoms. Actually, those symptoms are not indicating the ‘disease producing’ properties, but ‘diseases curing’ properties of concerned drugs. As such, symptoms obtained from drug proving using high potencies may confuse our materia medica.

    Potentized drugs may act on ‘healthy’ organism by a different mechanism. Molecular imprints may bind to the natural ligands in the body, if they have any configurational affinity. But, such bindings will not lead to a state of pathology since molecular imprints cannot interfere in the interaction between natural ligands and targets which will have stronger affinity to each other. As such, symptoms appearing from such interactions will be very much temporary, and cannot be considered ‘pathological symptoms’.

    Drugs potentized above 12c cannot cause pathological molecular inhibitions or produce symptoms. As such ‘drug proving’ with ‘high potencies’ is only a myth- ab false belief that is deep-rooted in the minds of homeopaths.

  • You Have The Right To Practice Any Occult You Like- But Don’t Say It Is Homeopathy!

    One senior homeopath friend commented on my discussions regarding ‘energy medicine theories of homeopathy’:

    “In fact I treat my patients with energy medicine apart from Homoeopathy and magnetic therapy. Energy medicine is there and practiced from 4000 years and Homoeopathy is 250 years old. Study some more and learn to know before commenting on any subject. 4000 years back no labs, no trials, still medicine was being given in many ways and patients were being treated too. Just because you would not believe energy medicine, you cant call it funny and mock at it. Energy medicine is having its own value and such comments would not change its place in the Universe. Never think you can attack somebody like this and you do not have any right to discuss the unknown subject in the group.”

    My friend is gravely mistaken. I am not discussing the “”value” or ‘efficacy’ of energy medicine. Nor its historical relevance. I am not interested in ‘knowing’ it. I would not question anybody’s right to practice ‘energy medicine’, ‘magnetotherapy’ or anything like that “apart” from homeopathy. It is up to you to decide what you should practice.

    I was commenting on the widely propagated theory that “homeopathy is energy medicine”. In that case, it is a different matter. I did not criticize ‘reflexology’ per se; I criticized the method of selecting similimum using reflexology David Little talk about. I have nothing if anybody practice radionics or dowsing; but when somebody theorizes about using radionics machines to select homeopathic drugs, I have the right to comment. The age old occult practice using hair as as medium existed here since antiquity. I am not bothered. But when somebody talks about homeopathic drug transmission to distance through hair, and conducts courses and seminars for homeopaths on that topic, it becomes a matter of concern for every homeopath. I am not bothered about the ‘water memory’ theory of Emoto or Rustom Roy. But when a homeopath claims he writes name of homeopathic similimum on paper, keeps it under a glass of water to ‘charge’ it and treats his patients with that ‘charged water’, you should not expect me me to keep silent. When a reputed homeopathy claims he recorded the homeopathic drug information as mp3 file and cured AIDS by playing it to patients, you have no right to ask me to keep mum.

    Anybody can practice any occults or woodoo as he like “apart” from homeopathy, if law permits a ‘physician’ to do so. I don’t bother. But when you make homeopathy “part” of your occult practices, and spin ‘ultra-scientific’ theories about homeopathy to justify such practices, I have the right to intervene and comment. I am bothered only about homeopathy- not about your ‘energy medicine’ or occults. You keep them “apart”, I will not “attack” you.

    Whether anybody is practicing or propagating CAM, ENERGY MEDICINE, FAITH HEALING or anything else is not my concern. It is for the law-enforcing authorities to decide whether a HOMEOPATH registered under the provision of CCH Act is permitted to engage in such practices ‘along’ with homeopathy. I do not intend to comment on it. I am questioning the widely propagated theory that ‘homeopathy is energy medicine’. I am questioning the practice of ‘homeopathic occults’ such as homeopathic drug transmission through hair, homeopathic drug transmission through photographs, mp3 file transmission, selecting similimum by radionics machine, dowsing and reflexology, and such things which gravely damage the scientific credentials of homeopathy. I object only when you make homeopathy a PART of ‘energy medicine’. Homeopathy is purely a method of ‘drug therapy’- not energy medicine or spiritual healing. Homeopathy should be understood, explained and practiced a MEDICAL SCIENCE. Homeopaths should be scientific medical professionals.

    Regarding my “right to discuss the unknown subject in the group”, I would like to reserve my comments for the time being, hoping not to spoil our friendship. I expect you would discuss only “known” subjects hereafter.

  • Dana Ullman- Foremost Spokesman Of Pseudo-scientific ‘Energy Medicine’ Theories of Homeopathy

    In his eagerness to defend  his most cherished ‘nanopharmacology’ concept, and to utilize it to provide a scientific glare to his ‘energy medicine’ theories, respected Dana Ullman now gives a new twist to nanoparticle theory of IIT scientists.

    He says: “It doesn’t necessarily assert that it is the nanoparticles that have ALL of the impact. It could also mean that the nanoparticles change the entire sovent (the water medium)”

    This is really a new contribution from dana ulman to nanoparticle theory. But it makes the whole puzzle more mysterious and complex, which is the actual intention of dana. By this statement, he is trying to utilize the ‘nanoparticle theory for justifying the most pseudoscientific ‘energy medicine theories’ in homeopathy’, of which he is a prominent proponent along with his CAM counterparts.

    By this statement, he is trying to say that nanoparticles are not the real active principles of potentized drugs that makes “all impacts”, but they ‘change the whole solvent’ by inducing it to ‘vibrate’ exactly similar to ‘vibrations of drug substance’, and that these ‘immaterial dynamic vibrations’ are the active principles of potentized drugs! He would also say, these ‘vibrations’ will act upon ‘vital force’ in a ‘dynamic way’ by ‘resonance’ and produce cure!

    SEE how cleverly the ‘energy medicine’ proponents twist and convert the nanoparticle theory proposed by IIT scientists in a way fitting to their pseudoscientific ‘dynamic energy- vibration-resonance-vital force’ frame work!!

    His statement makes it very much obvious that dana ulmann and his ‘energy medicine’ friends are ‘supporting’ nanoparticle theory not to rationally resolve the riddles of homeopathy and make it more scientific, but hoping to utilize it to provide a ‘scientific’ glare to their nonsense ‘vibration’ theories.

    Dana Ullman, who is claimed to be described by TIME magazine as “the Leading Proselytizer of Homeopathy” and ABC News touted as “Homeopathy’s Foremost Spokesman”, is a prominent proponent of ‘ultra-scientific’ ‘energy medicine’ theories in homeopathy that severely discredit the scientific credentials of homeopathy.

    Please read his articles on his site and try to understand what he says about the mechanism of homeopathic drug action. He has no opinion of his own. He will quote many others, and say ‘it is said’, ‘it is believed’. He never commits to any theory. Same time, all  articles of Dana Ulman have an undercurrent of ‘energy medicine’ theories.

    Energy medicine theory is the greatest enemy of scientific homeopathy. Scientific community will never accept homeopathy as a medical science, if we go on talking ‘energy medicine’. We have to use the paradigms of science, language of science, concepts of science, terms of science, methods of science. We should explain homeopathy as a science, fitting to modern biochemistry, molecular biology and pathology.

    Dana Ulmann would be the first person to write articles supporting any emerging theories or new research reports appearing in homeopathy. As I already said, he instantly ‘supports’ every new theories, but commits to nothing. If you ‘accept’ a theory in its real sense, you will have to discard and disown its contradicting theories. Ulmann will ‘support’ molecular imprints, next day he will write an article supporting ‘energy medicine’ theories. Next day he will support nanoparticle theory. The moment the IIT B research report appeared in media, he wrote an article declaring ‘homeopathy is nanopharmacology’, same time adding that ‘nanopaticles’ act by ‘vibrations’ and ‘resonance’! It is a wonderful exercise. He never goes into the depth of any theory. He only quote others. His all articles always contains ‘it is said’ and ‘it is believed’. He ‘says’ nothing specific. He never antagonize any theory directly, but very cleverly utilize every new ‘researches’ to justify the ‘energy medicine concepts.

    The flag-ship article of his website  “Why Homeopathy Makes Sense and Works-A Great Introductory Article for Advocates OR Skeptics of Homeopathy” clearly shows that he is is totally blank on “How Homeopathy Works”.

    He admits “precisely how homeopathic medicines work remains a mystery according to present scientific thinking”. If it is a mystery, how could he claim it is “nano-pharmacology”?

    In this article, he says homeopathy uses “nanodoses” of medicinal substances. Either he has no idea about what “nano” means, or he is not aware that drugs potentized above 12c or avogadro number cannot contain a single drug molecule. How can something that does not contain a ‘single’ molecule be ‘nano-doses’ of drug substance? To be “nano-doses”, there should be drug molecules present!

    In the same article, Ulmann says Homeopathy works on the basis of ‘hormesis’. Hormesis is all about the biological actions of ‘small’ quantities of drugs. How could Ullman talk about hormesis knowing well that potentized drugs contain no drug substance? If you accept homeopathy as hormesis, you are obviously discarding the principles of homeopathic potentization. Homeopathy is not SMALL doses- it is NO doses!

    DANA ULLMAN SAYS:  “One metaphor that may help us understand how and why extremely small doses of medicinal agents may work derives from present knowledge of modern submarine radio communications. Normal radio waves simply do not penetrate water, so submarines must use an extremely low frequency radio wave. However, the terms “extremely low” are inadequate to describe this specific situation because radio waves used by submarines to penetrate water are so low that a single wavelength is typically several miles long! If one considers that the human body is 70-80% water, perhaps the best way to provide pharmacological information to the body and into intercellular fluids is with nanodoses. Like the above mentioned extremely low frequency radio waves, it may be necessary to use extremely low (and activated) doses as used in homeopathic medicines, in order for a person to receive the medicinal effect.”

    SEE ANOTHER ‘METAPHOR’:  “It is commonly known that certain species of moths can smell pheromones of its own species up to two miles in distance. It is no simple coincidence that species only sense pheromones from those in the same species who emit them (akin to the homeopathic principle of similars), as though they have developed exquisite and specific receptor sites for what they need to survive and to propagate their species. Likewise, sharks are known to sense blood in the water at distances, and when one considers the volume of water in the ocean, it becomes obvious that sharks, like all living creatures, develop extreme hypersensitivity for whatever will help ensure their survival. It is therefore not surprising that renowned astronomer Johann Kepler once said, “Nature uses as little as possible of anything.”

    These are a very ‘funny’ metaphors only ‘Ulmanian logic’ can decipher relating with ‘how homeopathy works’.!

    In the article “Nobel Prize-Winning Virologist’s New Research Gives Significant Support to Homeopathic Pharmacology” Ullman claims that Luc Montaigner’s researches using ‘aqueous dilutions’ of bacterial DNA supports homeopathic potentization, even though “homeopathy is not mentioned anywhere” by Montaigner. But Ullman conveniently ignores the fact that Montaigner never used dilutions above 12x, which is very much lower to avogadro limit. Upto 23x, there is always chance for original molecules to be present. Montaigner even said he could not detect any ‘electromagnetic signals’ above 18x. How can Ullman claim Montaigner proved the efficacy of ‘high dilutions’ used in homeopathy?

    For my appraisal of Montaigner’s observations, go to this link: http://dialecticalohmeopathy.wordpress.com/2011/09/27/luc-montagniers-observations-of-ultra-dilutions-and-its-implications-on-homeopathy/

    Dana is never bothered or does not notice the fact that Montaigner’s ‘ghost dna’ theory and nanoparticle theory of IIT-B team contradict each other!. He ‘supports’ both theories!. That is a very special quality of Dana- he can support and promote any number of contradicting theories same time, without any ‘partiality’.  He commits to nothing. He would connect any contradicting theories using his ‘energy medicine’ theories of ‘electromagnetic radiations’ and ‘biomagnetic resonance’!  According to him, homeopathic medicines act by ‘resonance’, nanoparticles act by ‘resonance’, ‘ghost dna’ act by ‘resonance’. Life is ‘resonance’, disease is lack of ‘resonance’, cure is re-establishment of ‘resonance’. Everything could fit well into this ‘resonance’ theory- let it be homeopathy, faith healing, distant healing, radionics, dowsing, drug transmission or any occult practice. ‘Resonance’ and ‘radiations’ is the answer.

    In his article “Homeopathic Medicine is Nanopharmacology”, Dana Ullman answers the question “How does homeopathy work” as follows:

    “How homeopathic medicines work is presently a mystery. And yet, nature is replete with striking examples of the powerful effects of extremely small doses of active agents.

    It is commonly known that certain species of moths can smell pheromones of its own species up to two miles away. Likewise, sharks are known to sense blood in the water at large distances.

    I stress again that nanopharmacological doses will not have any effect unless the person is hypersensitive to the specific medicinal substance. Hypersensitivity is created when there is some type of resonance between the medicine and the person. Because the system of homeopathy bases its selection of the medicine on its ability to cause in overdose the similar symptoms that the sick person is experiencing, homeopathy’s “law of similars,” as it is called, is simply a practical method of finding the substance to which a person is hypersensitive.

    The homeopathic principle of similars makes further sense when one considers that physiologists and pathologists now recognize that disease is not simply the result of breakdown or surrender of the body but that symptoms are instead representative of the body’s efforts to fight infection or adapt to stress. Fever, inflammation, pain, discharge, and even high blood pressure are but a small number of the common symptoms that the organism creates in order to defend and to try to heal itself.

    Over 200 years of experience by homeopathic physicians hav found that a homeopathic medicine acts longer and deeper when it is more potentized. Although no one knows precisely why this happens, it is conjectured that highly potentized nanopharmacological doses can more deeply penetrate cells and the blood-brain barrier than less potentized medicines. Although there is no consensus on why these ultramolecular doses work more deeply, there is consensus from users of these natural medicines that they do.

    One cannot help but sense the potential treasure-trove of knowledge that further research in homeopathy and nanopharmacology will bring in this new millennium.”

    ————————————————————————————————-

    I GOT NOTHING. DID DANA ANYWHERE PROVIDE ANY STRAIGHT ANSWER TO THE QUESTION ‘HOW HOMEOPATHY WORKS? ANYBODY GOT ANY IDEA?

    Only thing I got is he explains “law of similars,” as “simply a practical method of finding the substance to which a person is hypersensitive”, and this “hypersensitivity is created when there is some type of resonance between the medicine and the person”. According to Dana that is how homeopathy works- “resonance between medicine and person”! He pretends to be talking science by saying ‘homeopathy is nanopharmacology’, whereas his ‘nano-pharmocology’ has nothing to do with modern nanotechnology or pharmacology.  His ‘nano pharmacology’ acts by resonance!

    That is the wonderful quality of Dana Ullman’s writings. He talks a lot, he writes a lot- of course in a very knowledgeable and ‘scientific’ language. But nobody gets nothing from him. Everything begins in mystery and ends in mystery.

    And you should know, he is “the Leading Proselytizer of Homeopathy” and “Homeopathy’s Foremost Spokesman” in western world”!

    My request to Dan Ullman is, he should be a little more cautious and consistent  while explaining homeopathy. Being the most noted  “Foremost Spokesman” of homeopathy, he should be more responsible. While saying homeopathy is ‘hormesis’, ‘small doses’ and ‘nanopharmacology’, he should be aware that he is contradicting the concept of homeopathic potentization. He should try to explain how potentized drugs, even without a single drug molecule contained them, act therapeutically on the basis of ‘similia similibus curentur’. Any reasonable theory about homeopathy should explain what actually happens during potentization, what are the active principles of potentized drugs, and what is the exact molecular mechanism by which these active principles produces a therapeutic effect. We should explain potentization and similia similibus curentur in a way fitting to modern scientific knowledge. Most importantly, we should be consistent in our explanation, whatever it be.

    Dana Ullman should always remember, there is an elite and skeptic  scientific community keeping watchful eyes on whatever he says. He should be cautious not to provide new arms and ammunition to them to attack homeopathy, by making inconsistent and self-contradicting statements and promoting obviously unscientific theories about homeopathy.

    I would expect Dana Ulman to provide specific answers to following direct questions, if he is serious in his inquiry ‘how homeopathy works’

    1. What exactly happens during potentization? What is the exact process involved?

    2. What are the active principles of potentized drugs?

    3. What is the exact process by which these active principles of potentized drugs interact with the organism and produce a therapeutic effect?

    4. How would you explain ‘similia similibus curentur’ in the light of your understanding of potentization and therapeutic action of potentized drugs?

  • ‘Fear of Suppression’- Prominent Symptom of Homeopaths Suffering From Severe Deficiency of Scientific Knowledge

    Fear of ‘suppression of disease’ that may happen from ‘improper’ use of homeopathic drugs is the most prominent symptom of any ‘classical homeopath’, which indicates severe deficiency of scientific knowledge regarding the biochemistry of life, disease and cure. This ‘phobia’ is ‘inherited’ through generations of homeopaths, from ‘teachers’ to ‘students’, and ‘gurus’ to ‘disciples’. Modern ‘Gurus’ spin fanciful ‘theories of suppressions’, write and sell heavy books on their ‘theories’, and fly around the globe to conduct ‘expensive’ seminars to ‘educate’ the homeopathic community for the sole purpose of saving humanity from grave dangers imposed by homeopathic ‘suppressions’.

    Those who are severely afflicted with this ‘deficiency syndrome’ will hesitate to prescribe even a single dose of potentized drug to their patient, fearing it may ‘drive in’ the disease from ‘external parts’ to ‘vital’ internal organs if the prescription somehow happens not to be the ‘most appropriate similimum’. They would shudder with fear of dangers of ‘suppression’ if somebody says they have applied some external ointments on eczematous lesion on the skin. According to them, homeopathic drugs are so ‘powerful’ and ‘dangerous’ that an inappropriate or untimely dose of a potentized drug may even kill the patient, or create irreversible disabilities. ‘Better not to prescribe, than prescribing wrongly and causing suppressions’.

    Once in a seminar, I witnessed a ‘teacher’ dramatically presenting an incident of dangerous consequences of ‘homeopathic suppression’ he experienced by applying an untimely dose of lachesis 200 to his patient. He had given a ‘single’ dose of lachesis 200 to a 55 year old male patient for eczema. Patient came next week and reported improvement. No repetition of dose was necessary, but the physician wrongly happened to give one more ‘dose’ of lachesis 200. That night, he got a phone call from the wife of the patient, informing that her husband was admitted to ICU due to a massive cardiac arrest. The physician instantly realized that cardiac arrest was caused by the ‘driving in’ of eczema into heart, which is a ‘vital organ’ belonging to ‘inner layer’, due to the untimely repetition of lachesis. Physician was very sorry to have committed that ‘crime’, even though unknowingly. He concluded his demonstration with these remarks: ‘whereas allopathic drugs are missiles, our potentized drugs are atom bombs- handle it very caustiously’! Nobody in the seminar hall asked the question whether a ‘single dose’ of lachesis 200 can induce a coronary block and cardiac arrest!

    That ‘teacher’ failed to understand that coronary thrombosis and cardiac arrest is the ultimate out come of a slow and long  process of hyperlipidemia, degenerative changes of arteries, atherosclerosis and arterial blockage happening through years, which cannot happen with in 12 hours of administering an ‘untimely’ dose of lachesis 200. Even if that ‘dose’ was not given, that state of cardiac emergency would have happened. The most funny thing about homeopaths is that what ever happens to their patient after a ‘dose’, they would relate it with that ‘dose’ and reach conclusions. Homeopaths consider every ‘before-after’ relationship as ‘cause-effect’ relationship. We have earlier seen somewhere a ‘guru’ saying a “fracture happening on right arm after a dose of lachesis shows that the disease is travelling from left to right”!

    I am ready to consume 30ml of lachesis 200 as ‘single dose’ with out any fear of cardiac arrest in a public place if anyone need a demonstration.

    One of the most fanciful modern theories regarding ‘suppression’ is that constructed by combining ‘Hering laws’ and ‘embryonic layers’.

    According to proponents of this theory, genuine cure happens only if the curative process follows the ‘Hering laws of directions of cure’: symptoms should disappear in the reverse chronological order of their appearance in disease, symptoms should travel from internal parts of body to external parts, symptoms should travel from more vital organs to less vital organs, symptoms should travel from ‘upper’ parts of the body to ‘lower’ parts.

    As per this theory, any drug effect that does not ‘follow’ these directions cannot be considered ‘curative’, but ‘suppressions’! ‘Guru’ colored this ‘hering laws a little more ‘scientific’, by relating it with his theory of ‘embryonic layers’ of organ development. To give a scientific touch to his theories, he utilized the concept of ‘germ layers’ in embryology. Since ‘embryo’ develops from a three-layered structure having endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm in its initial stage, disease and cure have to be perceived and treated in in relation with these ‘layers’. According to his reasoning, during embryonic development, organs develop from endoderm to ectoderm, ‘outer’ organs belonging to ‘ectoderm’ are least  important, organs belonging to mesoderm are comparatively more important, and  ‘inner’ organs belonging to ‘endoderm’ are most ‘vital’ organs of an organism. Disease always ‘travels’ in a reverse order, from ‘external’ layer to ‘inner’ layer, and hence, cure should take place from ‘inner’ organs to ‘outer’ organs. By this way, he relates his theory of embryonic layers with hering laws, thereby creating a ‘scientific’ foundation for his ‘theory of suppressions’. He theorizes that genuine cure should be in a direction from inner layer to outer layer, and if it happens in reverse order, the disease will be ‘suppressed’, which is not at all desirable.

    ‘Hering laws’ and ‘embryonic layers’ are the foundation of this ‘theory of suppression’.

    When we go deeper into the history of homeopathy, it would be clear that there was not any mention of such ‘hering laws’ in the works of even Hering or his contemporaries. Actually, it was the ‘observation’ made by hahnemann that curative process has some ‘order’, but he never called it a law. Hering has mentioned in his earlier works about hahnemann’s ‘four observations regarding order of cure’, but finally in 1875 he wrote only about a single direction of cure: ‘in the reverse direction of disease process’. He never called it or expected to be known as ‘herings laws’. None of his famous contemporaries and close colleagues ever discussed or made any reference to a law of direction of cure. Writings of Boenninghausen, Jahr, Joslin, P.P. Wells, Lippe, H.N.Guernsey, Dunham, E.A. Farrington, H.C. Allen, Nash, etc, were all silent.

    It was  ‘KENT’ who later actually called it ‘Herings laws’ and converted these four observations into ‘fundamental laws’ of homeopathic cure. He taught to understand and apply these ‘laws’ in a mechanical way. He taught homeopaths to consider ‘hering laws’ regarding ‘directions of cure’ as one of the ‘fundamental laws’ of homeopathy, similar to ‘similia similibus curentur’.Kentmade homeopaths believe that drug effects that do not agree with these ‘laws’ cannot be considered ‘curative’, and are ‘suppressive’.

    Dr. André Saine, D.C., N.D., F.C.A.H, Dean of the Canadian Academy of Homeopathy, who made extensive studies on this topic says:

     “When Hering died in 1880, colleagues all over the world assembled to pay tribute to the great homeopath. His many accomplishments were recalled. Strangely, none made any mention of a law of direction of cure promulgated by Hering. Arthur Eastman, a student who was close to Hering during the last three years of the venerable homeopath, published in 1917 Life and Reminiscences of Dr. Constantine Hering also without mentioning a law pertaining to direction of cure. Calvin Knerr, Hering’s son-in-law, published in 1940, 60 years after Hering’s death, the Life of Hering, a compilation of biographical notes.  Again no mention is made of the famous law”

    “In 1865, Hering described these observations not as a law but as Hahnemann’s general observations or as plain practical rules. Essentially he emphasizes the proposition that the ‘symptoms should disappear in the reverse order of their appearance during the treatment’ of patients with chronic psoric diseases. In 1875, Hering discussed only one proposition, that the ‘symptoms will disappear in the reverse order of their appearance’. The three other propositions are now not mentioned at all. All the illustrious contemporaries of Hering seems to remain silent on this point, at least as far as available literature shows. In 1911,Kent, almost arbitrarily, calls the original observations of Hahnemann “Hering’s law”.

    Logically, according to the latest observations made by Hering in 1875, he only meant that “all genuine ‘curative processes’ should happen in a direction just reverse to disease processes”.

    Over-extending and mechanical application of ‘herings laws’ without understanding their exact premises and scientific meaning may lead to grave errors regarding interpretation of curative processes and drug effects.

    This phenomenon could be explained in the light of modern scientific understanding of ‘cascading of pathological molecular inhibitions’ and complex dynamics of ‘bio-molecular feed back mechanisms’.

    To understand this explanation, one has to equip himself with at least a working knowledge regarding the concepts of modern biochemistry regarding the bio-molecular inhibitions involved in pathology and therapeutics.

    Expect those diseases which are purely due to errors in genetic substances, and those diseases which are due to genuine deficiency of building materials of biological molecules, all other diseases are considered to be caused by ‘molecular inhibitions’. Pathogenic molecules of endogenous or exogenous origin bind to some biological molecules in the organism, causing ‘molecular inhibitions’ which lead to pathological derangement in associated biochemical pathways. These pathogenic molecules may be of infectious, environmental, nutritional, metabolic, drug-induced, miasmatic or any other origin. Derangements in biochemical pathways are expressed through diverse groups of subjective and objective symptoms. This is the fundamental biochemistry of pathology.

    Molecular inhibitions happening in a biological molecule due to the binding of a pathogenic molecule initiates a complex process of ‘cascading of molecular errors’ and ‘bio-feedback mechanisms’ in the organism. Errors happening in a particular biochemical pathway leads to errors in another pathway which is dependant on the first pathway for regular supply of metabolites, which further lead to errors in another pathway. This ‘cascading of molecular errors’ happens through successive stages, which is expressed through new subjective and objective symptoms. This ‘cascading’ is behind what we call ‘advancing of disease’ into new systems and organs, exhibiting ever new groups of associated symptoms. For an observer, this cascading appears in the form of ‘traveling of disease’ from one system into another. Along with these ‘cascading’ of molecular errors, there happens a series of activation and shutting down of complex ‘bio-molecular feedback’ mechanisms also. The phenomenon of ‘advancing of diseases’ should be studied in this scientific perspective of modern biochemistry.

    When a molecular inhibition happens in some biological molecule ‘A’ due to binding of a pathogenic molecule ‘a’, it actually stops or decreases some essential molecular conversions that are essential part of a complex biochemical pathway P.  If ‘G’ is the normal ligand of ‘A’, and ‘g’ is the product of biochemical interaction involving ‘A’, the result of this molecular inhibition is that ‘G’ accumulates on one side, and ‘g’ is not available for the next stage of molecular processes. Accumulating ‘P’ may induce a feedback mechanism leading to reduction or stoppage its production itself, or may move to other parts of organism and bind to unwanted molecular targets, initiation a new stream of pathological derangement.

    Obviously, ‘traveling’ of disease or ‘advancing’ of disease happens through cascading of molecular errors in various biochemical pathways. Some disease processes may ‘travel’ from ‘external’ to internal organs, some from ‘lower parts’ to upper parts, some from ‘less vital’ parts to ‘more vital’ parts. All these ‘traveling’ is basically decided by the involved biochemical pathways. It would be wrong to generalize these observations in such a way that ‘all diseases travel from exterior to interior, lower parts to higher parts,  and less vital to more vital parts’. It is also wrong to generalize in such a way that ‘curative process always travel from interior to exterior, above downwards, and from vital to less vital parts’. This is mechanical understanding and application of hering’s observations.

    Actually, curative processes happens in a direction opposite to the direction of disease process. That depends upon the biochemical pathways involved and the exact dynamics of cascading of molecular inhibitions. Its dynamics is very complex, and should not be interpreted and applied in a mechanistic way. When ‘molecular inhibitions’ underlying the disease processes are systematically removed using molecular imprints, the curative process also would take place in the reverse direction of disease processes.

    To sum up, Hering’s observations regarding a ‘directions of disease and cure’ is a valuable one, but it should be studied in the light of modern biochemistry.

    ‘Curative processes happen in a direction just reverse to disease processes”- that is the sum total of Hering’s observations regarding ‘directions of cure’.

    It is well obvious that the modern “theories of suppressions’ claimed to be based on hering’s laws stands on a historically and scientifically weak foundation.

    Let us now examine the theory of ‘embryonic layers’, which forms the second pillar of ‘theory of suppression’.

    Essentially, Dr Vijayakar, in his ‘theory of suppressions’,  charts the development of the human embryo in seven stages, from the cells and mind to the neural plate, neuro-endocrine system, mesoderm, connective tissues, endoderm, and its eventual cornpletion at the ectoderm. According to him, all of the organs of the body derive from these seven layers of development. To illustrate, the GI tract is formed as part of the endoderm, whilst the kidneys were formed earlier in the mesoderm.

    Vijayakar reasons that as natural embryonic growth progresses from the inside to the outside (even our bones develop this way), disease and ill-health will inevitably move in the reverse direction, i.e. from the outside to the inside- from the ectoderm to the endoderm, from the endoderm to the mesoderm- deeper and deeper. So if you know which parts of the body are associated with each level you can clearly see the progression of disease”.

    Which text book of embryology says about the development of human embryo starting from “cells and mind”? Is it vijaykar’s invention? Embryology never deals with ‘mind’, but only ‘cells’. Obviously, vijaykar wanted to make a theory seemingly scientific utilizing some concepts borrowed from genetics, but same time he wanted to establish that ‘mind’ is primary in the development of embryo. Hence, he added the word ‘mind’ along with ‘cells’ while describing the initial stages of embryonic development. According to his interpretation of ‘embryology’, development of human embryo ‘starts’ from ‘cells and mind’, then advances “to the neural plate, neuro-endocrine system, mesoderm, connective tissues, endoderm, and its eventual completion at the ectoderm”.

     Embryology says: “The gastrula with its blastopore soon develops three distinct layers of cells (the germ layers) from which all the bodily organs and tissues then develop: the innermost layer, or endoderm, gives rise to the digestive organs, lungs and bladder; the middle layer, or mesoderm, gives rise to the muscles, skeleton and blood system; the outer layer of cells, or ectoderm, gives rise to the nervous system and skin”

    ‎”A germ layer, occasionally referred to as a germinal epithelium, is a group of cells, formed during animal embryogenesis. Germ layers are particularly pronounced in the vertebrates; however, all animals more complex than sponges (eumetazoans and agnotozoans) produce two or three primary tissue layers (sometimes called primary germ layers). Animals with radial symmetry, like cnidarians, produce two germ layers (the ectoderm and endoderm) making them diploblastic. Animals with bilateral symmetry produce a third layer between these two layers (appropriately called the mesoderm) making them triploblastic. Germ layers eventually give rise to all of an animal’s tissues and organs through the process of organogenesis”

    “The endoderm is one of the germ layers formed during animal embryogenesis. Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm.

    ‘The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of the whole of the digestive tube except part of the mouth and pharynx and the terminal part of the rectum (which are lined by involutions of the ectoderm). It also forms the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas; the epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity; the trachea, bronchi, and air cells of the lungs; the urinary bladder and part of the urethra; and the follicle lining of the thyroid gland and thymus”

    “The endoderm forms: the stomach, the colon, the liver, the pancreas, the urinary bladder, the lining of the urethra, the epithelial parts of trachea, the lungs, the pharynx, the thyroid, the parathyroid, and the intestines.”

    ‎”The mesoderm germ layer forms in the embryos of triploblastic animals. During gastrulation, some of the cells migrating inward contribute to the mesoderm, an additional layer between the endoderm and the ectoderm. The formation of a mesoderm led to the development of a coelom. Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move, grow, and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks. The mesoderm forms: skeletal muscle, the skeleton, the dermis of skin, connective tissue, the urogenital system, the heart, blood (lymph cells), the kidney, and the spleen.”

    ‎”The ectoderm is the start of a tissue that covers the body surfaces. It emerges first and forms from the outermost of the germ layers. The ectoderm forms: the central nervous system, the lens of the eye, cranial and sensory, the ganglia and nerves, pigment cells, head connective tissues, the epidermis, hair, and mammary glands. Because of its great importance, the neural crest is sometimes considered a fourth germ layer. It is, however, derived from the ectoderm”.

    “The “ectoderm” is one of the three primary germ cell layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (inside layer), with the ectoderm as the most exterior layer. It emerges first and forms from the outer layer of germ cells. Generally speaking, the ectoderm differentiates to form the nervous system (spine, peripheral nerves and brain), tooth enamel and the epidermis (the outer part of integument). It also forms the lining of mouth, anus, nostrils, sweat glands, hair and nails”.

    “In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neural crest, and neural tube. The latter two are known as neuroectoderm”.

    Please note this point: The fertilized ovum “develops three distinct layers of cells (the germ layers) from which all the bodily organs and tissues then develop: the innermost layer, or endoderm, gives rise to the digestive organs, lungs and bladder; the middle layer, or mesoderm, gives rise to the muscles, skeleton and blood system; the outer layer of cells, or ectoderm, gives rise to the nervous system and skin”

    It is obvious that brain and nervous system develops from ‘ectoderm’ layer. It is the ‘outermost’ layer of embryo, not ‘innermost’. The theory of vijaykar that ‘brain and mind’ belongs to innermost embryonic layer is pure nonsense. They develop from ‘outermost’ embryonic layer called ‘ectoderm’, from which organs such as skin and hair also develops.  His theory that embryonic development ‘starts’ with ‘mind’ and ‘ends’ with ‘ectoderm’ has nothing to do with embryology, except that he plays with some terms used in embryology.

    Vijayakar reasons that as natural embryonic growth progresses from the inside to the outside, disease and ill-health will inevitably move in the reverse direction, i.e. from the outside to the inside. This is the most fundamental ‘reasoning’ of vijaykar, which he utilizes to build a common ground with ‘hering laws regarding directions of cure’ on which his whole ‘theoretical system is built upon. We already saw that the concept ‘direction of embryonic development’ on which his ‘reasoning’ is itself totally baseless. Embryonic development does not start from ‘inner’ organs of endoderm and ‘complete’ with ‘outer’ organs of ectoderm’ as vijaykar tries to establish.

    Even if the direction of ‘embryonic development’ was from ‘inner layer to outer layer’, what is the logic behind his ‘reasoning’ that ‘disease and ill-health will inevitably move in the reverse direction, i.e. from the outside to the inside”?

    Most funny thing regarding this ‘reasoning’ is that it goes against the fundamental concept of disease accepted by ‘classical homeopathy’ that ‘diseases originate in the level of vital force’. Vijaykar says ‘direction od disease is from ‘outermost layer’ to ‘innermost layer’. Should we understand that ‘vital force’ belongs to ‘outermost’ layer of organism according to the interpretation of Vijayakar? Both cannot be right by any way. Either vijaykar should say that diseases originate in ‘vital force’ which is the ‘innermost layer’, or he should say disease start in the ‘outermost’ layer, that is skin and hair.

    Since vijaykar has gone totally wrong and self contradicting in his understanding of embryonic layers and ‘direction of embryonic development’, his explanation of ‘hering law’ based on his ‘reasoning’ is pure nonsense.

    It is clear that Vijayakar’s understanding of ‘herings laws as well as ‘embryonic layers’ is fundamentally wrong. His ‘Theory of Suppressions’ and the ‘Methods’ based on these wrong foundations are obviously untenable.

    In ‘chronic diseases’, hahnemann was talking about the chronic constitutional effects of infectious diseases such as itch, syphilis and gonorrhoea. He thought that these chronic disease dispositions caused by infectious diseases were due to their ‘suppression’ through faulty allopathic medications and external applications. He called these ‘chronic dispositions’ as ‘miasms’. Actually, these chronic dispositions after infectious diseases were not due to any suppression, but the ‘off-target’ effects of antibodies formed against infections. Hahnemann could not understand this ‘antibody factor’ of chronic miasms. That is due to the historical limitations of scientific knowledge available during his period. ‘Historical limitations’ is different from being ‘wrong’.

    Modern theories of suppressions are different. They are theorizing about suppressions caused by ‘improper’ application of homeopathic drugs. Those theories are different from what hahnemann considered suppressions.

    Theories of suppression as ‘driving in’ of diseases to ‘inner vital organs’ by application of ‘wrong’ drugs is based on an exaggerated application of hering laws and a total misinterpretation of embryology. I was examining thse theoreticalfoundations of modern ‘theory of suppression’. Hering law is over extended, and ’embryological layers’ is mis-interpreted. Logical scrutiny shows that both these theoretical foundations of ‘theory of suppression’ are wrong. That is my point here.

    Concept of ‘suppressions’ is based on unscientific understanding of disease, cure, potentization and ‘similia similibus curentur. Scientific awareness is the only way to free homeopaths from the persistent fear of ‘suppressions’, and enable them to make logical prescriptions without any hesitations and forebodings. Understanding the biochemistry of life, disease and cure is essential for this. Homeopaths should realize the exact process of molecular imprinting involved in potentization, and perceive potentized drugs in terms of constituent molecular imprints. They should also learn the molecular mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics as removal of pathological molecular inhibitions by the action of molecular imprints.  Homeopaths would then realize that no potentized homeopathic drugs can make any ‘suppression’ or ‘dangerous consequences’. If the selection of similimum was wrong, it will not act. If the selected drug is ‘partial similimum’, it would give partial cure. In that case, cure can be completed by using additional drugs, which are indicated by totality of remaining symptoms.

  • Managing ‘Constitutional’ Aspects of ‘Acute’ Diseases and ‘Acute’ Phases of Chronic Diseases Through ‘Total Cure’ Prescriptions

    Let us now consider the theoretical and practical issues related to the homeopathic management of so-called ‘acute diseases’ and ‘chronic diseases’ in the light of our scientific understanding of ‘miasms’, ‘constitution’ and ‘susceptibility’.

    Actually these areas are fertile breeding grounds for all sorts of non-productive speculations, theorizations, analyses and futile intellectual exercises, making everything complex and leading young homeopaths into a state of unending confusion and disorientation. Same time, these confusions help the commercially branded ‘teachers and gurus’ to attract people into their seminar halls, generating un-exhausting flow of revenue for them.

    Any discussions regarding the differences in the management of ‘acute’ and ‘chronic’ diseases inevitably lead to the study of concepts such as ‘constitutions, miasms’ and susceptibility’.

    In most chronic diseases coming to a physician, there will be always an ‘acute’ aspect consisting of most ‘troublesome’ complaints experienced for the time being, for which the patient needs immediate relief.

    Same way, even in so-called pure ‘acute diseases’ such as epidemic fevers, digestive problems, headaches and a host of clinical conditions belonging to that category, a homeopathic physician will have to consider an underlying  ‘constitutional’ aspect, which consist of genetic , constitutional and miasmatic susceptibilities of the individual, that modulates the molecular level pathology and symptomatic expressions of acute disease .

    Homeopathic management of ‘acute diseases’ obviously includes management of their underlying ‘constitutional’ aspects and susceptibilities also.

    Similarly, a homeopathic physician will have to address the ‘acute phases’ consisting of most immediate, troublesome part of complaints of his patient, while treating a ‘chronic’ or ‘constitutional’ disease.

    ‘Managing acutes’ actually involves both these categories of complaints.

    Homeopathy, based on the therapeutic principle of ‘similia similibus curentur’ is intended to be a simple method of therapeutics. Collecting all the subjective and objective symptoms  expressed by the ‘patient’, selecting ‘similimum’ by comparing ‘totality’ of these symptoms with symptomatology of drug pathogenesis available in our material medica, and applying the similimum in ‘potentized’ forms in ‘appropriate’ doses and intervals. Simply put, that is the simple art of homeopathy.

    ‘Susceptibility’ plays a great role in pathology and therapeutics of acute as well as chronic diseases. Managing ‘susceptibility’ of individual patient is important not only in chronic diseases, but acute diseases also.

    But the ‘susceptibility’ I am talking about is a concept fundamentally different from the theory of ‘susceptibility ‘classical homeopaths’ propagate.

    Classical homeopaths consider ‘susceptibility’ of the individual as the fundamental ‘cause’ of disease.  According to them, ‘susceptibility’ is a property of ‘vital force’, which is a ‘dynamic’, ‘non-material’, ‘non-corporeal’, ‘conceptual’ and spiritual entity that enlivens and governs the organism from the ‘interior’. As such, ‘susceptibility’ to diseases is also ‘dynamic’. As per this concept, ‘classical’ homeopaths would persistently argue that even so-called ‘infectious diseases’ are not caused by bacteria or viruses, but the ‘internal susceptibility’, dynamic in nature. They say: “Small pox virus is not the cause of smallpox, vibrio cholerae is not the cause of cholera”. According to this theory, homeopathy is not involved with ‘treating infections’, but ‘correcting’ the susceptibility.

    ‘Susceptibility’ in scientific medical terms means the ‘biochemical state or character of being susceptible to disease’.  Internal biochemical environment of the organism, which is also more or less influenced by external environment, plays a role in deciding the ‘susceptibility’ of the individual to diseases including infections. ‘Causative’ agents of diseases are expressed in a biochemical background of ‘susceptibility’.

    In order to promote a scientific perspective in homeopathy, we should understand and explain ‘susceptibility’ as the ‘state of internal biochemical environment of the organism that facilitates diseases’. Internal biochemical environment that decide ‘susceptibility’ consist of diverse factors belonging to following categories: Genetic factors, Nutritional factors, Miasmatic factor, Immunological factors, metabolic factors, emotional factors, Drug-induced factors and Environmental factors.

    ‘Susceptibility’ can be managed for the better using potentized homeopathic drugs selected as similimum considering the totality of physical generals, mentals and miasmatic molecular errors of the individual. This indicates the importance of ‘constitutional prescriptions’ even in so-called acute diseases.

    Miasms is an important factor in determining the susceptibility of an individual. It is part of ‘biochemical environment’.  I am using the word miasms in the meaning of ‘chronic disease dispositions arising from ‘off-target’ molecular inhibitions caused by ‘antibodies’ generated against ‘infectious agents and other exogenous proteins.  Possibility of presence of one or more types of miasms existing an individual has to be taken into consideration while considering the ‘susceptibility’ aspect of acute as well as chronic diseases.

    Obviously, identifying and removal of these ‘off-target’ molecular blocks or ‘miasms’ caused by antibodies or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ is an important part in the treatment of chronic diseases and management of constitutional aspects of acute diseases . Observing and collecting the whole history of infections and intoxications that might have generated antibodies are important in the management of chronic diseases. History of skin infections, venereal infections, stings of poisonous creatures, vaccinations, serum/antibiotic treatments, sensitization with protein foods  etc. has to be collected in detail and appropriate ‘anti-miasmatics’ included in the homeopathic treatment protocols.

    This is an era of vaccinations. Every human being is subjected to a series of vaccination protocols from the moment of birth, to protect from various diseases. We have to worry about the unknown long term after effects of these vaccinations. Live or attenuated viruses are introduced into the organism to produce antibodies against pathological infections. Actually, this process induces ‘molecular imprinting’ of native proteins, with the foreign proteins contained in the vaccines. Obviously, the molecular imprints or antibodies thus formed, shall act as ‘miasms’ in the organism. That means, we have to study the history of vaccinations in an individual while considering miasms.

    I think it would be more logical and scientific if we understand ‘constitution’ in terms of ‘phenotypes’ of individuals. To understand and explain ‘constitutions’ in scientific terms, we have to understand the concepts of ‘genotypes’ and ‘phenotypes’ in modern genetics.

    According to modern genetics, the ‘genotype’ is the ‘genetic substance or ‘DNA’ inherited by the organism from its previous generation. It is called the ‘genetic blue print’.

    The ‘genotype’ contained the organism gives rise to individual ‘phenotypes through ‘gene expressions’. The ‘genetic code’ stored in DNA is interpreted by ‘gene expression’, and the properties of these expressions five rise to the ‘phenotype’ of the organism.

    A ‘phenotype’ is the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, such as morphology, development, biological and physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior.  ‘Phenotype’ is the result of ‘gene expressions’, which is decided by the interaction between genetic blue print and environmental factors.

    Factors, such as such as miasmatic, environmental, nutritional, occupational, infectious, emotional, ontogenic, metabolic and xenobiotic influence the process of ‘gene regulation’ at various stages of ‘gene expression’, through which the particular ‘phenotype’ or ‘constitution’ of the individual organism is determined. As such, ‘constitution’ of an individual is the ‘phenotype’ determined by the ‘protein constitution’ developing through ‘genetic expression’. ’Constitution’ is expressed in the form of totality of general physical symptoms, morphology, mental symptoms and behavioral peculiarities.

    It is obvious from above analysis that management of ‘acutes’, whether it be ‘acute phases’ of chronic diseases or purely ‘acute’ diseases themselves, we cannot ignore the over all internal biochemical environment or ‘susceptibility’ of the individual, which consist of ‘constitution’ determined by ‘genotype-phenotype’ interactions and miasms determined by history of infections and vaccinations.

    Constitutions, and overall internal biochemical environment of an individual is expressed through ‘symptoms’ belonging to subjective and objective physical generals and mental generals. As such, similimum selected on the basis of those categories of symptoms should be an integral part of homeopathic management of chronic as well as acute diseases. Anti-miasmatic drugs such as nosodes and sarcodes also should be incorporated.

    Same time, a conscientious and responsible physician cannot and and should not ignore the management of ‘acute complaints’, which are most distressing problems for the patient demanding immediate relief. Such ‘acute’ problems can be effectively relieved by drugs selected on the basis of ‘locations-sensations-modalities- concomitants’ of those acute complaints. Such a similimum is called ‘pathological similimum’

    Judiciously combining ‘constitutional similimum’, ‘pathological similimum’ and ‘anti-miasmatic drugs’ a homeopathic physician can effectively manage chronic as well as acute diseases. This is called a ‘total cure prescription’.

    A homeopath should know how to manage ‘constitutional’ aspects while treating an ‘acute disease’, and manage  ‘acute complaints’ while treating a ‘chronic’ disease. Do not ignore ‘acutes’ of ‘chronics’, and ‘chronics’ of ‘acutes’.

  • How The Concept Of Potentization As ‘Molecular Imprinting’ Was Evolved?

    Many friends ask me: “How could you evolve your concept of ‘molecular imprints’ as the active principles of potentized drugs and your explanation of homeopathy on that basis? Why are you so much convinced regarding the correctness of your concepts?”

    Actually, it was a slow evolutionary process panning through years of study, thinking, experimentation, interpretation and meditation. Here I am trying to enlist the important milestones of that evolutionary process.

    1. Most important primary observation that initiated my logical thought process was that potentized drugs works therapeutically!
    1. My second observation was that potentized drugs do not work therapeutically, if they are not ‘similimum’ to the given case.
    1. Control solutions of ethyl alcohol and water in the same ratio of potentized drugs were proved to be having no therapeutic properties.
    1. Then I observed through calculations based on Avogadro constant that there is no chance for any drug molecules to be present in a drug potentized above 12c.
    1. Potentized drugs and unpotentized alcohol/ethyl alcohol mixture (controls)have similar chemical properties. This observation indicates that no chemical changes of any sorts happen to ethyl alcohol/water mixture due to the process of potentization.
    1. Potentized drugs when heated, or subjected to strong electrical or magnetic fields lose their therapeutic properties. This observation indicates that some physical changes happens during potentization in the alchol/water mixture, that are liable to be cancelled by heat, magnetism and electricity.
    1. Evaporation rates of potentized drugs and control solutions have been found to differ. That indicates change in hydrogen bond patterns and supra-molecular rearrangements.
    1. Freezing point of potentized drugs and control solutions are different, which again indicates change in hydrogen bonding patterns and supra-molecular organization of medium during potentization.
    1. Intensity of Brownian motions is less in potentized drugs when compared to control solutions. This observation shows that freedom of movements of molecules are comparatively restricted in potentized drugs, which  indicates a supra-molecular clustering.
    1. Solubility of salts in potentized drugs and control solutions are of different rates. This observation shows that the supra-molecular properties and hydrogen bonding patterns have changed during potentization, which also indicates some sort of supra-molecular clustering.
    1. In spectroscopic studies, the rate of absorption, and refraction of light rays were found to be different in potentized drugs and control solutions. This showed that water/ethyl alcohol mixture have undergone some sort of supra-molecular clustering and re-organization during potentization.
    1. Dielectric dispersions of potentized drugs were experimentally proved to be different from that of control solutions, which indicated a molecular re-arrangement of medium during the process of potentization.
    1. In vitro and in vivo experiments proved that potentized drugs can antidote the biological effects of theirs crude forms. This convinced me that the potentized drugs contained some active principles that can act upon biological molecules in a way just opposite to the action of crude drug molecules.
    1. Study of supra-molecular structure of water, hydrogen bonding, hydration shells, clathrate compounds and supra-molecular clusters convinced me that water can exhibit some polymer-like properties at supra-molecular level.
    1. Study of molecular properties of ethyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol/water mixtures convinced me that the hydrogen bond strength of water can be enhanced by the presence of ethyl alcohol molecules in an appropriate proportion. Further, the heavy alcohol molecules can restrict the free movements of water molecules, there by helping in the stabilization of hydration shells.
    1. Study of the technology of ‘molecular imprinted polymers’ done by polymer scientists convinced me of the use of ‘molecular imprints’ as artificial binding sites for biological target molecules.
    1. Study of works done by Benveniste regarding ‘memory of water’ indicated some structural changes happening in water during successive dilution and succession. Benveniste failed to comprehend the real mechanism involved in the phenomenon of ‘water memory’ he observed.
    1. Some Russian scientists have earlier observed a phenomenon they called ‘shape memory property of water’, which they could not explain scientifically, since they also did not understand the real process of ‘molecular imprinting’ involved in it.
    1. Study of the phenomenon known as ‘hormesis’, which remains still unexplained scientifically, also led me to relate it with some sort of ‘supra-molecular’ re-arrangements happening in water in ultra dilutions.
    Observation that potentized drugs act upon organism in a way exactly opposite to the original drugs indicated a process of generating three-dimensional nanocavities that can act as binding sites for drug molecules and similar pathogenic molecules, which can happen only though ‘molecular imprinting’.
    Then I took up a serious re-study of biochemistry and molecular biology. Study of ‘key-lock mechanism’ involved in the dynamics of enzyme inhibitions, ‘ligand-receptor’ interactions and ‘antibody-antigen’ interactions were found to be fitting well to the concept of ‘molecular imprints’ in potentized drugs.
    Through these studies, it became clear to me that ‘similia similibus curentur’ could be explained in the light of available scientific knowledge regarding the molecular level processes of pathology and therapeutics, and homeopathy is actually a higher specialized form of modern molecular medicine.

    All these observations, study, updating, logical co-relating of various phenomena , and above all constant meditation led me to the conviction that ‘molecular imprinting’ is the actual process involved in potentization, and ‘molecular imprints’ are the real active principles of potentized homeopathic drugs.

    It was a great revelation to me. Now I am fully convinced that I am on right path.

    When I tried to explain homeopathic therapeutic principle of ‘similia similibus curentur’ on the basis of this ‘molecular imprints’ concept, everything was found to fit well to the modern scientific understanding of disease and therapeutics.

  • ‘Scientific Working Hypothesis’- Essential First Step in ‘Proving’ Fundamental Principles of Homeopathy According to ‘Scientific Methods’.

    Participating in a discussion on my scientific article on ‘Herings Laws of Directions of Cure’ on facebook, a young ‘professor’ of a homeopathic college in Pakistan declared:

    “Intracellular molecular inhibition is not a real cause of disease this is the disease product or result of disease real cause is derangement of vital process of disease or week defense mechanism. When the defense mechanism become week due to some factors. Susceptibility of the weakest part increase. Even presence of some pathogens could not cause disease until the person is susceptible. And symptoms are the sole manifestation of susceptibility of the weakest part. So vital force represents its derangement only through symptoms. For real cure a true homeopath should concentrate toward symptoms to read the message of vital force. Intracellular description could be necessary for researcher but for finding similimum these types of hypotheses are unnecessary”.

    One thing is obvious from this negative response. There cannot be a scientific dialogue on homeopathy with such a ‘professor’ of ‘classical homeopathy’. According to them, “these types of hypotheses are unnecessary”. How can we discuss scientific therapeutics and its methods to ‘learned’ people who are not willing to go beyond the phrase that “molecular inhibition is not a real cause of disease, this is the disease product or result of disease”? According to him, “a true homeopath should concentrate toward symptoms to read the message of vital force”. And as such, he is convinced that “these types of hypotheses are unnecessary”!

    According to my observations, homeopathy contains the rudimentary forms of an advanced system of molecular medicine or ‘medicine of future’. If we really want Homeopathy to get recognized that way as a ‘scientific system of medicine’, we should no longer learn, teach and practice it as a ‘believe and experience’ system of therapeutics. Above conversation indicates that it  requires a lot of conscious ‘unlearning’ of old lessons not only by the students and practitioners, but the ‘professors’ and academicians as well.

    Those who think “these types of hypotheses are unnecessary” should remember one thing: they are learning, teaching and practicing some thing that could not be even called a ‘hypothesis’ according to the standards of modern scientific methodology.

    Homeopathic theoreticians from hahnemann till date try to explain the ‘modus operandi’ of potentized homeopathic medicines using one or other ‘concepts’ available or evolved by them, and as such, homeopathy still belongs to a class of ‘unverified science’.

    ‘Hypothesis’ has a well-defined meaning in scientific methodology. By the term ‘hypothesis’ we mean a ‘proposed explanation’ or “educated guess” for a phenomenon that we observe around us. Every ‘proposed explanation’ cannot be considered a ‘scientific hypothesis’. To be a ‘scientific hypothesis’, the scientific method requires that one can test the hypothesis using available scientific tools and methodology. Every new scientific hypothesis is generally based on previous observations that could not be satisfactorily be explained with the existing scientific theories. The words “hypothesis” and “theory” are often used synonymously in common and informal usage, even though a ‘scientific hypothesis’ is not exactly the same as ‘a scientific theory’.

    A hypothesis should be proved ‘using scientific tools’ in order to become a scientific theory. A ‘working hypothesis’ is a provisionally accepted hypothesis that is ready to be proved. Experimenters will have to test and reject several hypotheses before solving the given problem ultimately.

    Testability (using existing scientific tools), Simplicity (avoiding excessive numbers of entities), Scope (apparent application of the hypothesis to multiple cases of phenomena), Fruitfulness (hypothesis may help to explain further phenomena in the future), and Conservatism (fitting with existing recognized knowledge-systems) are considered to be the essential qualities of a good scientific hypothesis.

    Viewing from this standpoint, it is very much clear that most of the presently existing most celebrated ‘theories’ or hypotheses regarding homeopathy cannot be considered ‘scientific hypotheses’ since they contain concepts and conclusions that ‘could not be tested by any scientist using currently available scientific tools and methodology’ or ‘fit with existing recognized knowledge-systems’.

    When attempting to provide a scientific explanation to homeopathy, first we have to propose a ‘scientific hypotheses’. That means, a hypothesis that ‘could be tested by any scientist using currently available scientific tools and methodology’ and that ‘fits with existing recognized knowledge-systems’.

    Such a working hypothesis, over and above the aforesaid qualifications, should also be immediately useful to the practitioner, because homeopathy is a therapeutic art of practical implications. Besides lending the essential scientific credibility to the homeopathic paradigm, any hypothesis we propose should try to meet some practical utility criteria as a minimum requirement.

    There are already many imaginative and ‘scientific’ ‘theories’ going around that seek to explain everything about homeopathy but fail to predict or offer anything of relevance. If a hypothesis fail to predict some relevant practical outcomes, then it becomes scientifically untestable and, therefore, unusable in practice.

    Assumptions being proposed by a scientific hypothesis should be simple, testable and their numbers should be held to a minimum. The assumptions should also reflect the basic experience that is already generally held to be known.

    Any working hypothesis about homeopathy should clearly identify a ‘biological mechanism’ that represents the action-reaction homeostasis of ‘vital processes’, which is called as the ‘vital force’ in homeopathy. It should also be capable of explaining the molecular mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics in a way fitting to the verified scientific paradigm of modern biochemistry and molecular biology.

    Once a working hypothesis is proposed, there is much more research to be done before that is accepted as a ‘scientific theory’. The hypothesis needs to offer predictions that can be repeatedly and conclusively proved or disproved in the laboratory and in the clinic with out any bias.

    From the above definitions of ‘hypothesis’, it is obvious that homeopathy so far lacks something that could be legitimately called ‘a scientific working hypothesis’ on homeopathy. We are learning, teaching, practicing and boasting about some thing that are not even ‘hypotheses’. Yet, we dare to declare that homeopathy is ‘ultimate science’! We dare to declare that ‘hypotheses are unnecessary’!

    For the first time in the history of homeopathy, Dialectical Homeopathy proposes some concepts that could be legitimate candidate to be called a ‘scientific working hypothesis’ that could be proved according to scientific methods.

    There lies the historical relevance of Dialectical homeopathy.

  • Don’t Worry About ‘Drug Relationship’- Drugs Potentized Above 12c Cannot Have Any Mutual Interactions

    Drug relationship is a subject about which most homeo practitioners are very much worried and confused. Some practitioners very much rely upon ‘drug relationships’ even in deciding their treatment protocols. Concepts such as ‘complementary’, ‘inimical’, ‘antidotal’ etc. are frequently utilized in everyday practice. Some doctors even deviate from the theory of similimum, due to their over indulgence with ‘drug relationship’ protocols. When prescribing a drug based on its so-called complementary relationship to the earlier prescriptions, we forget to consider whether it is a similimum by totality of symptoms. Yet, we call it ‘classical’ homeopathy. When searching through the literature and authorities regarding drug relationships, it will be seen that no serious scientific studies have been done on this subject. Most of the drug relationships are proposed by empirical clinical observations of practitioners, and not corroborated by scientific studies or evidences. More over, practitioners who are not much bothered over this relationships between drugs swear that their experiences prove otherwise. Some homeopaths prescribe so-called inimical drugs even simultaneously or alternatingly, and get expected clinical results.

    We have already seen during our previous deliberations that in homoeopathic potencies above 12C, there is no chance of drug molecules to exist. These preparations contain only hydrosomes or molecular imprints of constituent molecules of the drug substance subjected to potentization. Molecular imprints are only nanocavities formed by supra-molecular clustering of water and ethyl alcohol. Chemically, they contain only water and ethyl alcohol molecules. Even a given sample of homeopathic potency contains hundreds of types of individual imprints, representing the diverse types of molecules contained in the original drug substance. It is clear that they co-exist without disturbing or influencing each other in anyway, same time preserving their individual properties as molecular imprints of specific drug molecules.

    1. This clearly indicates that highly potentized homoeopathic preparations cannot chemically interact with each other, since they contain no drug molecules. Obviously, they are not likely to engage in any mutual interaction within or outside the organism. They can never antidote or destroy each other.

    2. Same time, the case of mother tinctures and preparations below 12c potencies may be totally different. They contain crude drug molecules, which can interact with each other due to their chemical properties. The concept of ‘drug relationships’ may be valid in the case of these low potencies. Low potencies may be more active than crude drugs, since they contain free molecules and ions.

    3. Low potencies and mother tincture of a drug may antidote higher potencies of same drug, due to the interaction with the hydrosomes which act as counteractive complementary factors to each other.

    4. Same way, low potencies and mother tinctures of a drug may antidote higher potencies of another drug that may contain similar constituent molecules, due to the interaction with the hydrosomes having counteractive complementary factors relationship. Obviously, drugs containing similar molecules may have more or less similar symptomatology during drug proving.

    5. Higher potencies of a drug may antidote the physiological effects of low potencies and mother tinctures of same drug, due to the interaction with the hydrosomes acting as counteractive complementary factors.

    6. Same way, higher potencies of a drug may antidote low potencies and mother tincture of another drug, that may contain similar constituent molecules, due to the interaction with the counteractive complementary factors contained in the higher potencies.

    If there is similarity only between certain types of constituent molecules of two drugs, partial antodoting is possible. That means, molecules having configurational similarity only are subjected to antidoting by this way. Such drugs will have partially similar symptomatologies.

    We should be aware of the possibility of dangerous chemical interactions that might result between the constituent drug molecules of different drugs, when we mix or administer two or more mother tinctures and low potency preparations together.

     

     

  • Chandran K C Discussing ‘Miasms’ With Dr. Avtar Singh Mavi And Others On Facebook

    This is full text of conversations regarding ‘miasms’ on Facebook Group ‘Homeopathy For Total Cure group’ :

    Chandran K C:-

    I was pointing to the pathogenic role of antibodies. We already know a lot about the havoc antibodies create by their off-target actions up on biological molecules. Most of the chronic effects of infectious diseases are understood to be caused by the antibodies generated. And also those hundreds of serious auto immune diseases, where antibodies are the real pathogenic agents. Hahnemann defined miasms as ‘chronic disease dispositions’ created by ‘infectious diseases. Only way by which acute infectious diseases can cause life-long chronic disease dispositions are through the existence of antibodies. That is why I say ‘miasms’ are ‘chronic disease dispositions’ caused by ‘antibodies’ formed against infectious diseases. The belief that antibodies have only a ‘protective’ role is not right. For example, the chronic crippling pains remaining life long after chikunguniya is caused by antibodies. Can we say antibodies have only protective role here? We know various chronic diseases dispositions caused by vaccinations, which we call vaccinosis, which are actually pathogenic actions of antibodies. I have also pointed earlier to streptococcus antibodies causing cardiac problems and kidney problems. There are already studies regarding the role of antibodies in causing diabetes. Still would anybody say antibodies have “only protective role”?

    Now coming to the question “how antibodies can they produce diseases”. Exactly, antibodies are globulin proteins subjected to molecular imprinting by bacterial/viral toxins, which are called antigens. The antibody has a unique part known as “paratope” (a structure analogous to a lock) on it, that is specific for one particular “epitope” (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. These “paratopes” of antibodies are the result of molecular imprinting. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). Apart from that, these antibodies can bind to native biological molecules having structural groups similar in configuration to the “epitope” of its antigens. This can be compared to the damaging of a lock by inserting a wrong key with some similarity to original key. Such bindings cause molecular errors, which cause various pathological conditions. This is the real molecular mechanism by which antibodies act as “disease causing agents”. You can learn this phenomenon better if you update your immunology and biochemistry. I am saying pure scientific facts, not my inventions.

    Chandran  K C:-

    Fundamental therapeutic law of homeopathy is “Similia Similibu Curentur”, and “totality of symptoms” presented by the patient is the most reliable guide in selecting most appropriate similimum. When following so called ‘miasmatic analysis’, ‘flow charts’ ‘genetic interpretations’, ’embriyonic layers’ and such other ‘pseudo-scientific and somewhat ambiguous ‘principles and methods’ propagated by different people, never forget SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR. Remember, that is real homeopathy!

    Avtar Singh Mavi:-

    Firmness of a theory can only be backed up by the results which can be obtained by the use of that theory. Similia Siilibus Currentur was theory but during Hahnemann or after him whoever used it properly came to know that it gave good results.. Adding big names of physics, chemistry does not prove that a theory is scientific, it has to give results in cases of multiple sclerosis, demyelinating diseases, genetic mutations, cancers, AIDS and other autoimmune disorders- that was why Hahnemann discovered homoeopathy. Embryonic layers is what Herings law says, if u can understand the relation between its postulates and embryology. That is scientific. Gentic interpretation is what hahnemann have told us to do of a patient- read aphorism 5 and 81- where he have clearly told about the genetics of a patient and how it acts in creating disease. Thats scientific. Miasmatic analysis, which hahnemann has described as keystone in curing incurable cases and without which, he said, homoeopathy wont work (refer Chronic Diseases). If u want to follow Hahnemann’s Theories and Laws then follow all or follow none…..and sorry Dr. Chandran but the above said “unscientific” or ‘pseudo-scientific’ theories are only the scientific one, if you can 1st study embroyology, physiology, pathology(which are scientific) thoroughly and apply it the the thoeries of Dr. Hahnemann. and above all application of all these theories are giving wonderful results in above mentioned cases, not only by one or two persons but by hundreds…..that itself shows scientificness of these theories . That is Real and Right Homoeopathy!

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Avtar Singh Mavi: Sir, everybody would claim that their “theories are only the scientific one”. When you claim “application of all these theories are giving wonderful results”, kindly do not forget that all homeopaths who genuinely follo…w “similia similibus curentur” are also getting ‘wonderful results’. When you say only your method is “Real and Right Homoeopathy”, do you mean all those homeopaths who do not follow the “principles and methods” propagated by you are not practicing “Real and Right Homoeopathy”? Sorry sir, I think it is a far extended claim.

    DrPravin Dhole:

    Dr chandran sir : what is the importance of six modification in totality of symptoms ,? why the character of pain changes? what is impotance of location? why the extension occurs ? why the modalities forms? why the concommitants present ?

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Avtar Singh Mavi: Sir, since you kindly asked me to “read aphorism 5 and 81- where he have clearly told about the genetics of a patient and how it acts in creating disease’ I think it would not be inappropriate to quote those parts of ORGANON here. I would like to know how could you relate these statements of the master with modern GENETICS? Where did he “clearly told about the genetics”?

    Organon : Aphorism 5: “Useful to the physician in assisting him to cure are the particulars of the most probable exciting cause of the acute disease, as also the most significant points in the whole history of the chronic disease, to enable him to discover its fundamental cause, which is generally due to a chronic miasm. In these investigations, the ascertainable physical constitution of the patient (especially when the disease is chronic), his moral and intellectual character, his occupation, mode of living and habits, his social and domestic relations, his age, sexual function, etc., are to be taken into consideration.”

    Aphorism 81:”The fact that this extremely ancient infecting agent has gradually passed, in some hundreds of generations, through many millions of human organisms and has thus attained an incredible development, renders it in some measure conceivable how it can now display such innumerable morbid forms in the great family of mankind, particularly when we consider what a number of circumstances contribute to the production of these great varieties of chronic diseases (secondary symptoms of psora), besides the indescribable diversity of men in respect of their congenital corporeal constitutions, so that it is no wonder if such a variety of injurious agencies, acting from within and from without and sometimes continually, on such a variety of organisms permeated with the psoric miasm, should produce an innumerable variety of defects, injuries, derangements and sufferings, which have hitherto been treated of in the old pathological works, under a number of special names, as diseases of an independent character”See More

    DrPravin Dhole:

    throbbing pain never changing in dull acheing pain without presence of syphilis , throbbing frontal headache never extend to occipute without presence of tubercular bridge , syphilis never agg in morning, vomiting with bilious fluid it presence bilious temprament with latent psora

    Chandran K C ‎:

    @Avtar Singh Mavi: Sorry Sir, either you did not understand MODERN GENETICS, or you failed to comprehend what Hahnemann exactly said in the quoted aphorisms of ORGANON. Or, may be your are willfully misinterpreting genetics and organon due to some motives unknown to me.

    DrPravin Dhole:

    miasmatic analyisis never be a so called, it is scientific method ,

    Chandran K C ‎:

    @DrPravin Dhole : Sir do not all these factors include in our concept of “totality of symptoms”?

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@DrPravin Dhole: Sir, do you think ‘misms’ are outside the purview of ‘totality of symptoms’. In my opinion, a similimum selected on the basis of ‘similarity of symtoms’ would cover everything including ‘miasms’

    Chandran  K C ‎:

    @DrPravin Dhole: Sir, I am not questioning the validity of “miasmatic analyisis”. I was trying to understand myself how this “miasmatic analyisis” could be related with ‘similia similibus curentur’. If you arrive at a prescription through ‘miasmatic analysis’, what will happen if that drug is not a similimum according to ‘similarity of symptoms’

    DrPravin Dhole:

    smymptoms similarity mean what? simply we cant match symp of patient to symp of drug only , individulization , totality of symp, chronic diseases classification , principle of chronic diseases, evaluation of miasm, confirmation of diathesis… , confirmation of constitution with symp, confirmation diathesis , confirmation of tempament , confirmation of inheritable tendencies and many other factor includes in symp similarities

     DrPravin Dhole:

    how we will conclues these factors in case and where?

    Chandran  K C ‎:

    @DrPravin Dhole : I AGREE, SIR. All factors are included in ‘similarity of symptoms’. And only that is homeopathy.

    Chandran  K C:

    SIMILARITY OF SYMPTOMS means matching the ‘symptomatology’ of the drug with the ‘subjective and objective symptoms’ expressed by the patient. NOTHING LESS, NOTHING MORE.

    Avtar Singh Mavi:

    Before reading this I’ll just ask u for one thing. Be away from all prejudices. In aphorism 5, Dr Hahnemann asks of the physician to take into consideration the physical constitution, his moral and intellectual char…acter, his habits and more which represents the Genetic Coding of the patient, this is all what the patient was born with. IN the Aphorism 81, Dr. Hahnemann has referred to an extremely ancient infecting agent which has passed hundreds of generations in millions of human beings ad is the cause of innumerable morbid diseases— have u ever thought of what Dr Hahnemann was referring to through this. It was Gene doctor because gene is the only thing which has passed through hundreds of generation in millions of human being and CAUSE of innumerable diseases as now the genetic scientists are saying all over world. DR. Hahnemann himself was a great scientist and nothing of his saying is away from science……..I think now it will be helpful for u to understand Dr. Hahnemann because even the newly admitted homoeopathic students of 1st year are understanding these things…. If u dont understand even now then u might b having some personal motives!!

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Avtar Singh Mavi : “In aphorism 5, Dr Hahnemann asks of the physician to take into consideration the physical constitution, his moral and intellectual character, his habits and more”. Hahnemann said nothing about “genetic coding”. He knew nothing about ‘genetic coding’ at that time. It is we, who try to interpret “physical constitution, his moral and intellectual character, his habits and more” in terms of genetics and genetic coding. We should not put our words and interpretations into hahnemann’s mouth, hoping to prove that he new ‘every science’. That is impossible, sir.

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Avtar Singh Mavi : “IN the Aphorism 81, Dr. Hahnemann has referred to an extremely ancient infecting agent which has passed hundreds of generations in millions of human beings ad is the cause of innumerable morbid diseases”. It is OUR INTERPRETATION that Dr Hahnemann was referring to GENES through this. He cannot “refer” about genes, since it was impossible for him to know anything about ‘genes’ at that time. He was referring to what he actually knew. We now interpret it on the basis of modern genetics.

    Chandran  K C:

    ‎@Avtar Singh Mavi : Sir, the term “infecting agent” used by hahnemann by itself shows he has no any idea about “genes”. No body with minimum understanding of genetics would consider native “genes” of an organism as “infectious agents” for itself. The term “infectious agent” means some thing that “infects” the organism from external environment. That cannot be part of “genetic substance” of an organism.

    Chandran  K C:

    The term “infectious agent” Hahnemann used to describe “psora” and other “miasms” clearly shows that he did not consider “miasms” as part of genetic substance, and as such, it cannot be inherited through genes. By saying “inherited through generations” hahneman only meant that these ‘miasms’ or ‘infectious agents’ were transferred from generation to generation as “infections”, not as “genes”. HIV infection can be transferred from mother to infant, but it is not a ‘genetic inheritance’. It is only “infection”. That way, hahnemann only meant that the “infectious agents” of “psora” and other “venereal” miasms were transferred through generations of humanity. That has nothing to do with genetics. “INFECTIOUS AGENTS” cannot be inherited through GENES.

     Avtar Singh Mavi:

    Doctor now I think that u need to read Genetics, once again. HIV virus is not being transferred from hundreds of generations in millions of human being nor any pathogen can be transferred which is only cause of every disease and what is psora sycosis and syphilis in ‘scientific’ language and how it is transferred in generations…. pls explain

    Chandran  K C:

    ‎@Avtar Singh Mavi : SURE SIR. I HAVE TO READ AND UPDATE EVERYTHING REGULARLY

    Avtar Singh Mavi:

    Doctor if somebody calls u with the name Shekhar are ur characters going to change or will u be not the same person by only changing the name…….what if Dr. Hahnemann has not given the NAME Gene to that thing, cant it be gene which he has observed

    Avtar Singh Mavi:

    Lastly the thing is Doctor that we can wake a person who is sleeping but we cant wake a person who is pretending to sleep

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Avtar Singh Mavi : Sir, Let us leave HIV as it is a new comer. LEPROSY was “transferred through generations” ranging for centuries as ‘infectious agents’. But nobody would dare to say that it was inherited through GENES. Same way, Hahnema…nn only meant that ITCH causing “infectious agents” were transferred through “hundreds of generations in millions of human beings”. TUBERCULOSIS is existing here through generations, transferred in the form of “infectious agents”. Only because hahnemann said that “infectious agents” or “miasms” were transferred through “hundreds of generations in millions of human beings”, why should we reach the conclusion that he was talking about GENES and GENETICS”? He was only talking about transferring of “infectious agents” or “miasms” through generations.

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Avtar Singh Mavi : Sir, you have asked: “what is psora sycosis and syphilis in ‘scientific’ language and how it is transferred in generations…. pls explain”. SHALL I TRY TO EXPLAIN MY CONCEPTS ON THIS SUBJECT?

    Chandran  K C:

    ‎@Avtar Singh Mavi : Sir, I have already explained my concepts regarding miasms in this doc. Would you please go to it: https://www.facebook.com/home.php?sk=group_126911884035337&ap=1#!/home.php?sk=group_126911884035337&view=doc&id=163731713686687

    DrPravin Dhole:

    OUR fundamental of low , is to satisfy the level of suceptibility, infection or specific bacteria or any virus is not inheritable , but suceptibility to the specific agent is an inheritable, constitutional miasmatic suceptibilies are inheritable , which desing the classification of diseases

    Chandran  K C:

    DrPravin Dhole : But sir, in aphorism 81 hahnemann says about “miasms’ as “infectious agents”. Let me quote: “the fact that this extremely ancient infecting agent has gradually passed, in some hundreds of generations, through many millions …of human organisms and has thus attained an incredible development, renders it in some measure conceivable how it can now display such innumerable morbid forms in the great family of mankind”. Is there any clue to show that he was talking about “constitutional miasmatic suceptibilies”? He was talking about “infectious agents”.. He was obviously not talking about “genetic inheritance”, but “transferring of infectious agents through generations”.

    Chandran  K C:

    ONLY THING IS THAT WE MISUNDERSTOOD “TRANSFER THROUGH GENERATIONS” AS “GENETIC INHERITANCE”.

    Sayan Bhattacharya:

    Dear doctors…i hav one question…

    Have u seen any old skin disease reappear, during ur treatment of any chronic disease, like bronchial asthma, osteoarthritis??

    If ur answer is yes…then U should not have any doubt about the efficacy of miasmatic theory.

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Sayan Bhattacharya : Sir, it is not a question of “doubt about the efficacy of miasmatic theory”. We are trying to understand homeopathy better.

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Sayan Bhattacharya : As for me, I have no any doubt regarding the existence of miasms, and the role it plays in chronic diseases. But regarding questions such as what is miasms, how it is inherited and such other details, I have difference of opinions with ‘classical’homeopaths. My perspective is different to homeopathy as a whole.

    Chandran K C:

    In my view, ‘miasms’ are deformed protein molecules such as antibodies, and prions, which are native proteins subjected to ‘molecular imprinting’ by infectious agents. These deformed proteins can create ‘off-target’ molecular bindings and cause diverse types of chronic diseases.

    Chandran K C:

    Antibodies formed against various types of ‘itch-causing’ and ‘inflamming’ infections are ‘psora’. Antibodies against various ‘cell-proliferating’ infections such as HPV and Gonorrhoea are ‘sycosis’. Antibodies against various ‘cell-degenerative’ infections such as ‘syphilis’ belong to ‘syphilitic’ miasm.

    Chandran  K C:

    These antibodies and prion-like defective proteins can remain in the organism life long, and can be transferred to offsprings through maternal blood

    Chandran K C:

    WOULD SAY, ‘MOLECULAR IMPRINTED’ OR ‘DEFORMED’ PROTEIN MOLECULES SUCH AS ANTIBODIES AND PRION-LIKE PARTICLES ARE THE ‘MOLECULAR CARRIERS’ OF “MIASMS”.

    Chandran  K C:

    For example, antibodies formed against streptococcus skin infections and sorethroats are known to attack kidneys, joints and endocardial membranes, resulting in various chronic diseases. This can be included in ‘miasm’ of psora’.

    Chandran K C:

    Antibodies formed against wart-forming’ human papilloma virus may bind to enzymes involved in gene expressions, thereby causing cellular proliferations, indurations and cancers. This can be included in ‘miasm’ of ‘sycosis’.

    Chandran  K C:

    Antibodies formed against ‘syphilis’ and similar infections attack different enzyme systems, resulting in cellular degenerations, gangrenes proteiolysis, tand such other conditions. These antibodies may be included in ‘syphilitic’ miasm.

    DrPravin Dhole:

    streptococcus , staphylococcus and sore throat are only cultivated in the tubercular or scrofulous spectrum, this suceptibility may tranfer to other system but the miasm will be latent sycotic

    Amol Ravande:

    to Chandran Nambiar K C sir, plz tell me one thing…we can consider that maternal antibodies are transfered to the child…but what about father? how his antibodies can get transferred to child?..

    Amol Ravande::

    do u mean to say that child will not get any miasmatic background from father? (as per your theory of antibodies)

    Chandran  K C ‎:

    @Amol Ravande: Sir, I don’t think antibodies or ‘miasms’ could be transferred from father to his child. Only genetically transferred traits can be inherited from father.

    Chandran  K C:

    ‎@Amol Ravande: But see, if father has got an infection, that infection can be transferred to mother through intercourse or other means, and antibodies formed in her body. We are aware that women develop antibodies even against the semen of their sexual partners.

    Chandran  K C ‎:

    @Amol Ravande: Sir, I am not arguing to establish any thing. I AM ONLY THINKING ALOUD, AND SHARING MY THOUGHTS WITH YOU.

    Chandran  K C:

    I am only trying for a scientifically viable explanation for our concept of ‘miasm’

    Chandran  K C:

    I want to prove ‘theory of miasms’ scientifically; not to disprove it.

    Amol Ravande:

    sir….definately mother will develop antibodies if father has active disease…but if the disease, suppose gonorrhoea, is treated in father long back before marriage…and as per your concept of miasm as disease,.. now the father has sycosis miasm…and now mother conceivs…do u mean to say that child will not born with sycotic predominance?

    Chandran  K C:

    ‎@Amol Ravande : As per my existing knowledge, I see no chance for that.

    Chandran  K C:

    I have not learned bout a molecular mechanism to transfer information regarding different antibodies into genetic codes

    Chandran  K C:

    I do not know whether there exist a mechanism of ‘reverse transcription’ of proteins into RNA and then into DNA. If such a mechanism actually exist, it may be possible.

    Amol Ravande:

    sir…i’m much junior to u…but i must say that i’m not with u regarding this concept…

    Chandran  K C:

    ‎@Amol Ravande : Sir, I am not worried whether people support me or not. I am saying my convictions and original thoughts. At this stage of evolution, I should not expect people to agree with me, because I am talking to a community trained in classical homeopathy, and many of my concepts go against what you are taught.

    Amol Ravande:

    ya ofcourse sir….but these comments will help u to improve ur concept…to find lacunae in ur concept..i think we should keep our minds open…that’s why i was trying to explain all these things to u…i have no intensions to hurt or criticise u

    Partha Sarathi Ray

    I’m re-posting:

    @Nambiar Sir: Your answer “As per my existing knowledge, I see no chance for that.” regarding the question of Dr.Ravande sounded much surprising to me.If the new born is not inheriting Sycosis (in this example),then how does he show all latent and prominent symptoms of sycosis after birth and at latter stage?And how can our antisycotic drugs cure him?

    Chandran K C

    If ‘miasms’ are molecular imprinted proteins such as antibodies and prion-like particles, it is obvious that antibodies cannot be inherited from father to his child. But it can be transferred to child through maternal blood.

    Chandran  K C

    Regarding ‘cure by anti-sycotic drugs’- No drug can cure if it is not ‘similimum’. A similimum will cure if it is antisycotic or not.

    Amol Ravande

    so u mean cure has nothing to do with miasm? then why hahnemann has given theory of miasms?

    Chandran K C

    ‎@Amol Ravande : “miasms’ play a role in curing ‘miasmatic diseases. But there are a lot of non-miasmatic diseases. I am questioning the idea that all chronic diseases are miasmatic. I have many times pointed out that hahnemann classified chronic diseases into ‘miasmatic’ and ‘non miasmatic’

    Chandran  K C

    ‎@Amol Ravande : Sir, while saying “hahnemann has given theory of miasms”, you should not forget that he also said about “non-miasmatic’ diseases.

    Chandran K C  

    Please listen: In Organon : Aphorism 204(Sixth Edition) Hahnemann says:

    “If we deduct all chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a persistent unhealthy mode of living, as also those innumerable medicinal maladies caused by …the irrational,… persistent, harassing and pernicious treatment of diseases often only of trivial character by physicians of the old school, most the remainder of chronic diseases result from the development of these three chronic miasms, internal syphilis, internal sycosis, but chiefly and in infinitely greater proportion, internal psora”

    This statement shows, Hahneman considered a class of ‘chronic’ diseases’ originating from ‘persistent unhealthy mode of living’ and ‘innumerable medicinal maladies’, other than ‘miasmatic chronic diseases’.

    Chandran  K C

    That means, when treating ‘chronic diseases’ originating from ‘persistent unhealthy mode of living’ and ‘innumerable medicinal maladies’, we need not worry about psora, syphilis or sycosis, but we can treat according to ‘similia similibu cu……rentur’. Remember, most of the ‘chronic diseases’ originating from occupational, environmental, nutritional, drug-induced, infectious and such others belong to the class of “chronic diseases originating from ‘persistent unhealthy mode of living’ and ‘innumerable medicinal maladies”. THEY ARE NOT CAUSED BY MIASMS OF PSORA, SYPHILIS OR SYCOSIS.

    Chandran  K C

    It is obvious that Hahnemann excluded “all chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a persistent unhealthy mode of living, as also those innumerable medicinal maladies” while talking about “chronic diseases” of “miasmatic origin”.

    Chandran K C

    When treating chronic diseases, first we have to examine whether they belong this group of “chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a persistent unhealthy mode of living, as also those innumerable medicinal maladies” . If so we need not consider miasms, but to find a similimum on the basis of ‘similia similibus curentur’.

    Chandran K C

    Hahnemann even sub-divided “non-miasmatic chronic diseases” into two: a) All chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a ‘persistent unhealthy mode of living’. b) those ‘innumerable medicinal maladies’. Why the ‘followers of …the master so far ignored this? When selecting a drug on the basis of ‘miasmatic analysis’, can we ignore ‘similia similibus curentur’? If you prescribe a drug without considering ‘similarity’ of symptoms, how can we claim that it is homeopathy? Did Hahnemann ever advise to replace the therapeutic principle of ‘similia similibus curentur’ with ‘theory of miasms’?

    Amol Ravande

    i must mention that during hahnemann’s time allopathic treatment was very harsh…leeching, bloodletting, use of mercurial compounds was very much regularly performed. this led to severe suppression and he termed it as medicinal disease…….now the fact is how many of such cases we see now a days? what we see regularly is the diseases like DM, TUMORS, HTN, for which we have to treat the patient with antimiasmatic remedy….there is no point in just making theoratical debates…we have to think about pratical applicability…

    Amol Ravande

    from your perspective…plz tell me which are nonmiasmatic diseases?

    Chandran K C

    ‎@Partha Sarathi Ray: Sir, your question “if the new born is not inheriting Sycosis (in this example),then how does he show all latent and prominent symptoms of sycosis after birth and at latter stage? And how can our antisycotic drugs cure him?” is very important.

    You also said that my answer regarding the question of genetic transfer of sycosis from father to child “as per my existing knowledge, I see no chance for that.” sounded much surprising to you.

    First of all please note that Hahnemann described “miasms” as an “infectious agent”, which was “inherited through generations of of humanity”. Only because he said about ‘inheriting through generations’, why should we jump to the conclusion that hahnemann was talking about ‘genetic transfer of miasms’? Remember, nothing was known about modern genetics during his time, and he was not in a position to think about ‘genetic transfer’. “Inherited through generations’ only means that the “infectious agents” were transferred through generations. That means, the infections remained here all along many generations. The term ‘inheritance’ is used not only for ‘genetic inheritance’. We use that term for ‘inheritance of property rights’, ‘inheritance of titles’ and many other things. Hahnemann only could have meant that type of ‘inheritance of infectious agents’.

    In our anxiety to make the “master” the “greatest scientist’ and ‘geneticist’ ever lived, we are putting our interpretations and words into his mouth. That is very inappropriate.

    Coming to the point of inheritance of ‘sycosis’ from father to child. I have earlier explained that what hahnemann called “sycotic miasm’ was actually a ‘mixed miasm’ arising from sexually transmitted gonorrhoea, human papilloma virus and various yeast infections, that can cause infections in genital tract, warts, uterine fibroids and various other chronic ailments. According to me, the miasm of ‘sycosis’ is the antibodies generated against these infections, which can cause diverse types of chronic diseases including tumors and cancers through off-target molecular bindings.

    If a man is infected in his genital tract with these mixed infections, after expressing a few initial symptoms, the infection turns silent, and he would appear to be normal and free of disease. But he can transfer his infections to his sexual partner life long. In women also, after a few initial symptoms such as UTI and vaginal discharges, infections turns silent. But she can infect anybody who engages in sexual intercourse with her. If the man was already infected earlier, both of them would not show any symptoms of infection. The woman can transfer the ‘infectious agents’ to her child from genital tract during delivery, or transfer the antibodies to the infant through maternal blood. Any way, ‘infectious agents’ of ‘sycotic miasms’ would be transferred to the next generation. There is no any involvement of GENETIC TRANSFER here. If the father is infected, there is all chance for ‘transfer of miasm’ to the infant through the mediation of mother.

    If still you want to ‘believe’ or ‘establish’ that ‘sycosis is inherited through GENES, I am helpless, sir.

    Amol Ravande

    sir…i must mention that after taking treatment..either allopathic or homoeopathic, even a trace of bacteria didnot remain in semen of father…do u mean to say that once someone gets gonorrhoea..lifelong bacterias are present in his semen?

    Chandran K C

    ‎@Amol Ravande: It is not a question of ‘my perspective’. Hahnemann has already told about the ‘non-miasmatic’ chronic diseases. I have quoted him many times during this conversation.

    In Organon : Aphorism 204(Sixth Edition) Hahnemann says:…

    “If we deduct all chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a persistent unhealthy mode of living, as also those innumerable medicinal maladies caused by the irrational,… persistent, harassing and pernicious treatment of diseases often only of trivial character by physicians of the old school, most the remainder of chronic diseases result from the development of these three chronic miasms, internal syphilis, internal sycosis, but chiefly and in infinitely greater proportion, internal psora”

    This statement shows, Hahneman considered a class of ‘chronic’ diseases’ originating from ‘persistent unhealthy mode of living’ and ‘innumerable medicinal maladies’, other than ‘miasmatic chronic diseases’.

    It is obvious that Hahnemann excluded “all chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a persistent unhealthy mode of living, as also those innumerable medicinal maladies” while talking about “chronic diseases” of “miasmatic origin”.

    We should notice that hahnemann was well conscious about two distinct classes of chronic diseases: 1. All chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a ‘persistent unhealthy mode of living’, as also those ‘innumerable medicinal maladies’. 2. Miasmatic chronic diseases arising from psora, syphilis and sycosis. He never said one class is ‘pseudo’ and other is ‘true’.

    Hahnemann even sub-divided “non-miasmatic chronic diseases” into two: a) All chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a ‘persistent unhealthy mode of living’. b) those ‘innumerable medicinal maladies’. Why the ‘followers of the master so far ignored this?

    When treating chronic diseases, first we have to examine whether they belong this group of “chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a persistent unhealthy mode of living, as also those innumerable medicinal maladies” . If so we need not consider miasms, but to find a similimum on the basis of ‘similia similibus curentur’.

    Chandran K C

    Amol Ravande: Sir, I am not available for an argument on this topic. I have explained my convictions here. If you feel I am wrong, and if you want to believe otherwise, let it be so. I have decided not to engage in arguments. I would explai…n my ideas. That is all. All of us are prejudiced, and engage in discussions only to disprove and defeat others. I have decided to avoid such arguments. If anybody believe I am wrong, I will not try to convince him through arguments.

    Chandran K C ‎

    @Amol Ravande : Sir, please comment on what I said about ‘non-miasmatic diseases’. LET US DISCUSS

    Chandran  K C

    For the time being, let us concentrate on two points:. i. Non-miasmatic diseases. 2.whether miasms are genetically inherited.

    Chandran K C

    ‎@Amol Ravande : From hahnemanns descriptions of sycosis, I do not see ‘sycosis’ as a simple gonorrhoeal miasm. Gonnrorrhoea cannot cause warts or uterine fibroids. It might me a mixed infection of gonorroea, HPV and yeast infections, all sexually transmitted.

    Chandran K C

    The problem is, we have been trained all these years in such a way that we cannot think about chronic diseases without linking with syphilis, sycosis and psora. We totally ignored hahnemanns observations regarding ‘non-miasmatic chronic di…seases’. You are not willing to hear somebody saying differently from what you have been taught. If we observe the various chronic diseass we encounter daily, we would see that most of them belong to “chronic affections, ailments and diseases that depend on a persistent unhealthy mode of living, as also those innumerable medicinal maladies”, which are ‘non-miasmatic’ according to hahnemann.. Those life style diseases, effects of vaccinations, drugging, environmental toxicit, occupational diseases. nutritional diseases, all belong to this class of ‘non-miasmatic’ diseases.

    Chandran  K C

    I know, it will be difficult for you to agree with what I say, because you have been trained to think in a different way. I WOULD REQUEST YOU TO APPLY SOME LOGIC AND RATIONAL THINKING.

    Chandran K C :

    One of the most confusing and most controversial part of homeopathy is the theory of ‘miasms’ and ‘chronic diseases’. Each homeopath understands, interprets and applies this theory in his own way. I think we need a logical and universally acceptable understanding of this concept, that would fit to the available scientific knowledge system and clinical experiences of homeopaths, and provide guidance in our practice.

      Chandran  K C :

    One respected homeopath responded to this statement: “dont worry even based on the old theory it is working wonderfully”. That shows he is not much pleased about my attempts of explaining ‘miasm’ and homeopathy at large. I know there would …be many people to agree with him. They are not ‘worried’ because they think homeopathy ‘works well even based on old theories’. I would like to tell them, any objective law of nature would work ‘wonderfully’ even if we do not know ‘how it works’ or even if we interpreted it wrongly. Electricity was ‘working’ here much before we knew anything about electricity. But knowing ‘how exactly it works’ would help us to utilize it more effectively. I think it is applicable to our scientific understanding of ‘miasms’ also. “As far as something is working well, we need not try to understand it better” is a way of thinking not acceptable to scientific-minded people. If that philosophy is accepted, there would not be any scientific research, since everything around us “working well” even without we knowing “how exactly it works”!

    Chandran K C :

    In Para 12 of CHRONIC DISEASES, Hahnemann says: “PSORA has thus become the most infectious and most general of all the chronic miasmas”. That means hahnemann talks about a ‘psora’ that can be got transferred from person to to person as INFE…CTIONS. Do we have to believe that we will get infected with ‘PSORIC MIASM’ by some sort of physical contact with a ‘PSORIC’ person?

    If PSORA is “immaterial” and “dynamic”, and if it is MOST INFECTIOUS as hahnemann says, would it be transferred from a PSORIC man to a NON-PSORIC man in a “dynamic” way, without the mediation of any “INFECTIOUS MATERIALS? I have no idea about the mean distance between persons required for such a “dynamic infection” of psora to happen. Some people say that “dynamic drug powers” can be transferred to distant places. Can PSORA also can infect “dynamically” from person to person who are at very distant places?

    Chandran K C:

    Homeopathic understanding and management of ‘chronic disease’ is based on the concept of ‘miasms’. Hahnemann has provided detailed explanations regarding three types of ‘miasms’ such as ‘psora’, ‘syphills’ and ‘sycosis’. Theory of ‘miasms’… and chronic diseases were developed during later part of Hahnemann’s life, when he learned from his clinical experience that medicines selected on the basis of similarity of symptoms as he advocated earlier offered only temporary relief to the most patients.

    According to his theory of ‘chronic diseases’, ‘psora’, the ‘miasm’ of suppressed ‘itch’, is the underlying primary cause of all chronic diseases other than those of ‘venereal’ origin. ‘Psora’ is said to be the greatest obstruction to cure. Other two miasms, ‘syphilis’ and ‘sycosis’ are considered to be miasms of venereal diseases, ‘syphilis’ and ‘gonorrhoea’ respectively. Hahnemann considered ‘psora’ to be the most important and universal ‘miasm’. According to his theory, unless this ‘miasm’ or ‘disease poison’ is eradicated with appropriate ‘anti-psoric’ drugs, permanent and lasting cure cannot be attained.

    The primary forms of expression of ‘psora’ is considered to be the itching eruptions on skin, that of ‘syphilis’ un-healing tissue destructions like malignant ulcers, and that of ‘sycosis’ warts and condylomata.

    Chandran K C:

    Now, let us try to analyze the concept of miasms and chronic diseases in the light of scientific understanding of molecular biology, ‘similia similibus curentur’ and ‘potentization’.

    Human organism is constantly exposed to the attacks of various types of exogenous and endogenous foreign molecules and ions. They may bind to the complex native biological molecules, thereby deforming their configuration and making them incapable of participating in the normal bio-chemical interactions. As per scientific view, this phenomenon underlies the molecular basis of most pathological conditions.

    If the pathological foreign molecules are of protein nature, native biological defense proteins having configurational affinity to these foreign proteins attaches to them, destroys and removes them from the organism as part of body’s defense mechanism. During this defense process, some of the involved native protein molecules get configurationally deformed by the interaction with foreign molecules. Native protein molecules so deformed will be carrying the 3-D spacial impressions of the interacted foreign molecules on their periphery. These impressions exist as three dimensional pockets, having a configuration complementary to that of foreign proteins. These molecular imprinted proteins thus become incapacitated for their normal biological processes, and remain a burden in the organism. Antibodies actually belong to this class of such deformed globulin proteins, subjected to ‘molecular imprinting’ by foreign proteins.

    Certain endogenous molecules and ions such as hormones, neuro-chemicals, and other metabolic byproducts such as super-oxides, when circulated in excess, may also attach to various bio-molecules other than their natural targets, and induce configurational changes in them.

    These deformed native proteins may circulate in the system, and accidentally attach to various bio-molecules having complementary configurational affinity, thereby creating various molecular errors and pathological deviations.

    Configurational changes happening in enzymes of protein nature involved with genetic expressions and DNA synthesis may ultimately lead to various types of proteinopathies, or may result in mutations happening in genetic substance itself, with subsequent hereditary diseases. If the enzymes involved in genetic expressions get deformed by molecular imprinting, it may affect the process of normal protein synthesis, and produce related pathological conditions. It may be noted that heavy metal ions and certain poisonous substances such as alkaloids and organophos chemicals also can inhibit the enzymes associated with DNA synthesis, and create genetic errors.

    Chandran K C:

    Obviously, modern scientific knowledge regarding subjects such as antibodies, proteinopathies, genetic expressions, molecular imprinted proteins, etc., were not available during the era of Hahnemann, when he undertook the study of chronic diseases. Had he understood the exact bio–molecular basis of these phenomena, he would have provided a theory of chronic diseases entirely different from that he had formulated. At that time, it was the wonderful insight of the great genius of Hahnemann that enabled him to observe the deep-seated factors playing behind the chronic diseases that he called ‘miasms’. During that period, even before the appearance of antibiotics modern microscope, most dreaded diseases such as eczema, leprosy, syphilis and gonorrhoea were rampant in europe. He observed that in spite of the various crude forms of treatments available then, these diseases continued their manifestations during the whole life span of patients. Naturally, his theory of chronic disease was more involved with the long term effects of these diseases. He used the term ‘miasm’ to describe these chronic disease factors. By the term ‘miasm’, he really meant ‘disease poisons’. The miasm of ‘itch’(and leprosy) was called as ‘psora’, the ‘miasm of syphilis as ‘syphilis’, and that of gonorrhoea as ‘sycosis’. Now, based on modern scientific knowledge, we can say that ‘miasms’ are the antibodies or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ created in the organism due to the interaction of native proteins with various bacterial, viral or fungal toxins of protein nature. Various environmental allergens, and certain endogenous molecules and metabolic bye-products may also imprint up on native defense proteins and convert them into chronic ‘miasms’.

    Chandran K C:

    Antibodies produced in the organism against scabies (itch), leprosy, and tuberculosis belong to same class, and give positive reaction to ‘tuberculin’ antigen tests. This indicates that toxins released by these bacteria have certain similar… molecular groups in them, and the molecular imprints or antibodies against those groups also have certain configurational similarities. Actually, these ‘molecular imprints’ belong to the ‘miasms’ of ‘psora’ described by Hahnemann. Homeopaths already know that potentized ‘tuberculinum’, ‘bacillinum’, and ‘psorinum’ play a wonderful role in the treatment of scabies and other skin eruptions, and the chronic conditions related with them.

    Chandran K C:

    It may be interesting to observe that toxins released by bacteria belonging to mycobacterium group, are molecules containing ‘sulphur’ in their active groups. The presence of sulphur-containing amino acid called cysteine is responsible for this factor. During infection, bacterial toxins bind to the biological molecules of organism using this sulphide group. Naturally, ‘molecular imprints’ or antibodies of these bacterial toxins will have complementary negative configurations of this ‘sulphide’ groups. These ‘molecular imprints’ can attack various bio-molecules in diverse bio-chemic pathways, resulting in different types of constitutional diseases of ‘psoric’ nature. We already know that the antibodies produced against bacterial skin infections may attack heart, kidney, brain, and other vital organs causing different types of diseases. Streptococcal and staphylococcal antibodies formed against acute throat and teeth infections may attack synovial membranes of joints, endocardial linings, and valvular structures of heart. During drug proving, sulphur also binds to the same molecular targets as the sulphur-containing bacterial toxins. The similarity between certain symptom groups expressed by these bacterial infections and the homeopathic provings of sulphur may be specifically noted. Here we get the scientific explanation for the observation of Hahnemann that potentized sulphur is the most important ‘antipsoric’ medicine, or ‘The King of Antipsorics’. It is already known that the amino acid called ‘cysteine’, which contains ‘sulphide’ groups, play an important role in almost all molecular interactions in the organism, involving protein molecules. It may be the reason for the appearance of so many symptom groups, involving almost every organ of the body, in the homoeopathic proving of sulphur. Potentized sulphur can compete with the molecular imprints or antibodies, in their interactions with biological molecules, and act as a most powerful ‘anti psoric’ drug.

    Equipped with the knowledge accumulated by modern science in recent years, we are now in a position to provide satisfactory answer to the centuries old riddle of ‘miasm’ and ‘chronic diseases’. There is no further scope or space for metaphysical speculations any more.

    Chandran K C:

    In recent years, we have heard a lot about researches on a certain class of disease causing agents, called ‘prions’. Prions are deformed complex protein molecules acting as pathogens. Prions were invented during the research on ‘scrapie’ or… ‘mad cow disease’. The actual mechanism of normal protein molecules turning into ‘prions’ has not been well understood yet. Recent studies on the molecular basis of Alzhiemer’s disease, also indicates to the role of deformed proteins in its pathology. Molecular changes associated with normal aging process also have to be examined from this stand point. In my opinion, these issues can be solved from the viewpoint of ‘molecular imprinting in proteins’. More studies are required in this direction.

    Chandran  K C:

    This is an era of vaccinations. Every human being is subjected to a series of vaccination protocols from the moment of birth, to protect from various diseases. We have to worry about the unknown long term after effects of these vaccinations…. Live or attenuated viruses are introduced into the organism to produce antibodies against pathological infections. Actually, this process induces ‘molecular imprinting’ of native proteins, with the foreign proteins contained in the vaccines. Obviously, the molecular imprints or antibodies thus formed, shall act as ‘miasms’ in the organism. If this type of molecular deformity happens in proteins associated with DNA synthesis or genetic expression, it may result in serious genetic abnormalities. It is high time that we realized this dangerous possibility associated with vaccinations. All these deformed proteins created by vaccinations, act as ‘miasms’, and throw humanity into a sea of complicated chronic diseases much beyond the level observed even by Hahnemann.

    Chandran  K C:

    For example, let us consider PSORA. It is the antibodies formed against ITCH caused by SCABIE MITES. These SCABIES MITES carries mycobacteria on them, and that is why TUBERCULIN TEST is positive for scabies, tuberculosis and leprosy patient…s. Their antibodies are similar. ALL COMES UNDER PSORA

    ANTIBODIES ARE TRANSFERRED FROM MOTHERS TO OFFSPRING THROUGH MATERNAL BLOOD

    DEFORMED PROTEINS CAN BIND TO REGULATORY ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA SYNTHESIS AND GENE EXPRESSIONS, AND THAT WAY AFFECT THE GENETIC SUBSTANCE ALSO.

    Chandran K C:

    It is interesting to note that even though hahnemann described PSORA as a miasm caused by ‘itch infections’, he did not limit this ‘itch’ to scabies alone. He included leprosy, fungal infections and various other other similar ‘itch’ produc…ing skin infections as the causative factors of psora. It is obvious that he was talking about a ‘class of infections’ as causative agents of PSORA. We know that all these infections produce ‘antibodies’ in the organism by a process of ‘molecular imprinting of native proteins’ with the infectious toxins. Although the natural targets of these antibodies are the infectious agents themselves, antibodies move in the organism freely and may bind to different ‘off-target molecules having configurations similar to natural targets. Such off-target actions of these ‘antibodies’(molecular imprinted proteins or malformed proteins) may cause diverse types of ‘molecular errors’ in various biochemical pathways, resulting in different chronic diseases that we consider belonging to PSORA. According to my view ‘miasm of psora’ includes all antibodies that can trigger a series of molecular interactions that would prompt the ‘regulatory proteins of gene expressions’, to induce the genes to synthesize various ‘inflammatory’ molecules. That is why PSORA is considered to be a miasm behind INFLAMMATORY diseases. According to this interpretation, PSORA is not a single miasm, but a CLASS of miasm or a CLASS of antibodies that can induce genes to produce proteins that would cause inflammatory changes in the system. We can see, all diseases and their symptoms hahnemann included in PSORA exactly fit to this interpretation. LET US SUM UP: A CLASS OF ANTIBODIES AND MALFORMED PROTEINS ARISING FROM MOLECULAR IMPRINTING OF NATIVE PROTIENS WITH A CLASS OF INFECTIOUS TOXINS ARE THE “MOLECULAR CARRIERS OF PSORA”. THESE ANTIBODIES INDUCE THE GENETIC SUBSTANCE TO PRODUCE INFLAMMATORY MOLECULES, THEREBY RESULTING IN INFLAMMATORY CHANGES IN THE ORGANISM.

    Chandran K C:

    In the same way as PSORA, we can see that SYCOSIS is a CLASS OF MIASM, consisting of antibodies created by by gonorrhoea, human papiloma virus, vaccinosis etc.These antibodies induce GENETIC SYSTEM to produce INDURATIONS , WARTY GROWTHS AND… TUMORS in the organism.

    SYPHILITIC miasm consists of a class of antibodies and malformed proteins that induce GENETIC SYSTEM to produce molecules that may cause CELLULAR DESTRUCTION, NON-HEALING ULCERS, NECROSIS etc.

    There may be thousands of miasms (antibodies and malformed proteins) in the organism. But all these diverse miasms could be broadly classified into PSORA(INFLAMMATORY), SYCOSIS(INDURATIONS), and SYPHILIS(CELLULAR DECAY). Thus we can say, there exists THREE CLASSES OF MIASMS

    Harishkumar Shinde:

    Dear sir, you are started a very good discussion on the subject of MIASM here but therotically understanding miasm is a different thing and clinically applying miasms in practic is very different thing. so the miasm states the present disea…se state and it shows the path of the prognosis of disease, and miasm gives clue for perfect prescription. after proper studying your blog i am ready to discuss on miasms we will discuss, Thanks

    Yogesh Upadhyay Homoeopath:

    very good explanation by chandran sir really gud to discuss this will elaborate our knowledge of miasm

    Chandran  K C:

    ‎@Yogesh Upadhyay Homoeopath and @Harishkumar Shinde : Thank you sir. I expect a meaningful discourse between us on this topic.

    Chandran  K C:

    ‎@Yogesh Upadhyay Homoeopath and @Harishkumar Shinde : I am waiting for your comments to take this thread forward.

    Manish Kumar:

    chandran sir as i read all the explanation regarding miasm is very perticular,you did not consider the individual reaction regarding the miasmatic state,the progress of disease itself defying the miasmatic state of individual.the thinking and behaviour of the individual also carry significance,when we categorize miasm,not only pathological condition responsible for miasmatic expression.

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Manish Kumar: Sir, “the thinking and behavior of the individual” also has a molecular level process behind it. I think we need not consider mental and physical aspects as separate entities. When I talk about pathology I mean ‘molecular pathology’ which is common for mental and physical ‘expressions’.

    Manish Kumar:

    regarding molecular biology as you raised the question regarding heriditary mechanism of miasm,yes miasm can be travel through one generation to another,hapten is a molecule made up of polypeptide chain which responsible for it,and whwn we …talk about antibodies only iGg immunoglobulin can cross the placental barrier,this immunoglobulin help the palsma cell to form antibodies,and manufacture the interferon and inflamatory substance,miasmgives us clue to observe the bhaviour of the disease which reflect in individual,and it cons

    Chandran K C:

    @ Manish Kumar: Sir, I feel we share a lot of common concepts regarding ‘miasms’.

    Manish Kumar:

    why not sir it’s my pleasure

    Manish Kumar:

    and it can travel from distence also,because if any remedy show it’s manifestation to individual from distence then why not it affect the over individuality of the patient and miasm is also an integral part of individual constitution so it can work

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Manish Kumar ; Sir, kindly explain your statement “it can travel from distance”. I got confused on that point’

    Sayan Bhattacharya:

    @ Robert and J.H. Allen…has written quite beautifully much about miasms…but in reality very few teachers can teach us MIASMS. I mean at the bed side.

    Aude Sapere:

    Beautifly illustrated. Thank u Sir!

    Kranti Kumar:

    THANKS FOR GIVING AN INVIEW REGARDING THE UNDERSTANDING OF MIASM IN TODAYS CONTEXT BUT I THINK A MIASM IS VERY MUCH AN INFECTIVE PATHOLOGICAL AGENCY WHICH ONCE INFECTS THE HEALHY ANIMAL ECONOMY CREATS SOME PERMANENT DISTURBANCE WHICH IS CAR…RIED FORWARD IN THE ONCOMING GENERATION IF NOT BEING TREATED BY LAW OF SIMILIA. PSORA IS THE FIRST AND THE FOREMOST MIASM WHICH HAS INFECTED ANIMAL BODY AND MADE IT MORE PRONE TO BE INFECTED BY THE OTHER TWO FUNDAMENTAL MIASMS CALLED SYPHILLIS AND SYCOSIS WHICH ARE THE VENERAL AND THE GONNORHHOEL POISONS RESPECTIVELY MOREOVER IT MAY ALSO BE POSSIBLE LIKE THE OTHER TWO MIASMS MIGHT BE HAVING INITIAL PRECURSOR SYMPTOMS SIMULATING PSORIC MANIFESTATIONS WHICH LATER MAY PROGRESS IN A FORM OF THERE RESPECTIVE INFECTIOUS AGENTS.

    Manasbikash Mandal :

    as per my knowledge,homoeopathy cannot be completed without miasm. it is the heart of homoeopathy.

    Chandran  K C:

    ‎@Manasbikash Mandal : I agree sir. Understanding of ‘miasms’ working an individual is essential for a therapeutic intervention to offer ‘total cure’. But I was trying to explain what is exactly the ‘material basis’ of ‘miasms’.

    Chandran K C:

    ‎@Kranti Kumar: I agree with your statement “MIASM IS VERY MUCH AN INFECTIVE PATHOLOGICAL AGENCY WHICH ONCE INFECTS THE HEALHY ANIMAL ECONOMY CREATES SOME PERMANENT DISTURBANCE”. I was trying to explain this phenomenon in terms of antibodies and malformed proteins formed by molecular imprinting of native proteins by exogenous and endogenous pathogenic agents.

  • Do Not Confuse ‘Scientific Homeopathy’ With Those Well-Marketed ‘Pseudo-scientific Brands Of Homeopathy’

    Some ‘modern masters’ pretend that homeopathy will become a ‘medical science’ by merely sprinkling some scientific and ultra-scientific terms such as ‘genetic’, ‘quantum’, ‘embryonic’, ‘particles’, ‘vibrations’ ‘resonance’, ‘energy field’, ‘teleportation’, ‘radiations’, ‘frequency’, ‘string’ and the like here and there in their articles and lectures.

    Same time they would talk about ‘unscientificness’ and ‘limitations’ of modern science.

    Next moment they would explain homeopathy in terms of ‘vital force’, ‘dynamic energy’, ‘mind remedy’, ‘spiritual remedies’, ‘hair transmissions’, ‘photo-transmissions’, ‘radionics’, and such other absurd occult practices. These people make homeopathy a subject of unending laughter and mockery before the scientific community.

    These people are not interested in real scientific understanding of homeopathy. All of them are marketing their own ‘theories’ and ‘methods’, and have built up a closed community of ardent followers around them. They fear any new wave of scientific understanding in homeopathy would sweep away their sand hills of fame and fortunes.That is why they are desperately fighting tooth and nail to resist any attempts of real scientific awareness.

    By ‘scientific homeopathy’, I mean an open system of theory and practice of Homeopathy that fits to our existing scientific knowledge system, which could be verified with available scientific methods and tools, with the involvement of scientific community. At least, we have to make it a theory and practice that do not go against fundamental principles of modern science.

    By ‘scientific homeopathy’, I mean a theory and practice of homeopathy that fits into the scientific paradigms of modern biochemistry, molecular biology and life sciences.

    By ‘scientific homeopathy’, I mean a theory and practice of homeopathy that would agree with the scientific knowledge provided by modern physiology, pathology and therapeutics.

    By scientific homeopathy’, I mean an understanding of homeopathic drugs that can be explained using the language and concepts of modern material sciences, medical science and pharmacology.

  • Dielectric Dispersion In Potentized Drugs Indicates ‘Rearrangement Of Vehicle Molecules’ Or ‘Molecular Imprinting’

    Tanmoy Maity (Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India), D. Ghosh &  C.R. Mahata (Department of Electrical Engineering, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India) has published a research paper regarding Effect of dielectric dispersion on potentised homeopathic medicines, which I think is of immense implications in our understanding of active principles of our drugs as ‘molecular imprints’ or ‘hydrosomes’.

    This report is available onhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1475491609001258

    This paper reports dielectric dispersion occurring in potentised homeopathic medicines subjected to variable frequency electric field using an instrumentation method developed by the authors. Oscillations occur in the direction of electric field, and are usually termed longitudinal/acoustic-mode vibrations.

    The test material was lactose soaked with homeopathic medicine. Multiple resonance frequencies, forming a frequency-set, were observed repeatedly for each medicine.

    The team reports experimental results for three potencies of Cuprum metallicum (Cuprum met) in the frequency range of 100 kHz–1 MHz. Each exhibits a set of resonance frequencies, which may be termed as its characteristic set. As the frequency-set of each medicine is different from those of others, each medicine may, therefore, be identified by its characteristic frequency-set. This suggests that potentised homeopathic medicines, which are chemically identical with the vehicle, differ from one another in the arrangement of vehicle molecules.

    According to them, these “experiments show that  potentised homeopathic medicines, which are chemically identical with the vehicle, differ from one another in the arrangement of vehicle molecules”.

    “Difference in arrangement of vehicle molecules” strongly indicates the presence of “supra-molecular clusters of water and ethyl alcohol, into which the three-dimensional configuration of drug molecules are imprinted as nanocavities” as proposed by the hypotheses proposed by Dialectical Homeopathy.

    The observation that “the resonance frequencies frequency-set of each medicine is different from those of others” strongly indicates clusters of water-ethyl alcohol molecules specifically rearranged in accordance with the shapes of constituent molecules of drug substance used for potentization.

    Such a re-arrangement of vehicle molecules strongly indicates the process of ‘molecular imprinting’ happening during homeopathic potentization. Present work is a decisive step in the scientific understanding of  homeopathy.

  • Learn About Nanotoxicity Concerns Before Prescribing Biochemic Salts Indiscriminately

    I am posting this article on “Nanotoxicity”, extracted from Wilikipedia, in order to invite the attention of homeopaths using frequently administered large doses of BIOCHEMIC SALTS. Latest studies show that molecules contained in the biochemic salts are converted into ‘nanoparticles’ through the process of TRITURATION. If it is right that the triturated biochemic salts contain ‘nanoparticles of minerals’, we should be careful in using them indiscriminately, even in place of ‘placebos’.  If you read the following article carefully, you will understand that prescribing biochemics is not a childs play.

     If you agree that through the process of triturations, mineral substances are converted into nanoparticles, and ‘nanoparticles’ are the active principles of biochemic triturations, you should be well aware of the subject of ‘nanotoxicity’. You should also know that at ‘nano’ level, molecular properties of substances undergo great changes. As such, if you want to utilize the ‘molecular’ properties of biochemic salts for nutritional or therapeutic purpose, you should be using small quanities of substances as doses, not ‘nanoparticles’ contained in the triturated form. If ‘trituration’ involves formation of nanoparticles, we should undertake a serious ‘nanotoxicity’ study of our biochemic salts. You cannot use it on human organism, only because some ‘old masters’ have advised to use it, only because they knew nothing about nanoparticles and nanotoxicity. Not only biochemic salts, we should rethink the use of low potencies (below 30C, that may contain crude molecules or nanoparticles) of any mineral drugs such as Iod 3x, ARS compunds, MERC compounds. URANIUM compounds and the like.

    NANOTOXICITY (From Wikipedia):

     “Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Because of quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts.

    Nanotoxicology is a branch of bionanoscience which deals with the study and application of toxicity of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, even when made of inert elements like gold, become highly active at nanometer dimensions. Nanotoxicological studies are intended to determine whether and to what extent these properties may pose a threat to the environment and to human beings. For instance, Diesel nanoparticles have been found to damage the cardiovascular system in a mouse model.

    Calls for tighter regulation of nanotechnology have arisen alongside a growing debate related to the human health and safety risks associated with nanotechnology. The Royal Society identifies the potential for nanoparticles to penetrate the skin, and recommends that the use of nanoparticles in cosmetics be conditional upon a favorable assessment by the relevant European Commission safety advisory committee. Andrew Maynard also reports that ‘certain nanoparticles may move easily into sensitive lung tissues after inhalation, and cause damage that can lead to chronic breathing problems’.

    Carbon nanotubes – characterized by their microscopic size and incredible tensile strength – are frequently likened to asbestos, due to their needle-like fiber shape. In a recent study that introduced carbon nanotubes into the abdominal cavity of mice, results demonstrated that long thin carbon nanotubes showed the same effects as long thin asbestos fibers, raising concerns that exposure to carbon nanotubes may lead to mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the lungs caused by exposure to asbestos). Given these risks, effective and rigorous regulation has been called for to determine if, and under what circumstances, carbon nanotubes are manufactured, as well as ensuring their safe handling and disposal.

    There is currently limited understanding of the human health and safety risks associated with nanotechnology.

    The potential for workplace exposure was highlighted by the 2004 Royal Society report which recommended a review of existing regulations to assess and control workplace exposure to nanoparticles and nanotubes. The report expressed particular concern for the inhalation of large quantities of nanoparticles by workers involved in the manufacturing process.

    Stakeholders concerned by the lack of a regulatory framework to assess and control risks associated with the release of nanoparticles and nanotubes have drawn parallels with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (‘mad cow’s disease’), thalidomide, genetically modified food, nuclear energy, reproductive technologies, biotechnology, and asbestosis. In light of such concerns, the Canadian based ETC Group have called for a moratorium on nano-related research until comprehensive regulatory frameworks are developed that will ensure workplace safety.

    Nanotoxicology is a sub-specialty of particle toxicology. It addresses the toxicology of nanoparticles

    Nanoparticles have higher chemical reactivity and biological activity. The greater chemical reactivity of nanomaterials can result in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including free radicals.  ROS production has been found in a diverse range of nanomaterials including carbon fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and nanoparticle metal oxides. ROS and free radical production is one of the primary mechanisms of nanoparticle toxicity; it may result in oxidative stress, inflammation, and consequent damage to proteins, membranes and DNA

    The extremely small size of nanomaterials also means that they much more readily gain entry into the human body than larger sized particles. How these nanoparticles behave inside the body is still a major question that needs to be resolved. The behavior of nanoparticles is a function of their size, shape and surface reactivity with the surrounding tissue. In principle, a large number of particles could overload the body’s phagocytes, cells that ingest and destroy foreign matter, thereby triggering stress reactions that lead to inflammation and weaken the body’s defense against other pathogens. In addition to questions about what happens if non-degradable or slowly degradable nanoparticles accumulate in bodily organs, another concern is their potential interaction or interference with biological processes inside the body. Because of their large surface area, nanoparticles will, on exposure to tissue and fluids, immediately adsorb onto their surface some of the macromolecules they encounter. This may, for instance, affect the regulatory mechanisms of enzymes and other proteins.

    Nanomaterials are able to cross biological membranes and access cells, tissues and organs that larger-sized particles normally cannot.  Nanomaterials can gain access to the blood stream via inhalation or ingestion. At least some nanomaterials can penetrate the skin; even larger microparticles may penetrate skin when it is flexed. Broken skin is an ineffective particle barrier, suggesting that acne, eczema, shaving wounds or severe sunburn may accelerate skin uptake of nanomaterials. Then, once in the blood stream, nanomaterials can be transported around the body and be taken up by organs and tissues, including the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, bone marrow and nervous system. Nanomaterials have proved toxic to human tissue and cell cultures, resulting in increased oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine production and cell death. Unlike larger particles, nanomaterials may be taken up by cell mitochondria and the cell nucleus. Studies demonstrate the potential for nanomaterials to cause DNA mutation and induce major structural damage to mitochondria, even resulting in cell death.

    Since there is no authority to regulate nanotech-based products, there are many products that could possibly be dangerous to humans. Scientific research has indicated the potential for some nanomaterials to be toxic to humans or the environment. In March 2004 tests conducted by environmental toxicologist Eva Oberdörster, Ph.D. working with Southern Methodist University in Texas, found extensive brain damage to fish exposed to fullerenes for a period of just 48 hours at a relatively moderate dose of 0.5 parts per million (commensurate with levels of other kinds of pollution found in bays). The fish also exhibited changed gene markers in their livers, indicating their entire physiology was affected. In a concurrent test, the fullerenes killed water fleas, an important link in the marine food chain. The extremely small size of fabricated nanomaterials also means that they are much more readily taken up by living tissue than presently known toxins. Nanoparticles can be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin and deliberately or accidentally injected during medical procedures. They might be accidentally or inadvertently released from materials implanted into living tissue.

    Researcher Shosaku Kashiwada of the National Institute for Environmental Studies in Tsukuba, Japan, in a more recent study, intended to further investigate the effects of nanoparticles on soft-bodied organisms. His study allowed him to explore the distribution of water-suspended fluorescent nanoparticles throughout the eggs and adult bodies of a species of fish, known as the see-through medaka (Oryzias latipes). See-through medaka were used because of their small size, wide temperature and salinity tolerances, and short generation time. Moreover, small fish like the see-through medaka have been popular test subjects for human diseases and organogenesis for other reasons as well, including their transparent embryos, rapid embryo development, and the functional equivalence of their organs and tissue material to that of mammals. Because the see-through medaka have transparent bodies, analyzing the deposition of fluorescent nanoparticles throughout the body is quite simple. For his study, Dr. Kashiwada evaluated four aspects of nanoparticle accumulation. These included the overall accumulation and the size-dependent accumulation of nanoparticles by medaka eggs, the effects of salinity on the aggregation of nanoparticles in solution and on their accumulation by medaka eggs, and the distribution of nanoparticles in the blood and organs of adult medaka. It was also noted that nanoparticles were in fact taken up into the bloodstream and deposited throughout the body. In the medaka eggs, there was a high accumulation of nanoparticles in the yolk; most often bioavailibility was dependent on specific sizes of the particles. Adult samples of medaka had accumulated nanoparticles in the gills, intestine, brain, testis, liver, and bloodstream. One major result from this study was the fact that salinity may have a large influence on the bioavailibility and toxicity of nanoparticles to penetrate membranes and eventually kill the specimen.

    As the use of nanomaterials increases worldwide, concerns for worker and user safety are mounting. To address such concerns, the Swedish Karolinska Institute conducted a study in which various nanoparticles were introduced to human lung epithelial cells. The results, released in 2008, showed that iron oxide nanoparticles caused little DNA damage and were non-toxic. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were slightly worse. Titanium dioxide caused only DNA damage. Carbon nanotubes caused DNA damage at low levels. Copper oxide was found to be the worst offender, and was the only nanomaterial identified by the researchers as a clear health risk.

    Very little attention has been directed towards the potential immunogenicity of nanostructures. Nanostructures can activate the immune system inducing inflammation, immune responses, allergy, or even affect to the immune cells in a deleterious or beneficial way (immunosuppression in autoimmune diseases, improving immune responses in vaccines). More studies are needed in order to know the potential deleterious or beneficial effects of nanostructures in the immune system. In comparison to conventional pharmeceutical agents, nanostructures have very large sizes and immune cells, especially phagocytic cells, recognize and try to destroy them.

    Size is therefore a key factor in determining the potential toxicity of a particle. However it is not the only important factor. Other properties of nanomaterials that influence toxicity include: chemical composition, shape, surface structure, surface charge, aggregation and solubility, and the presence or absence of functional groups of other chemicals. The large number of variables influencing toxicity means that it is difficult to generalise about health risks associated with exposure to nanomaterials – each new nanomaterial must be assessed individually and all material properties must be taken into account.

    In addition, standarization of toxicology tests between laboratories are needed. Díaz, B. et al from the University of Vigo (Spain) has shown (Small, 2008) that many different cell lines should be studied in order to know if a nanostructure induces toxicity, and human cells can internalize aggregated nanoparticles. Moreover, it is important to take into account that many nanostructures aggregate in biological fluids, but groups manufacturing nanostructures do not care much about this matter. Many efforts of interdisciplinary groups are strongly needed in order to progress in this field.

    Many nanoparticles agglomerate or aggregate when they are placed in environmental or biological fluids. The terms agglomeration and aggregation have distinct definitions according to the standards organizations ISO and ASTM, where agglomeration signifies more loosely bound particles and aggregation signifies very tightly bound or fused particles (typically occurring during synthesis or drying). Nanoparticles frequently agglomerate due to the high ionic strength of environmental and biological fluids, which shields the repulsion due to charges on the nanoparticles. Unfortunately, agglomeration has frequently been ignored in nanotoxicity studies, even though agglomeration would be expected to affect nanotoxicity since it changes the size, surface area, and sedimentation properties of the nanoparticles. In addition, many nanoparticles will agglomerate to some extent in the environment or in the body before they reach their target, so it is desirable to study how toxicity is affected by agglomeration.

    A method was published that can be used to produce different mean sizes of stable agglomerates of several metal, metal oxide, and polymer nanoparticles in cell culture media for cell toxicity studies.Different mean sizes of agglomerates are produced by allowing the nanoparticles to agglomerate to a particular size in cell culture media without protein, and then adding protein to coat the agglomerates and “freeze” them at that size. By waiting different amounts of time before adding protein, different mean sizes of agglomerates of a single type of nanoparticle can be produced in an otherwise identical solution, allowing one to study how agglomerate size affects toxicity. In addition, it was found that vortexing while adding a high concentration of nanoparticles to the cell culture media produces much less agglomerated nanoparticles than if the dispersed solution is only mixed after adding the nanoparticles.

    With comparison to more conventional toxicology studies, the nanotoxicology field is however suffering form a lack of easy characterisation of the potential contaminants, the “nano” scale been still a scale difficult to apprehend. The biological systems are themselves still not completely known at this scale. Ultimate Atomic visualisation methods such as Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and Atomic force Microscopy (AFM) analysis are allowing fantastic progresses in the visualisation of the nano world. Yet, further nanotoxicology studies will require extremely precise characterisation of the specificities of a given nano-element : size, chemical composition, detailed shape, level of aggregation, combination with other vectors, etc. Above all, these properties would have to be determined not only on the nanocomponent before its introduction in the living environnment but also in the (mostly acqueous) biological environnement. This is why nanotoxicoly is a fantastic field of research . This is also why it is not easy to determine to what extent a given nanoparticule has a dramatic effect when compared to comparable nanoparticules already present in our environnement either through natural/biological origin (see exosoms possibly implied in neural communication or through ancestral human activity (ashes).

  • Theory Of ‘Electro-Magentic Vibrations’ Regarding Potentization- Unscientific Ideas Wrapped In ‘Scientific’ Verbosity

    During Discussions on a Homeopathic Group Regarding ‘Active Principles’ of Potentized Drugs, A Homeopath Posted As Follows:

    “The ingredient in a remedy is electromagnetic energy. In trituration, we make nano-particles, which means electrons are rubbed off the molecule. Those electrons are negatively charged and also charge the lactose. The lactose dissolves in water, and so the water get charged. Succussion is the amplification of that electromagnetic charge.”

    I POSTED THE FOLLOWING QUERY AS A RESPONSE TO THIS POST:

    “When you say the electrons getting ‘rubbed off’ from the drug molecules, and ‘charge’ the lactose, and while the lactose dissolve in water the ‘water get charged’, and this ‘charge’ of water is the ‘ingredient’ of potentized medicine, acting as ‘electro-magnetic energy’, and ‘succussion’ is ‘amplification’ of that ‘charge’, did you actually think about the questions that will have to be answered?

    1. How the simple ‘electrons’ ‘rubbed off’ from the ‘drug molecules’ carry the properties of complex drug molecules and transfer these properties to the lactose? According to your theory, only ‘electrons’ ‘rubbed off’ involve in activating the ‘lactose’. If so, ‘drug molecules’ have no role in this ‘charging’ process. Do you think ‘electrons’ ‘rubbed off’ from a complex molecule can represent the whole molecule, which contains different types of atoms?

    2. Let us accept your theory of lactose getting charged by the ‘electrons’ ‘rubbed off’ from the drug molecules. ‘Getting charged’ means, the energy level of lactose molecules are raised to a higher level. According to quantum understanding, any atom or molecules raised to a higher level would return to its ground energy state in a short time by radiating energy, once the ‘process of charging’ is stooped. If so, the lactose charged by trituration will lose its ‘energy’ it is kept for some time. Do you think triturated drugs will lose its medicinal properties if kept for some time?

    3. When you say the ‘lactose’ dissolve in water and water also get charged, have you got any idea about the ‘nano-particles’ of drugs created during trituration? What would be its role, if water is getting charged by the ‘charged lactose’?

    4. Now, coming to the ‘amplification’ of charges during succussion. How this amplification happens, and how can this amplification increase the medical properties?

    5. What is according to you the mechanism by which this ‘charged water’ interfere in the biological process? If it is through ‘electromagnetic radiation’, is it necessary that the ‘charged water’ should be introduced into the body for therapeutic action? Why not this ‘electromagnetic radiation’ act up on the patient when kept nearby?

    6. ‘Charged water’ also would return to ground level energy state by discharging ‘electromagnetic radiation’. That means, when potentized medicine would lose its medicinal properties by dissipating its extra energy when kept for some time. Do you agree?

    7. When we keep two potentized medicines nearby in our pharmacy, both will be constantly discharging ‘electromagnetic radiation’. Would there be a chance for interacting of these ‘radiations? What if one drug absorbs the radiation coming from other? Or, do you think this EMR will work only when the medicine is inside the body of the patient?

    8. Do you think the ‘electrons’ rubbed of during trituration and ‘charging the lactose and then water, can emit EMRs specific to those drugs? Remember, even a single drug contains diverse types of complex molecules. Do you say these electrons can impart the ‘charged water’ the ‘energy’ to emit NUX EMRs, SULPH EMRs and the like? By what mechanism?”

    DEAR FRIENDS, KINDLY DISCUSS THIS VERY IMPORTANT TOPIC

  • Did Hahnemann Really Consider Miasms As Genetically Inherited?

    Some people points to Aphorism 81 as an “evidence” to “prove” that Hahnemann

    considered miasms as “genetically inherited”. This aphorism is the most “powerful evidence” they produce in favor of “genetic theory of miasms”.

    Let us see what HAHNEMANN says in Organon : Aphorism 81:

    “The fact that this extremely ancient infecting agent has gradually passed, in some hundreds of generations, through many millions of human organisms and has thus attained an incredible development, renders it in some measure conceivable how it can now display such innumerable morbid forms in the great family of mankind, particularly when we consider what a number of circumstances contribute to the production of these great varieties of chronic diseases (secondary symptoms of psora), besides the indescribable diversity of men in respect of their congenital corporeal constitutions, so that it is no wonder if such a variety of injurious agencies, acting from within and from without and sometimes continually, on such a variety of organisms permeated with the psoric miasm, should produce an innumerable variety of defects, injuries, derangements and sufferings, which have hitherto been treated of in the old pathological works, under a number of special names, as diseases of an independent character.”

    In this aphorism, master says about psora: “this extremely ancient infecting agent has gradually passed, in some hundreds of generations, through many millions of human organism”.

    He is talking about an “infectious agent” that “passed through generations”. He has explained in “chronic diseases” how this “infectious agent” “passed through generations of humanity”, in various forms of “skin infections” such as “leprosy, scarlatina, scabies” and many other forms. Can we infer that by using the word “generations”, he was talking about “genetic inheritance” of leprosy, scarlatina, scabies and other infectious agent”? He only meant that those infections were carried down through ‘generations’ of humanity as “infectious agents”, not as “genetic material”. If somebody talk about “inheritance of property rights through generations”, would anybody interpret it as “inheritance of property rights as genetic material”? How can “infectious agents” of itch, syphilis and gonorrohea can be “inherited through genes”?

    Further, Hahnemann has said about transfer of psora from “nurse to infant”, “mother to infant from womb and genital tract”, “between family members”, “physician to patient”, “physical contacts” and many other modes. Can genetic materials be “inherited” through these modes?

    The problem is, our modern ‘miasmatic analysis experts’ have made us think all diseases in terms of ‘miasms’. The moment we mention a disease or symptom, or name of a drug, they start talking about ‘prominent miasm’, ‘tubercular spetrum’, ‘polymiasmatic’ and such phrases. The most funny thing is that ‘analysis’ of two experts never agree. They are confused, and make others confused. When talking about ‘miasms’ hahnemann was concerned only about ‘chronic disease dispositions’ caused by ‘infectious agent’. He asked to consider the presence of chronic ‘infectious miasms’ in cases where the diseases are not belonging to nutritional, environmental, occupational, iatrogenic and such causes. He used the term ‘faulty living’ and ‘faulty drugging’, which contain all these. In his perod, he knew nothing about ‘genetic causes’, and he did not mention those group of chronic diseases. Since he expressly said about miasms as ‘chronic disease dispositions’ caused by ‘infectious agents’, we can include ‘genetic diseases’ also in ‘non-miasmatic’ category. In fact, all chronic diseases, which are not mediated by ‘off-target’ molecular inhibitions caused by ‘anti-bodies’ formed in the body against ‘exogenous’ proteins, belong to ‘non-miasmatic’ category.

  • Homeopaths Cannot And Should Not Practice Allopathy- Legally, Ethically And Philosophically

    Parents dream and groom their children to make ‘doctors’, which is seen as a good ‘money-making’ profession with high social status. But the child fails to get appropriate ranking in entrance exams, and do not get admission to MBBS course. Parents could not invest lakhs to ‘buy’ an MBBS seat for their child. Finally, cursing his parents and his fate, he is enrolled for BHMS course to get at least a ‘doctor’ label. He ‘studies’ homeopathy with indignation, reluctance and inferiority complex. He never loves his homeopathy lessons. For him homeopathy is like a hard dry coconut, and do not know how to dehull it and relish its sweet inner kernel. He comes out of college after completing the course with a BHMS degree. He is never a HOMEOPATH in his hearts. He wants to make some money any how, by practicing allopathy. Such ‘misplaced’ homeopaths are making all these noises in the name of “permitting homeopaths to practice allopathy”! Poor guys!

    If a homeopath feels ‘allopathy is better than homeopathy’, and he desires to practice allopathy, let him get an admission in a medical college and get an MBBS degree, and then register himself under MCI. ‘ONLY THEN’ he can practice allopathy. He should not practice allopathy on the strength of BHMS degree. That amounts to quackery, beyond any doubt.

    An MBBS and pamphlets supplied by medical reps are enough to practice allopathy, it is simple. To be a homeopath, BHMS is only a first step. He has to learn a lot by himself, through reading, meditation, experience and constant introspection. It is really a hard job for a lazy man.

    A homeopath can and should say which is ‘his’ system. There should not be confusion on that. Question here is not ‘which is better’ for ’emergency’, but ‘which system a homeopath should practice’. He should practice ‘only’ homeopathy. Let allopaths practice allopathy.

    ‘Emergency handling’ cannot be used as a justification for homeopaths practicing allopathy. Even an MBBS doctor cannot deal an ’emergency’ case. He will have refer ’emergency’ cases to well equipped hospitals having special emergency management units. In such a situation no homeopath can handle ’emergency’ cases even if he is permitted to use a few allopathic drugs. This talk of ’emergency dealing’ is only a cover to mask their ignorance and laziness to learn and apply genuine homeopathy. IF YOU GET A CASE THAT YOU FEEL IS BEYOND THE RANGE OF HOMEOPATHY, REFER IT TO COMPETENT HANDS.

    MONEY IS THE REAL ISSUE. NOTHING ELSE!

    Though holding BHMS degree, some people always compares homeopathy and allopathy, and strives to establish that homeopathy is good for nothing. They are totally ignorant of homeopathy, and argue to ‘modernise’ homeopathy by permitting homeopaths to practice allopathy. They never learns anything from discussions, but think they know ‘everything’. They will not allow genuine discussions on homeopathy. Fed up with such arguments for ‘allopathizing’ homeopathy, I was finally compelled to remove such people from my groups. They doing same thing on all groups.

    People who fail in their practice due to ignorance or laziness desperately want to practice allopathy to exist as ‘doctors’. They are looking for loopholes in laws. Allopathic practice is controlled by MCI as per their laws. CCH is managing homeopathic practice as per Homeopathy Central Council Act. CCH has no right to ‘permit’ homeopaths to use allopathy drugs without the permission of MCI. As per Central Council Act, a homeopath registered under central council of homeopathy cannot use any drugs not included in homeopathic pharmacopea. All these factors are well known to everybody. Homeopaths using allopathic drugs is pure quackery. A genuine homeopath never think about it. Those ‘doctors’ who have a BHMS degree in their hands but no homeopathy in their heads only need ‘permission’ to use allopathic drugs. Why should people come to a homeopath for allopathic treatment? Why should a homeopath use allopathic drugs if he knows homeopathy? And you call it ‘modern approach’?

    I do not think modern medicine is irrelevant. It plays main role in the health care system all over the world. ALLOPATHY Hahnemann talks about is no more. It is not fair to call ‘modern medicine’ as allopathy. Modern medicine is ‘molecular medicine’, based on scientific understanding of vital processes. Remember this point when quoting ‘ant-allopathy’ statements of our masters. Fundamental difference between homeopathy and modern medicine is that  ‘modern medicine’ uses ‘drug molecules’ as therapeutic agents, where as homeopathy uses ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules. This is a very important difference, indeed.

    MODERN MEDICINE has recently advanced into MOLECULAR MEDICINE, where  drugs are selected on the basis of scientific understanding of pathological molecular errors in vital processes. Homeopathy selects drugs on the basis of ‘totality of symptoms’, which are the real indicators of those pathological molecular errors. As such, homeopathy can be defined as a specialized higher branch of ‘modern molecular medicine’.

    Since ‘modern medicine’ uses highly reactive ‘drug molecules’ as therapeutic agents, they can create dangerous ‘off-target’ molecular errors in the organism. That is the main draw back of ‘modern medicine’. Since homeopathy uses only ‘molecular imprints’, they cannot cause any ‘off-target’ molecular errors. Hence homeopathy is very safe when compared to modern medicine.

    Since ‘modern medicine’ requires a clear understanding of pathological molecular processes to decide an appropriate therapeutic agent, they cannot treat many diseases which are not well understood. For homeopathy, knowing the exact molecular error behind the pathology is not necessary, since homeopathy identifies the molecular errors and their remedial agents by observing subjective and objective ‘symptoms’ that express the molecular errors. As such, homeopathy can cure any disease even without knowing the underlying molecular errors, merely on the basis of ‘symptoms’. This is a great advantage for homeopathy. Whereas modern medicine can hope for an effective treatment only for well understood diseases, that to with possibility of unwanted side effects, homeopathy can treat any disease effectively and safely.

    Let those qualified in modern medicine do it. Homeopaths are legally, ethically and philosophically not permitted to practice modern medicine. As a medical system Homeopathy is qualitatively much above and different from modern medicine, if homeopaths approaches it scientifically.

  • Implications of Luc Montagnier’s Works Upon Scientific Understanding of Ultra Dilutions

    Luc Antoine Montagnier is a French virologist and joint recipient with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

    In 2009 he published a paper regarding detection of electromagnetic signals from bacterial DNA (M. pirum and E. coli) in water that had been prepared using agitation and high dilutions, and similar research on electromagnetic detection of HIV DNA in the blood of AIDS patients treated by anti-retroviral therapy. While homeopaths claim his research as support for homeopathy, many scientists have greeted it with scorn and harsh criticism. Because the research used high dilutions, homeopaths claimed it supported homeopathy, even though it didn’t mention homeopathy or use ultra-high dilutions.

    He was also questioned on his beliefs about homeopathy, to which he replied: “I can’t say that homeopathy is right in everything. What I can say now is that the high dilutions are right. High dilutions of something are not nothing. They are water structures which mimic the original molecules.”

    He did admit that he wasn’t working with the very high dilution levels normally used in homeopathy: “We find that with DNA, we cannot work at the extremely high dilutions used in homeopathy; we cannot go further than a 10-18 dilution, or we lose the signal. But even at 10-18, you can calculate that there is not a single molecule of DNA left. And yet we detect a signal.”

    Luc Montagnier’s observation that ‘high dilutions’ contain “water structures which mimic the original molecules.” is very important for homeopathy. But, he never tried to explain the exact molecular mechanism by which this ‘mimicking’ happens, and more important, did not take up the task of explaining the dynamics of homeopathic therapeutics involved in ‘simila similibus curentur’.

    Montaigner s observatios are very much relevant for the scientific understanding of homeopathy. It is very important that he could demonstrate some form of “information/energy/memory” that is retained in ultra high dilutions, even without the presence of a single molecule of original substance.
    But the limitation of his work is that he did not go further to inquire what is the actual mechanism involved in this retaining of memory, but simply said it may be some “water structures that mimic the original molecules”!
    Most important thing I see in his observations is the mention of possibility of some WATER STRUCTURES as the source of electromagnetic radiations that come from these ultra high dilutions. He also says these water structures MIMIC the original molecules. Actually this is the most relevant part of his work that has great implications upon homeopathy. He proved that ultra high dilutions are not NOTHING, but they contain WATER STRUCTURES that MIMIC original molecules. We have to take this observation forward in finding the most wanted answer to the basic question of homeopathy, “what are the active principles of post-avogadro homeopathy drugs”. Thanks to Montaigner, now we can confidently say “it is the WATER STRUCTURES that mimic the drug molecules”.
    Our next step is to find out the mechanism by which these WATER STRUCTURES are formed during the process of homeopathic potentization. MIT hypothesis can answer this question very well. Then we will have to explain the BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM by which these “water structures” produce a therapeutic effect in a way fitting to the principle of similia similibus curentur. MIT can explain this also. Of course these all are only in the hypothetical stage. We have prove this idea by scientific experiments. MIT team is already into this work.
    What actually happened to montaigner’s work was that it fell into the hands of people propagating unscientific ENERGY MEDICINE theories. They took up ideas of “electromagnetic radiations” coming from ultra dilutions mentioned by montaigner, and used it to justify their absurd theories that homeopathy medicines act by some sort of mysterious “vibrations”. They totally ignored the statement of Montaigner that these electromagnetic radiations he detected in ultra high dilutions actually come from WATER STRUCTURES that MIMIC the drug molecules.
    I consider Luc Montaigner’s work as a great step in scientific understanding of high dilution therapeutics. We have to start from his idea of “water structures mimicking the original molecules”, which he actually considered as the source of electromagnetic radiations he observed emitting from ultra high dilutions.

    What happened was that people interested in ‘ultra-scientific’ and ‘dynamic’ interpretation of homeopathy actually hijacked his theory. Only because he said he could detect ‘electromagnetic signals’ showing the presence of ‘molecular memory of dugs’ in high dilutions, these theoreticians used it to justify their pseudoscientific concepts of ‘resonance’, ‘vibrations’, frequencies’, ‘drug transmissions’, ‘radionics’, ‘drug teleportation’ and the like they use in explaining homeopathy.

    Luc Montagnier’s limitation lies in the fact that he could not understand the concept of ‘molecular imprinting’. If he could have explained the phenomenon he observed in terms of ‘molecular imprinting’, instead of ‘mimicking’ and ‘vibrations’, the situation would have been entirely different. If he could have gone a bit forward and explained WATER CLUSTERS acting as the source of ‘electromagnetic signals’ as ‘molecular imprints’, he could have avoided the ‘occult’ homeopaths and ‘spiritual homeopaths hijacking and misusing his statements for their ulterior motives.

    To be more exact, Montagnier should have said: “high dilutions of something are not nothing- hey are water structures which are ‘three-dimensional negative molecular imprints’ of original molecules.” Not mimics’ . That could have made a big difference for homeopathy.

    According to Luc Montaigner, the ‘water structures’ formed in high dilutions are ‘mimics’ of original molecules. But in terms of modern molecular imprinting technology, ‘molecular imprints’ are 3d structures with configurations just complementary to original molecules. If we consider original molecules as ‘keys’, montaigner consider ‘nanostructures’ as duplicate keys. According to my concept, ‘molecular imprints’ are ‘artificial key holes’ that could act as ‘artificial binding sites’ for original keys or keys similar to them. Molecular imprints bind to the pathogenic molecules due to complementary configuration, exactly like a key hole binds to a key. Molecular imprinting produces artificial ‘key-holes’, not ‘duplicate keys.’ Once we understand this difference in perceptions, it would be easy for us to understand ‘similia similibus curentur’ scientifically.

    Only ‘three-dimensional negative molecular imprints’ can explain the molecular mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics, where potentized drugs are not acting similar to original drug molecules, but just as exact ‘opposites’. That is ‘similia similibus curentur’.

    “I can’t say that homeopathy is right in everything. What I can say now is that the high dilutions are right. High dilutions of something are not nothing. They are water structures which mimic the original molecules.”

    Bnveneste also, similar to Montagnier, perceived potentized drugs as “water structures which mimic the original molecules”. Both of them were wrong.

    I say, potentized drugs are “water structures which are ‘three-dimensional negative molecular imprints’ of original molecules.” I am trying to explain homeopathy on the basis of this “molecular imprint” concept.

    In his article ‘DNA Between Physics and Biology’, Luc Montaigner explains about his famous experiment in which he used ‘nano-water structures’ mimicking specific dna fragments contained ‘ultra dilutions’ to induce in vitro synthesize of similar dna fragments using nucleotide primers and polymerase enzyme as follows:

    “Now we undertake the most critical step: to investigate the specificity of the induced water nanostructures by recreating from them the DNA sequence. For this we add to the tube of signalized water all the ingredients to synthesize the DNA by polymerase chain reaction (nucleotides, primers, polymerase). The amplification was performed under classical conditions (35 cycles) in a thermocycler. The DNA produced was then submitted to electrophoresis in an agarose gel. Indeed, a DNA band of the expected size of the original LTR fragment was detected . We further verified that this DNA had a sequence identical or close to identical to the original DNA sequence of the LTR. In fact, it was 98% identical (2 nucleotide difference) out of 104. This experiment was found to be highly reproducible (12 out of 12) and was also repeated with another DNA sequence from a bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease. It clearly shows that the water nanostructures and their electromagnetic resonance can faithfully perpetuate DNA information…”

    Instead of this vague theorizing about “water nanostructures and their electromagnetic resonance can faithfully perpetuate DNA information”, he could have explained this phenomenon in a more rational way, if he could understand the concept of ‘molecular imprinting’ involved in high dilutions.

    According to my view, it is not the ‘electro magnetic resonance’ or ‘mimicking’ that induced dna synthesis in his experiments. Actually, the high dilutions of dna solutions he preapared contained ‘molecular imprints’ of specific dna fragments. When he added nucleotide primers and polymerase enzymes into this molecular imprinted water medium, molecular imprints could have held the nucleotide primers in the correct sequence and position similar to that of original dna fragment. Then, the polymeraze enzyme could have connected these primers to form dna molecules exactly similar to original one. Here, ‘molecular imprints’ acted as ‘templates’, and helped in arranging nucleotide primers in correct sequence by binding to them, due to the specific configurational affinity.

    Since he had no any idea of molecular imprinting, he tried to explain this phenomenon in terms of ‘electromagnetic resonance’, which led to ultra-scientific interpretations. This limitations helped the ‘energy medicine’ theorists to hijack and misuse the works of luc montaigner.

     

  • How Hahnemann Arrived At ‘Theory Of Miasms And Chronic Diseases’- An Analysis Of Master’s Logic

    For the last few weeks I was once again into an in-depth re-learning of ‘Chronic Diseases’. While carefully going through the initial paragraphs of that great text (Para 1 to 7),  I was trying to follow the exact thought process of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann through which he finally arrived at his theory of ‘chronic diseases and miasms’.

    Imagine the desperation and hopelessness Hahnemann experienced over the disappointing outcome of chronic diseases treated on the basis of his original theory of ‘similia similibus curentur’.  Listen these words: “their beginning was promising, the continuation less favorable, and the outcome hopeless.”

    Hahnemann confesses: “homeopathy failed to bring a real cure in the above-mentioned diseases, and to gain an insight more nearly correct and, if possible, quite correct, into the true nature of the thousands of chronic diseases which still remain uncured, despite the incontestable truth of the Homoeopathic Law of Cure, this very serious task has occupied me since the years 1816 and 1817, night and day”.

    I was really wondering about the dedication of our master living totally “occupied” with the “very serious task” of gaining “an insight more nearly correct and, if possible, quite correct, into the true nature of the thousands of chronic diseases which still remain uncured”. That too, the whole “years of 1816 and 1817, night and day”.

    Have you ever thought about the mental state of our master when he observed that patients “treated with such medicines as homeopathically best covered and temporarily removed the then apparent moderate symptoms” failed to make a permanent cure? His disillusionment to notice that the treatment on the basis of therapeutic law of ‘similia similibus curentur’ only “produced a kind of healthy condition, especially with young, vigorous persons, such as would appear as real health to every observer who did not examine accurately; and this state often lasted for many years.”?

    Hahnemann also had to witness the bitter truth that “the re-appearance of one or more of the ailments which seemed to have been already overcome; and this new condition was often aggravated by some quite new concomitants, which if not more threatening than the former ones which had been removed homeopathically were often just as troublesome and now more obstinate.”

    Hahnemann says: “when such a relapse would take place the homeopathic physician would give the remedy most fitting among the medicines then known, as if directed against a new disease, and this would again be attended by a pretty good success, which for the time would again bring the patient into a better state. In the former case, however, in which merely the troubles which seemed to have been removed were renewed, the remedy which had been serviceable the first time would prove less useful, and when repeated again it would help still less. Then perhaps, even under the operation of the homeopathic remedy which seemed best adapted, and even where the mode of living had been quite correct new symptoms of disease would be added which could be removed only inadequately and imperfectly; yea, these new symptoms were at times not at all improved, especially when some of the obstacles above mentioned hindered the recovery.”

    Imagine how much desperate the master would have felt to observe the following situation:

    “The return and repeated returns of the complaints in the end left even the best selected homoeopathic remedies then known, and given in the most appropriate doses, the less effective the oftener they were repeated. They served at last hardly even as weak palliatives. But usually, after repeated attempts to conquer the disease which appeared in a form always somewhat changed, residual complaints appeared which the homoeopathic medicines hitherto proved, though not few, had to leave un-eradicated, yea, often undiminished. Thus there ever followed varying complaints ever more  troublesome, and, as time proceeded, more threatening, and this even while the mode of living was correct and with a punctual observance of directions. The chronic disease could, despite all efforts, be but little delayed in its progress by the homeopathic physician and grew worse from year to year.”

    “It was a continually repeated fact that the non-venereal chronic diseases, after being time and again removed homeopathically by the remedies fully proved up to the present time, always returned in a more or less varied form and with new symptoms, or reappeared annually with an increase of complaints.”

    “This was, and remained, the quicker or slower process in such treatments in all non-venereal, severe chronic diseases, even when these were treated in exact accordance with the homoeopathic, art as hitherto known.”

    Hahnemann sums up the issue in these questions:

    1. “Whence then this less favorable, this unfavorable, result of the continued treatment of the non-venereal chronic diseases even by homeopathy?”

    2. “What was the reason of the thousands of unsuccessful endeavors to heal the other diseases of a chronic nature so that lasting health might result?”

    3. “Why then, cannot this vital force, efficiently affected through Homoeopathic medicine, produce any true and lasting recovery in these chronic maladies even with the aid of the homeopathic remedies which best cover their present symptoms; while this same force which is created for the restoration of our organism is nevertheless so indefatigably and successfully active in completing the recovery even in severe acute diseases?

    4. What is there to prevent this?”

    Hahnemann says:

    “The answer to this question, which is so natural, inevitably led me to the discovery of the nature of these chronic diseases.”

    We know, this inquiry led Hahnemann into the formulation of what we now learn as  “Theory of Miasms  and Chronic Diseases”. He arrived at this answer utilizing the scientific knowledge available to him at that time.

    Homeopathic medicines selected on the basis of ‘similia similibus curentur’ were “indefatigably and successfully active in completing the recovery even in severe acute diseases” and troublesome “venereal” diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhoea . But such a tratment plan was not effective in curing “chronic diseases of non-venereal” orgin. WHY? This was the question that hahnemann wanted to answer.

    We can now witness Hahnemann logically analyzing this issue before him in the following statements:

    “Homoeopathic physician with such a chronic (non-venereal) case, yea in all cases of (non-venereal) chronic disease, has not only to combat the disease presented before his eyes, and must not view and treat it as if it were a well-defined disease, to be speedily and permanently destroyed and healed by ordinary homoeopathic remedies but that he has always to encounter only some separate fragment of a more deep-seated original disease.”.

    Here the master introduces the new concept of “separate fragments of a more deep-seated original disease.”. He says the homeopathic physician should not “combat only the disease presented before his eyes”, and must not “view and treat it as if it were a well-defined disease”.

    At this point, we will have to go back to Hahnemann’s Organon-Aphorism7. He says:

      “Now, as in a disease, from which no manifest exciting or maintaining cause (causa occasionalis) has to be removed, we can perceive nothing but the morbid symptoms, it must (regard being had to the possibility of a miasm, and attention paid to the accessory circumstances) be the symptoms alone by which the disease demands and points to the remedy suited to relieve it – and, moreover, the totality of these its symptoms, of this outwardly reflected picture of the internal essence of the disease, that is, of the affection of the vital force, must be the principal, or the sole means, whereby the disease can make known what remedy it requires – the only thing that can determine the choice of the most appropriate remedy -and thus, in a word, the totality2 of the symptoms must be the principal, indeed the only thing the physician has to take note of in every case of disease and to remove by means of his art, in order that it shall be cured and transformed into health.”

    We can see that In ORGANON itself, even while saying “the totality of these its symptoms, of this outwardly reflected picture of the internal essence of the disease must be the principal, indeed the only thing the physician has to take note of in every case of disease and to remove by means of his art”, Hahnemann had explicitly indicated about “exciting or maintaining cause has to be removed”, “regard being had to the possibility of a miasm”, and “attention paid to the accessory circumstances”.

    That means, according to Hahnemann, “causative factors”, “miasms or infectious toxins”, and “accessory circumstances” also should be considered along with “totality of symptoms” in deciding a treatment plan for a patient.

    It is clear that the apparent failure of chronic diseases with homeopathic treatment on the basis of “similia similibus curentur” was due to the neglect shown by the profession (including the master) towards “causative factors”, “miasms or infectious toxins”, and “accessory circumstances”.

    HAHNEMANN SAYS:

    “The great extent of this is shown in the new symptoms appearing from time to time; so that the homeopathic physician must not hope to permanently heal the separate manifestations of this kind in the presumption, hitherto entertained, that they are well-defined, separately existing diseases which can be healed permanently and completely.”

    While saying “homeopathic physician must not hope to permanently heal the separate manifestations of this kind”, he is a bit deviating from his original theory that the “totality of the symptoms must be the principal, indeed the only thing the physician has to take note of in every case of disease and to remove by means of his art”, asserting the importance of “causative factors”, “miasms or infectious toxins”, and “accessory circumstances”.

    Obviously, theory of ‘miasms and chronic diseases” is an expansion and re-invention of what he earlier said in aphorism 7, and got ignored by the profession for along period.

    He recognizes here that there existed a “presumption, hitherto entertained”, that all those diseases which were so far treated on “totality of symptoms” were “well-defined, separately existing diseases which can be healed permanently and completely”, which led to the failures so far happened.

    LISTEN WHAT MASTER SAYS AT THIS POINT:

    “He, therefore, must first find out as far as possible the whole extent of all the accidents and symptoms belonging, to the unknown Primitive malady before he can hope to discover one or more medicines which may homeopathically cover the whole of the original disease by means of its peculiar symptoms. By this method he may then be able victoriously to heal and wipe out the malady in its whole extent, consequently also its separate members; that is, all the fragments of a disease appearing in so many various forms.”

    Before finding the “totality of symptoms”, the physician “must first find out as far as possible the whole extent of all the accidents and symptoms belonging, to the unknown Primitive malady”.

    At this point, Hahnemann proposes the idea that this unknown “primitive malady” must be of “miasmatic” origin.

    HAHNEMANN SAYS:

    “But that the original malady sought for must be also of a miasmatic, chronic nature clearly appeared to me from this circumstance, that after it has once advanced and developed to a certain degree it can never be removed by the strength of any robust constitution, it can never be overcome by the most wholesome diet and order of life, nor will it die out of itself. But it is evermore aggravated, from year to year, through a transition into other and more serious symptoms, even till the end of man’s life, like every other chronic, miasmatic sickness; e. g., the venereal bubo which has not been healed from within by mercury, its specific remedy, but has passed over into venereal disease. This latter, also never passes away of itself, but, even with the most correct mode of life and with the most robust bodily constitution, increases every year and unfolds evermore into new and worse symptoms, and this, also, to the end of man’s life”.

    “Not unfrequently phthisis passes over into insanity; dried-up ulcers into dropsy or apoplexy; intermittent fever into asthma; affections of the abdomen into pains in the joints or paralysis; pains in the limbs into haemorrhage, etc., and it was not difficult to discover that the later must also have their foundation in the original malady and can only be a part of a far greater whole”.

    See, how hahnemann systematically arrives at the concept of “miasm of psora” as the “primitive malady” underlying the chronic diseases.

  • Understanding ‘Miasms’ As ‘Antibodies’- Its Implications In Homeopathic Practice

    During discussions on my scientific concept of ‘miasms’, many friends raised this question: “What difference it would make in practice, if we understand ‘miasms’ as ‘antibodies’?

    I think this question is very much relevant, and I am bound to respond it positively.

    First, we have to understand the exact molecular mechanism of  ‘pathology’ and ‘therapeutics’ in terms of modern biochemistry and molecular biology.

    Antibodies are native globulin proteins ‘imprinted’ with exogenous protein molecules entering into the organism from the environment, as infections, food, drugs, toxins or as part of any interactions with the environment. These exogenous proteins may come from bacterial/viral/fungal/parasitic infections that invade the body, bites and stings of insects and serpents, uncooked food articles, drugs like antibiotics and serum, vaccines, and so on. These exogenous foreign proteins, alien to our genetic constitution, are dangerous to the normal functioning of the organism, and have to be destroyed or eradicated. Body has a well organized defense system for this, which we call immune system. Foreign proteins are called antigens. Body prepares immune bodies or antibodies against these dangerous invaders. Antibodies are specific to each antigen, There are also polyclonal antibodies, which can identify different antigens. Antibodies are exactly native proteins of globulin types, which have peculiar molecular structure with an active group known as ‘paratope’ on its periphery. Active groups of antigen molecules are known as ‘epitopes’. Epitopes of antigens and paratopes of antibodies has a ‘key-lock’ relationship of configuration. They should fit exactly each other in order to happen an immune reaction. Paratopes of antibodies once interacted with epitopes of a particular antigen undergoes a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, by which the ‘memory’ of epitope is imprinted into the paratope of antibody. Even after the antigens are destroyed and eradicated by the immune system, these ‘molecular imprinted’ globulins, or antibodies exist and circulate in the organism, in most cases life long. This is the mechanism by which life long immunity is attained through certan infections and vaccinations. These antibodies, or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ are very important part of our defense system, playing a vital role in protecting us against infections.

    Same time, these ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ or antibodies plays a negative role also, which is what we call ‘miasms’. They can act as pathogenic factors. Whenever these antibodies happen to come in contact with a native biological molecule having a structural group of configuration similar to the ‘epitope’ of its natural antigen, its paratope binds to it and inhibits the biological molecules. This is a ‘molecular error’ amounting to a state of pathology. Diverse types of chronic diseases and dispositions are created by the antibodies in the organism. These pathological conditions caused by ‘off-target’ binding of antibodies or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ are the real ‘miasms’ hahnemann described as the underlying factors of ‘chronic diseases’.

    Obviously, identifying and removal of these ‘off-target’ molecular blocks or ‘miasms’ caused by antibodies or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ is an important part in the treatment of chronic diseases. Observing and collecting the whole history of infections and intoxications that might have generated antibodies are important in the management of chronic diseases. History of skin infections, venereal infections, stings of poisonous creatures, vaccinations, serum/antibiotic treatments, sensitization with protein foods  etc. has to be collected in detail and appropriate ‘anti-miasmatics’ included in the treatment protocols of  chronic treatments.

    Another important thing we have to remember is that we cannot permanently inactivate ‘antibodies’ using potentized nosodes or anti-miasmatic drugs. Our drugs may act in two ways. If the nosodes are prepared from antibodies themselves, they contain ‘molecular imprints of  epitopes of ‘exogenous toxins’ or antigens themselves. These ‘molecular imprints can compete with the paratopes of antibodies in binding to biological molecues, and prevent them from creating ‘off-target’ biological blocks. Since ‘molecular imprints’ cannot successfully compete with the epitopes of antigens in binding with the paratopes of antibodies, our potentized drugs never interferes with the normal immune mechanism of the body. They only prevents antibodies from binding to ‘off-target’ biological molecules, and thus act as ‘antimiasmatics’.

    If we are preparing nosodes by potentizing antibodies themselves, our drugs contains ‘molecular imprints’ of paratopes of antibodies. These molecular imprints can bind to the paratopes, thereby preventing them from interacting with ‘off-target’ biological molecules. Same time, they also cannot interfere in the interaction between antibodies and their natural antigens, which have comparatively increased affinity. In any way, potentized nosodes or ‘antimiasmatics’ will not weaken the normal immunological mechanism of the organism.

    Since we cannot eradicate or permanently inactivate antibodies or miasms with our potentized drugs, we have to administer antimiasmatic drugs in frequent intervals, probably life long. This is a very important realization evolving from the understanding of ‘miasms’ as ‘antibodies’ or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’.

    I think hahnemann included all ‘itch’ producing infections under the carpet of ‘psora’. He mentioned about Leprosy, scarlet fever, scabies and many such ‘infectious’ agents as causative factors of psora. He talked about “three miasms”, only because those three infectious agents were creating havoc in europe during his period. According to me, this classification of psora, syphilis and sycosis is not much relevant if we understand ‘miasms’ in terms of ‘antibodies’.

    We should carefully study the whole history of patient to learn his ‘miasms’ or ‘antibodies’. For example, ‘vaccinations’. Each vaccination creates different types of miasms, which we have to antidote with appropriate nosodes . If the patient had history of severe allergy from bee stings, we have to antidote with apis. Same way, history of sanake bites, scabies, TB, everything will have to be considered.

    Most of the bacterial toxins has a sulph containg ‘thio’ group on its epitome, and as such, potentized sulph would act as an antidote to almost all types of ‘antibodies’ or ‘miasms’ caused by such bacterial infections. That may be the reason why “sulph” became ‘king of anti-psorics’.

    While considering ‘miasms’ of a patient, we should not limit ourselves to inquiries regarding history infectious diseases in his life. Antibodies may form against respiratory allergens such as pollens, fungus, housedust(contain mites), eggs, shell fishes, milk etc., all of which contains proteins exogenous to the body. History of anaphylaxis due to insect bites such as bees and wasps and snakebites should be noticed. History of vaccinations taken, including anti-rabies and anti-venom is also important. All such antibodies may act as chronic ‘miasms’ by attacking off-target biological molecules. We have lot of experiences with cases of kidney failures resulting from anti-rabies vaccinations. Many so-called auto-immune diseases are actually the chronic effects of ‘antibodies’ formed against exogenous proteins acting as ‘miasms’. Even though these ‘miasms’ may laso be part of ‘totality of symptoms’ during a perfect case taking, ‘miasmatic symptoms’ never come top during repertorizations. Hence, in the treatment of chronic diseases, ‘anti-miasmatic drugs’ and ‘nosodes’ should be considered, and applied in frequent intervals along with selected similimum.

    NOW WE CAN SEE, THROUGH THE UNDERSTANDING OF ‘MIASMS’ AS ‘ANTIBODIES’, OUR MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES BECOMES MORE SIMPLE AND ACCURATE.

    MORE OVER, OUR THEORY AND PRACTICE HAVE NOW BECOME MORE SCIENTIFIC, EXACTLY FITTING TO THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, ACCEPTABLE TO SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.

    I THINK THIS IS A GREAT FORWARD STEP IN MAKING HOMEOPATHY A REAL SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL SYSTEM

  • Infectious Agents Of ‘Itch’- The Causative Factors Of Miasm Of ‘Psora’

    According to samuel Hahnemann, the “miasm” of PSORA is the cause of a wide range of chronic diseases. He explained PSORA as the residual chronic effects of INFECTIOUS AGENTS OF ITCH.

    If anybody has least doubt whether or not hahnemann was talking about the ‘miasm of psora’ as originating from ‘infection of itch disease’, kindly read this part from ‘Chronic Diseases’-Para 37:

    “Psora (itch disease), like syphilis, is a miasmatic chronic disease, and its original development is similar. The itch disease is, however, also the most contagious of all chronic miasmata, far more infectious than the other two chronic miasmata, the venereal chancre disease and the figwart disease”.

    “But the miasma of the itch needs only to touch the general skin, especially with tender children”.

    “No other chronic miasma infects more generally, more surely, more easily and more absolutely than the miasma of itch; as already stated, it is the most contagious of all. It is communicated so easily, that even the physician, hurrying from one patient to another, in feeling the pulse has unconsciously inoculated other patients with it; wash which is washed with wash infected with the itch; new gloves which had been tried on by an itch patient, a strange lodging place, a strange towel used for drying oneself have communicated this tinder of contagion; yea, often a babe, when being born, is infected while passing through the organs of the mother, who may be infected (as is not infrequently the case) with this disease; or the babe receives this unlucky infection through the hand of the midwife, which has been infected by another parturient woman (or previously); or, again, a suckling may be infected by its nurse, or, while on her arm, by her caresses or the caresses of a strange person with unclean hands; not to mention the thousands of other possible ways in which things polluted with this invisible miasma may touch a man in the course of his life, and which often can in no way be anticipated or guarded against, so that men who have never been infected by the psora are the exception. We need not to hunt for the causes of infection in crowded hospitals, factories, prisons, or in orphan houses, or in the filthy huts of paupers; even in active life, in retirement, and in the rich classes, the itch creeps in.”

    I think we have to study the INFECTIOUS AGENTS OF ITCH in detail, in order to understand the MIASM OF PSORA. Then only we can realize why Hahnemann considered PSORA as the mother of CHRONIC DISEASES

    Scabies (from Latin: scabere, “to scratch”), known colloquially as the seven-year itch, is a contagious skin infection that occurs among humans and other animals. It is caused by a tiny and usually not directly visible parasite, the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows under the host’s skin, causing intense allergic itching. The infection in animals (caused by different but related mite species) is called sarcoptic mange.

    The disease may be transmitted from objects but is most often transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact, with a higher risk with prolonged contact. Initial infections require four to six weeks to become symptomatic. Reinfection, however, may manifest symptoms within as little as 24 hours. Because the symptoms are allergic, their delay in onset is often mirrored by a significant delay in relief after the parasites have been eradicated. Crusted scabies, formerly known as Norwegian scabies, is a more severe form of the infection often associated with immunosuppression.

    The characteristic symptoms of a scabies infection include intense itching and superficial burrows. The burrow tracks are often linear, to the point that a neat “line” of four or more closely-placed and equally-developed mosquito-like “bites,” is almost diagnostic of the disease.

    In the classic scenario, the itch is made worse by warmth and is usually experienced as being worse at night, possibly because there are fewer distractions. As a symptom it is less common in the elderly.

    The superficial burrows of scabies usually occur in the area of the hands, feet, wrists, elbows, back, buttocks, and external genitals. The burrows are created by excavation of the adult mite in the epidermis.

    In most people, the trails of the burrowing mites show as linear or s-shaped tracks in the skin, often accompanied by what appear as rows of small pimple-like mosquito, or insect bites. These signs are often found in crevices of the body, such as on the webs of fingers and toes, around the genital area, and under the breasts of women.

    Symptoms typically appear 2–6 weeks after infestation for individuals never before exposed to scabies. For those having been previously exposed, the symptoms can appear within several days after infestation. However, it is not unknown for symptoms to appear after several months or years. Acropustulosis, or blisters and pustules on the palms and soles of the feet, are characteristic symptoms of scabies in infants.

    The elderly and people with an impaired immune system, such as HIV and cancer sufferers or transplant patients on immunosuppressive drugs, are susceptible to crusted scabies (formerly called “Norwegian scabies”). On those with a weaker immune system, the host becomes a more fertile breeding ground for the mites, which spread over the host’s body, except the face. Sufferers of crusted scabies exhibit scaly rashes, slight itching, and thick crusts of skin that contain thousands of mites. Such areas make eradication of mites particularly difficult, as the crusts protect the mites from topical miticides, necessitating prolonged treatment of these areas.

    In the 18th century, Italian biologist Diacinto Cestoni (1637–1718) described the mite now called Sarcoptes scabiei, variety hominis, as the cause of scabies. Sarcoptes is a genus of skin parasites and part of the larger family of mites collectively known as “scab mites”. These organisms have 8 legs as adults, and are placed in the same phylogenetic class (Arachnida) as spiders and ticks.

    Sarcoptes scabiei are microscopic, but sometimes are visible as pinpoints of white. Pregnant females tunnel into the stratum corneum of a host’s skin and deposit eggs in the burrows. The eggs hatch into larvae in 3–10 days. These young mites move about on the skin and molt into a “nymphal” stage, before maturing as adults, which live 3–4 weeks in the host’s skin. Males roam on top of the skin, occasionally burrowing into the skin. In general, there are usually few mites on a healthy hygienic person infested with non-crusted scabies; approximately 11 females in burrows can be found on such a person.

    The movement of mites within and on the skin produces an intense itch, which has the characteristics of a delayed cell-mediated inflammatory response to allergens. IgE antibodies are present in the serum and the site of infection, which react to multiple protein allergens the body of the mite. Some of these cross-react to allergens from house-dust mites. Immediate antibody-mediated allergic reactions (wheals) have been elicited in infected persons, but not in healthy persons; immediate hypersensitivity of this type is thought to explain the observed far more rapid allergic skin response to reinfection seen in persons having been previously infected (especially having been infected within the previous year or two).  Because the host develops the symptoms as a reaction to the mites’ presence over time, there is usually a 4– to 6-week incubation period after the onset of infestation. As noted, those previously infected with scabies and cured may exhibit the symptoms of a new infection in a much shorter period, as little as 1–4 days.

    Scabies is contagious, and can be spread by scratching an infected area, thereby picking up the mites under the fingernails, or through physical contact with a scabies-infected person for a prolonged period of time.  Scabies is usually transmitted by direct skin-to-skin physical contact. It can also be spread through contact with other objects, such as clothing, bedding, furniture, or surfaces with which a person infected with scabies might have come in contact, but these are uncommon ways to transmit scabies.  Scabies mites can survive without a human host for 24 to 36 hours.  As with lice, scabies can be transmitted through sexual intercourse even if a latex condom is used, because it is transmitted from skin-to-skin at sites other than sex organs.

    The symptoms are caused by an allergic reaction of the host’s body to mite proteins, though exactly which proteins remains a topic of study. The mite proteins are also present from the gut, in mite feces, which are deposited under the skin. The allergic reaction is both of the delayed (cell-mediated) and immediate (antibody-mediated) type, and involves IgE (antibodies, it is presumed, mediate the very rapid symptoms on re-infection). The allergy-type symptoms (itching) continue for some days, and even several weeks, after all mites are killed. New lesions may appear for a few days after mites are eradicated. Nodular lesions from scabies may continue to be symptomatic for weeks after the mites have been killed.

    Scabies may be diagnosed clinically in geographical areas where it is common when diffuse itching presents along with either lesions in two typical spots or there is itchiness of another household member. The classical sign of scabies is the burrows made by the mites within the skin. To detect the burrow the suspected area is rubbed with ink from a fountain pen or a topical tetracycline solution, which glows under a special light. The skin is then wiped with an alcohol pad. If the person is infected with scabies, the characteristic zigzag or “S” pattern of the burrow will appear across the skin; however, interpreting this test may be difficult, as the burrows are scarce and may be obscured by scratch marks.  A definitive diagnosis is made by finding either the scabies mites or their eggs and fecal pellets. Searches for these signs involve either scraping a suspected area, mounting the sample in potassium hydroxide, and examining it under a microscope, or using dermoscopy to examine the skin directly.

    Symptoms of early scabies infestation mirror other skin diseases, including dermatitis, syphilis, various urticaria-related syndromes, allergic reactions, and other ectoparasites such as lice and fleas.

    Mass treatment programs that use topical permethrin or oral ivermectin have been effective in reducing the prevalence of scabies in a number of populations. There is no vaccine available for scabies. The simultaneous treatment of all close contacts is recommended, even if they show no symptoms of infection (asymptomatic), to reduce rates of recurrence.  Asymptomatic infection is relatively common. Objects in the environment pose little risk of transmission except in the case of crusted scabies, thus cleaning is of little importance.  Rooms used by those with crusted scabies require thorough cleaning.

    A number of medications are effective in treating scabies, however treatment must often involve the entire household or community to prevent re-infection. Options to improve itchiness include antihistamines.

    Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children along with tinea and pyoderma. The mites are distributed around the world and equally infects all ages, races, and socioeconomic classes in different climates. Scabies is more often seen in crowded areas with unhygienic living conditions. Globally as of 2009, it is estimated that 300 million cases of scabies occur each year, although various parties claim the figure is either over- or underestimated. There are one million cases of scabies in the United States annually. About 1–10% of the global population is estimated to be infected with scabies, but in certain populations, the infection rate may be as high as 50–80%.[Scabies is one of the three most common dermatological disorders in children.

    Scabies is an ancient disease. Archeological evidence from Egypt and the Middle East suggests that scabies was present as early as 494 BC. The first recorded reference to scabies is believed to be from the Bible (Leviticus, the third book of Moses) ca. 1200 BC.  Later in fourth century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle reported on “lice” that “escape from little pimples if they are pricked”;  scholars believe this was actually a reference to scabies.

    Nevertheless, it was Roman physician Celsus who is credited with naming the disease “scabies” and describing its characteristic features. The parasitic etiology of scabies was later documented by the Italian physician Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo (1663–99 AD) in his famous 1687 letter, “Observations concerning the fleshworms of the human body.” With this (disputed) discovery, scabies became one of the first diseases with a known cause.

    Scabies may occur in a number of domestic and wild animals; the mites that cause these infestations are of different scabies subspecies. These subspecies can infest animals or humans that are not their usual hosts, but such infections do not last long.  Scabies-infected animals suffer severe itching and secondary skin infections. They often lose weight and become frail.

    The most frequently diagnosed form of scabies in domestic animals is sarcoptic mange, which is found on dogs. The scab mite Psoroptes is the mite responsible for mange. Scabies-infected domestic fowls suffer what is known as “scabies leg”.  Domestic animals that have gone feral and have no veterinary care are frequently afflicted with scabies and a host of other ailments. Non-domestic animals have also been observed to suffer from scabies. Gorillas, for instance, are known to be susceptible to infection via contact with items used by humans.

    Please listen to this:

    “Archeological evidence from Egypt and the Middle East suggests that scabies was present as early as 494 BC. The first recorded reference to scabies is believed to be from the Bible (Leviticus, the third book of Moses) ca. 1200 BC.” Now we can understand why hahnemann said PSORA has been inherited through “GENERATIONS OF HUMANITY” up to our period. Even now most of us get infected with ITCH in early life, and ANTIBODIES are formed in our body, which is the exact material basis of all those diseases we consider of PSORIC MIASM

    Please note this also:

    “Globally as of 2009, it is estimated that 300 million cases of scabies occur each year, although various parties claim the figure is either over- or underestimated. There are one million cases of scabies in the United States annually. About 1–10% of the global population is estimated to be infected with scabies, but in certain populations, the infection rate may be as high as 50–80%.[Scabies is one of the three most common dermatological disorders in children”.Even now, in spite of all modern treatments and personal hygeine, this remains the most widespread disease affecting humanity. Imagine what would be the situation during hahnemann’s period. NO WONDER, HAHNEMANN CONSIDERED PSORA AS THE MOTHER OF CHRONIC DISEASES.

    NOTE THIS POINT:

    “The symptoms are caused by an allergic reaction of the host’s body to mite proteins, though exactly which proteins remains a topic of study”. As part of this allergic response of our body to “mite proteins”, antibodies are generated. “The allergic reaction is both of the delayed (cell-mediated) and immediate (antibody-mediated) type, and involves IgE (antibodies, it is presumed, mediate the very rapid symptoms on re-infection)”. These antibodies remain life long in our body as CHRONIC MIASMS. Antibodies can attack OFF-TARGET biological molecules in various biochemical channels in the body, resulting in diverse types of CHRONIC diseases belonging to MIASM OF PSORA.

    Latest available studies states that the SCABIES MITES carries different species of BACTERIA on their wings and body, and the toxins secreted by these BACTERIA are the the real molecular factors that give rise to allergic reactions during MITE infections. If that is true, SCABIES or PSORA will have to ultimately considered as BACTERIAL INFECTIONS.

    Antibodies are native globulin proteins ‘imprinted’ with exogenous protein molecules entering into the organism from the environment, as infections, food, drugs, toxins or as part of any interactions with the environment. These exogenous proteins may come from bacterial/viral/fungal/parasitic infections that invade the body, bites and stings of insects and serpents, uncooked food articles, drugs like antibiotics and serum, vaccines, and so on. These exogenous foreign proteins, alien to our genetic constitution, are dangerous to the normal functioning of the organism, and have to be destroyed or eradicated. Body has a well organized defense system for this, which we call immune system. Foreign proteins are called antigens. Body prepares immune bodies or antibodies against these dangerous invaders. Antibodies are specific to each antigen, There are also polyclonal antibodies, which can identify different antigens. Antibodies are exactly native proteins of globulin types, which have peculiar molecular structure with an active group known as ‘paratope’ on its periphery. Active groups of antigen molecules are known as ‘epitopes’. Epitopes of antigens and paratopes of antibodies has a ‘key-lock’ relationship of configuration. They should fit exactly each other in order to happen an immune reaction. Paratopes of antibodies once interacted with epitopes of a particular antigen undergoes a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, by which the ‘memory’ of epitope is imprinted into the paratope of antibody. Even after the antigens are destroyed and eradicated by the immune system, these ‘molecular imprinted’ globulins, or antibodies exist and circulate in the organism, in most cases life long. This is the mechanism by which life long immunity is attained through certan infections and vaccinations. These antibodies, or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ are very important part of our defense system, playing a vital role in protecting us against infections.

    Same time, these ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ or antibodies plays a negative role also, which is what we call ‘miasms’. They can act as pathogenic factors. Whenever these antibodies happen to come in contact with a native biological molecule having a structural group of configuration similar to the ‘epitope’ of its natural antigen, its paratope binds to it and inhibits the biological molecules. This is a ‘molecular error’ amounting to a state of pathology. Diverse types of chronic diseases and dispositions are created by the antibodies in the organism. These pathological conditions caused by ‘off-target’ binding of antibodies or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ are the real ‘miasms’ hahnemann described as the underlying factors of ‘chronic diseases’.

    Obviously, identifying and removal of these ‘off-target’ molecular blocks or ‘miasms’ caused by antibodies or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’ is an important part in the treatment of chronic diseases. Observing and collecting the whole history of infections and intoxications that might have generated antibodies are important in the management of chronic diseases. History of skin infections, venereal infections, stings of poisonous creatures, vaccinations, serum/antibiotic treatments, sensitization with protein foods etc. has to be collected in detail and appropriate ‘anti-miasmatics’ included in the treatment protocols of chronic treatments.

    Another important thing we have to remember is that we cannot permanently inactivate ‘antibodies’ using potentized nosodes or anti-miasmatic drugs. Our drugs may act in two ways. If the nosodes are prepared from antibodies themselves, they contain ‘molecular imprints of epitopes of ‘exogenous toxins’ or antigens themselves. These ‘molecular imprints can compete with the paratopes of antibodies in binding to biological molecues, and prevent them from creating ‘off-target’ biological blocks. Since ‘molecular imprints’ cannot successfully compete with the epitopes of antigens in binding with the paratopes of antibodies, our potentized drugs never interferes with the normal immune mechanism of the body. They only prevents antibodies from binding to ‘off-target’ biological molecules, and thus act as ‘antimiasmatics’.

    If we are preparing nosodes by potentizing antibodies themselves, our drugs contains ‘molecular imprints’ of paratopes of antibodies. These molecular imprints can bind to the paratopes, thereby preventing them from interacting with ‘off-target’ biological molecules. Same time, they also cannot interfere in the interaction between antibodies and their natural antigens, which have comparatively increased affinity. In any way, potentized nosodes or ‘antimiasmatics’ will not weaken the normal immunological mechanism of the organism.

    Since we cannot eradicate or permanently inactivate antibodies or miasms with our potentized drugs, we have to administer antimiasmatic drugs in frequent intervals, probably life long. This is a very important realization evolving from the understanding of ‘miasms’ as ‘antibodies’ or ‘molecular imprinted proteins’.

    I think hahnemann included all ‘itch’ producing infections under the carpet of ‘psora’. He mentioned about Leprosy, scarlet fever, scabies and many such ‘infectious’ agents as causative factors of psora. He talked about “three miasms”, only because those three infectious agents were creating havoc in europe during his period. According to me, this classification of psora, syphilis and sycosis is not much relevant if we understand ‘miasms’ in terms of ‘antibodies’.

  • Know ‘Molecular Imprinted Polymers’ To Understand Scientific Explanation Of ‘Potentization’

    ‘Molecular Imprinted Polymers’ is an emerging branch of modern ‘nanotechnology’. It is the preparation of of artificial binding sites in polymer matrix utilizing ‘guest-host’ molecular relationships. Knowing the principles and methods of this scientific technology is essential to follow ‘Dialectical Homeopathy’ and its explanations of ‘potentization’ and ‘similia similibus curentur’.

    ‘Molecular imprinting in polymers’ is a fast growing research area that may be interesting to people engaged in developing “drug designing” techniques. A lot of research is currently going on over this subject the world over. This technolog…y involves the imprinting of synthetic polymer substances using enzymes or such macromolecules as ‘guest’ molecules. As a result of imprinting, nano cavities with 3-d spacial configurations complementary to the ‘guest’ molecules will be ‘engraved’ in the interaction surfaces of the polymer matrix ‘hosts’. These imprinted polymers, by virtue of the nanocavities they contain can be used to bind molecules with configurational similarity to ‘guest’ molecules. They are at present widely used in various laboratory assays as powerful adsorption surfaces and molecular sensors. MIPs are also found to be of much practical use in various areas of science and technology.

    Molecular imprinted polymers of today cannot be used as therapeutic agents, since they are totally foreign substances to the organism. More over, native enzymes can not degrade the polymers even if they can play a therapeutic role in the organism.

    The revolutionary concept of molecular imprinting in proteins is only in its emerging stage, which may have implications in drug designing techniques. It has already been acknowledged that the biological molecules presently classified as antibodies are nothing but native globulin proteins subjected to natural molecular imprinting process with foreign pathologic proteins acting as ‘guest’ molecules. Scientists have already realized the fact that the much discussed pathologic molecules known as ‘prions’ are nothing but disfigured protein molecules subjected to molecular imprinting. Proteins, being polymers with complex and flexible tertiary structures, are expected to be a very good medium for molecular imprinting. Different types of protein based substances, subjected to artificial molecular imprinting, may evolve in the future as effective therapeutic agents and laboratory reagents.

    In chemistry, molecular imprinting is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in polymer matrices with memory of the template molecules to be used in molecular recognition. This technique is based on the system used by enzymes for su…bstrate recognition, which is called the “lock and key” model. The active binding site of an enzyme has a unique geometric structure that is particularly suitable for a substrate. A substrate that has a corresponding shape to the site is recognized by selectively binding to the enzyme, while an incorrectly shaped molecule that does not fit the binding site is not recognized.

    In a similar way, molecularly imprinted materials are prepared using a template molecule and functional monomers that assemble around the template and subsequently get crosslinked to each other. The functional monomers, which are self-assembled around the template molecule by interaction between functional groups on both the template and monomers, are polymerized to form an imprinted matrix (commonly known in the scientific community as a molecularly imprinted polymer i.e. MIP). Then the template molecule is removed from the matrix under certain conditions, leaving behind a cavity complementary in size and shape to the template. The obtained cavity can work as a selective binding site for a specific template molecule.

    A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP), or plastic antibody is a polymer that is formed in the presence of a molecule that is extracted afterwards, thus leaving complementary cavities behind. These polymers show a certain chemical affinity for the original molecule and can be used to fabricate sensors, catalysis or for separation methods. The functional mechanism is similar to antibodies or enzymes.

    “Molecular imprinting is, in fact, making an artificial tiny lock for a specific molecule that serve as miniature key. Like plastic receptors the imprinted polymer grabs specific chemicals. Many basic biological processes, from sensing of od…ours to signalling between nerve and muscle cells, rely on such lock-and-key combinations. For decades, scientists trying to understand these interactions often play locksmith, searching for the right key to fit a particular receptor. Now, the elegance of molecular imprinting in nature has been spurring many scientists to build the locks themselves. They etch a material to create specific cavities which in size, shape and functional groups, fit the target molecule. However, one of the greatest advantages of artificial receptors over naturally occurring ones is freedom of molecular design. Their frameworks are never restricted to proteins, and a variety of skeletons (e.g., carbon chains and fused aromatic rings) can be used. Thus, the stability, flexibility, and other properties are freely modulated according to need. Even functional groups that are not found in nature can be employed in these man-made compounds. Furthermore, when necessary, the activity to response towards outer stimuli (photo-irradiation, pH change, electric or magnetic field, and others) can be provided by using appropriate functional groups. The spectrum of functions is far wider than that of naturally occurring ones. In a molecular imprinting processes, one need a 1) template, 2) functional monomer 3) crosslinker, 4) initiator, 5) porogenic solvent and 6) extraction solvent. According to polymerization method and final polymer format one or some of the reagent can be avoided”. (WIKIPEDIA)

    “Over the recent years, interest in the technique of molecular imprinting has increased rapidly, both in the academic community and in the industry. Consequently, significant progress has been made in developing polymerization methods that p…roduce adequate MIP formats with rather good binding properties expecting an enhancement in the performance or in order to suit the desirable final application, such as beads, films or nanoparticles. One of the key issues that have limited the performance of MIPs in practical applications so far is the lack of simple and robust methods to synthesize MIPs in the optimum formats required by the application. Chronologically, the first polymerization method encountered for MIP was based on “bulk” or solution polymerization. This method is the most common technique used by groups working on imprinting especially due to its simplicity and versatility. It is used exclusively with organic solvents mainly with low dielectric constant and consists basically of mixing all the components (template, monomer, solvent and initiator) and subsequently polymerizing them. The resultant polymeric block then pulverized, freed from the template, crushed and sieved to obtain particles of irregular shape and size between 20 and 50 µm. Depending on the target (template) type and the final application of the MIP, MIPs are appeared in different formats such as nano/micro spherical particles, nanowires and thin film or membranes. They are produced with different polymerization techniques like bulk, precipitation, emulsion, suspension, dispersion, gelation, multi-step swelling polymerization. Most of investigators in the field of MIP are making MIP with heuristic techniques such as hierarchical imprinting method. The technique for the first time was used for making MIP by Sellergren et al for imprinting small target molecules. With the same concept, Nematollahzadeh et al developed a general technique, so-called polymerization packed bed, to obtain a hierarchically structured high capacity protein imprinted porous polymer beads by using silica porous particles for protein recognition and capture. “[WIKIPEDIA]

    ” Niche areas for application of MIPs are in sensors and separation. Despite the current good health of molecular imprinting in general one difficulty which appears to remain to this day is the commercialization of molecularly imprinted polym…ers. Even though no molecularly imprinted silica product has reached the market yet, at least several patents (123 patents, up to 2010, according to Scifinder data base), on molecular imprinting, were held by different groups. That some commercial interest existed is also confirmed by the fact that Sigma-Aldrich produces SupelMIP for Beta-agonists, Beta-blockers, pesticides and some drugs of abuse such as Amphetamine. Fast and cost-effective molecularly imprinted polymer technique has applications in many fields of chemistry, biology and engineering, particularly as an affinity material for sensors, detection of chemical, antimicrobial, and dye, residues in food, adsorbents for solid phase extraction, binding assays, artificial antibodies, chromatographic stationary phase, catalysis, drug development and screening, and by-product removal in chemical reaction”.[WIKIPEDIA]

    IF YOU HAVE UNDERSTOOD THE PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF MOLECULAR IMPRINTING DESCRIBED ABOVE, NOW IT WILL BE EASY FOR YOU TO FOLLOW MY CONCEPTS OF “MOLECULAR IMPRINTING IN WATER-ALCOHOL MATRIX’ INVOLVED IN POTENTIZATION.

    I am trying to explain homeopathic ‘potentization’ as a process of ‘molecular imprinting’. If we study the supra-molecular’ structure of water, we can see that water also more or less behave some what like a ‘polymer’. This ‘polymer-like’ supra-molecular structure of water makes it an ideal medium for ‘molecular imprinting’ similar to other polymer substances. Exactly, potentization’ utilizes this phenomenon.

    THE IDEA OF “MOLECULAR IMPRINTING IN WATER” IS MY INNOVATION. TO BE MORE SPECIFIC, IN “WATER-ETHYL ALCOHOL MIXTURE”.

    I am explaining ‘potentization’ and ‘simila similibus curentur’ on the basis of this concept. Instead of ‘polymers’ used in… conventional molecular imprinting protocols, homeopathy uses ‘water-ethyl alcohol mixture’ as the imprinting matrix. ‘Molecular imprinted water’ is biologically safe, and as such it can be used as therapeutic agents.

  • ‘Single Dose?’- Many Excellent Prescriptions Spoiled By Our Hesitation To Repeat Doses When Necessary

    “Single Dose and Wait” is considered to be the golden law of homeopathic prescription by conventional homeopaths. Repetition of doses at frequent intervals is said to be harmful. It is taught that ‘waiting’ is the keyword for administering the second dose.

    I would like to differ with Classical Homeopathy on this point. I think many a excellent homeopathic prescriptions are spoiled only due to our ‘theoretical’ hesitation to repeat the doses in adequate intervals, and these failures are wrongly attributed to ‘wrong similimum’ or ‘wrong potency’ selection. We could have avoided such failures by repeating the doses frequently so as to maintain the drug action at optimum levels to effect a complete cure. I know ‘classical homeopaths’ would tear me into pieces for proposing this ‘unhomeopathic’ concept, which according to them would be an unpardonable offense against the ‘purity of homeopathy’ and a gross disrespect to our ‘masters and stalwarts’.

    Whatever be the consequences, I want to discus my logic regarding this issue here. I believe I have strong point to share.

    I know my friends would jump in with quotes from the master. Excuse me, I am not unaware of those aphorisms you are going to to quote. I simply differ.

    My concepts regarding ‘repetitions’ come from the scientific understanding of potentization as ‘molecular imprinting’ and the active principles of potentized medicines as ‘molecular imprints’ of constituent drug molecules used for potentization. You cannot follow me without understanding the concept of ‘molecular imprints’. To know more before participating this discussion, kindly go to : http://dialecticalohmeopathy.wordpress.com/2011/09/24/how-homeopathy-works-a-scientific-working-hypothesis-regarding-the-molecular-mechanism-of-homeopathic-therapeutics/

    According to me, Molecular Imprints are the active principles of potentized drugs. These ‘molecular imprints’ bind to the pathological molecules having ‘complementary’ configuration, there by relieving biological molecules from pathological inhibitions and effect Cure. Same time,these ‘molecular imprints’ could be antidoted or deactivated by by molecules or ions having complementary configurations. That means, ‘molecular imprints’ we introduced into the body get deactivated by pathological molecules or other molecules having congigurational affinity. Molecules and ions of vegetable alkaloids, enzymes, food additives, environmental toxins, infectious agents, bacterial-viral toxins and a host of other agents may antidote these ‘molecular imprints’. Hence, it is necessary to replenish the supply of ‘molecular imprints’ at frequent intervals to ensure a complete cure. That is my point.

    The most quoted and most violated ‘cardinal principle’ of homeopathy is ‘single drug-single dose’. We use multiple drugs in private, and publicly pose as ‘single drug’ prescribers, masking with phrases such as ‘intercurrent’, complementary’, ‘antidote’, ‘anti-miasmatic’, or ‘layer prescriptions’. My point is, even so called ‘single’ drugs are not really ‘single’, but contains diverse types of ‘molecular imprints’.

    Some ‘single drug’ prescribers would give a ‘single’ dose of say sulphur cm, and give plenty of biochemic salts or even biochemic combinations, and claim in public that they ‘cured’ the patient with ‘single’ dose of sulphur. Some people would give large doses of mother tinctures along with ‘a single dose of single drug’. Certain others would give a ‘single’ dose of selected similimum, and then frequent doses of ‘complementary’ drugs, for ‘relieving acute complaints’. Prescribing ‘anti-miasmatics’ are also not considered as a violation of ‘single’ drug principles. I am avoiding those who prescribe patented compound drugs from the purview of this discussion, since they are admittedly ‘multiple’ drug prescribers.

    A complementary medicine may contain some extra molecular imprints that were not present in original similimum, and that may be helpful in the curative process. Regarding increasing the potency, i cannot agree.

    Changing to a new sample from another source, of same drug of same potency, has also gives better response when the curative process come to standstill after a few repetition of a drug

    For example, when nux is indicated drug, and given it in 30c with good response. After a few repititions, it becomes standstill. Then you try NUX 30 from another source. It works, same way as you get response from higher potency

    Every sample of nux may not contain all types of molecular imprints of constituent molecules of nux vomica. When we change sample, the patient gets those imprints which were absent in first sample.

    It is not at all realistic to imagine that the same drug sample of Nux Vomica used for proving is always used for preparing its potencies also. It may have been procured and prepared from another location, climate, environment, time and circumstances. All of these factors may necessarily influence their chemical constitution also. Contaminants and pollutants also differ with time, place and persons who handled it. Yet, we are obliged to call all these different samples as Nux Vomica, and use it as same drug, believing that it is a ‘single drug’!

    In reality, potentized Nux Vomica we get now from pharmacies are prepared from samples very much different from the samples used for proving it two hundred years back. It might not necessarily be the same contaminations and foreign molecules which happen to be mixed with the drug during procurement and potentization. Entirely new type of impurities and foreign molecules, different from proven samples, shall definitely get mixed with drugs while potentizing. Naturally, these contaminants and foreign molecules also get subjected to potentization along with original drug molecules. It is evident that the homeopathic potencies of Nux Vomica we get from pharmacies contain the potentized forms of these new contaminant molecules also. In other words, they are mixed with potentized forms of these unknown substances, entirely different from those were subjected to proving. We cannot ignore the fact that we are not using potencies of same drug, that have been proved earlier and recorded in the materia medica, eventhough we call it with same name. It is composed of an entirely different mixture, much more different in molecular structure from the one subjected to original proving. We use the potentized form of this new combination, on the basis of symptoms produced by another combination earlier, using the therapeutic principle ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’. Is not this realization somewhat emberassing? Unless we provide convincing solutions to the ethical, theoretical and practical problems raised by this situation, it would be unfair to continue claiming that we are using ‘single drugs’!

    There are a few more points to be considered in association with the issue of ‘single drug’. Chances of drug samples used in proving being contaminated with various environmental particles and foreign molecules should be seriously considered here. Especially in the olden days of most of the drug provings, our knowledge regarding environmental pollutions and contaminations was very limited. During drug proving, molecules of such contaminants also would have obviously undergone proving, along with original drug molecules. Especially for homeopaths, who are convinced about the power of micro doses, this factor cannot be overlooked. The water, alcohol, sugar of milk etc., used in the process of preparing drugs for proving may also have various contaminants. The vessels, utensils, equipment, tools, air, and provers themselvs also may add their own contaminations. These contaminants and impurities also would have been subjected to proving along with original drugs, and their symptoms also included in our materia medica unknowingly, although we don’t take these factors seriously into account. We should be aware of the fact that the biological deviations created in the prover by these un-recognized foreign molecules are also included by us in the accounts of medicinal substances used for proving. It means that at least some of the symptoms we learn in the Materia Medica of a drug may not be actually related to that drug at all, but to the contaminants. This issue will have to be considered in more details later, when discussing about ‘materia medica’.

    In homeopathic terminology, any form of drug substance used as a sample for “proving” is considered to be a single entity. It is called a ‘single drug’, even though it may be a complex mixture of several substances. For example, an alcoholic tincture extracted from the Nux Vomica plant is evidently a mixture of many types of enzymes, alkaloids, glycosides, phytochemicals, and other organic and inorganic molecules. Over and above the natural organic contents, various elements and chemical molecules absorbed from the environment will also be part of that tincture. It may also contain various accidental contaminants and pollutants also. In spite of all these possibilities, we consider Nux Vomica tincture is a “single” medicinal substance, and we often talk about a “Nux Vomica personality” as such!

    If we introduce a sample of Nux Vomica tincture into the living organism for ‘proving’, its constituent molecules are instantly subjected to various processes such as disintegration, ionization, hydration and certain chemical transformations. Individual constituent molecules are carried and conveyed through blood and other internal transport systems into the cells in different parts of the body. They interact with various enzymes, receptors, metabolites and other biological molecules inside the organism. These interactions are decided and directed by the specific properties such as configuration and charge of active groups of individual drug molecules, and their specific affinity towards biological target molecules. It is very important to note that Nux Vomica interact with different biological molecules, not as a singular entity, but as individual constituent molecules and ions. These individual drug molecules and ions are capable of binding to some or other biological molecules, effecting configurational changes in them, and thereby inhibiting the essential bio-chemical processes which can take place only with their presence and mediation. Such molecular inhibitions in various bio-chemical pathways result in a condition of pathology, expressed as a train of subjective and objective symptoms, due to the involvement of various neuro-mediator and neuro-transmitter systems.

    The symptoms we get from the proving of Nux Vomica are in reality the results of diverse deviations in different bio-chemical processes and pathways, created by the constituent drug molecules in their individual capacity and specific configurational affinity. Each type of molecules contained in Nux Vomica binds only to a specific group of biological molecules, and creates their own individual groups of symptoms. Suppose we could completely remove all molecules of a particular alkaloid from a sample of Nux Vomica before it is used for proving. Naturally, during the process of proving, we shall be missing the groups of symptoms that should have been created in the organism by the molecules of that particular alkaloid. This type of proving may be called ‘differential proving’. By conducting such differential provings, we can learn about the particular state of pathology that may be attributed to individual constituent molecules contained in each medicinal substance. More over, this type of scientific differential provings may be utilized to study the biological effects of various constituent molecules of drug materials that we erroneously consider as single drugs. Such differential provings may disprove our mis-conceptions regarding ‘single drug’, at large. This is a subject that warrants serious attention from the part of homeopathic researchers and research institutions.

    According to my concept of ‘molecular imprinting’ involved in homeopathic potentization, the active principles of potentized drugs are ‘molecular imprints’ of constituent drug molecules. Since a drug substance constitutes diverse types of independent molecules in it, potentized drugs also would contain different types of ‘molecular imprints’ representing those different drug molecules. These ‘molecular imprints’ acts in their independent capacity of configurational similarity by binding up on pathogenic molecules, producing a therapeutic effect.

    As per this view, molecules of drug substances would be completely removed from the medium when the dilution crosses Avogadro limit. That means, even the smallest sized drug molecules will disappear above 12c potency. Hence, I proposed that 30c will be the ideal potency for therapeutic purpose, and further higher potencies will not be different from 30c in medicinal property. SSince drug molecules will be absent above 12c, I presumed that there is no meaning in continuing potentization higher and higher. On that basis, I suggested to use 30c potency only.

    But many homeopaths, even those who were not reluctant to accept my ‘molecular imprint’ concept, invited my attention to their experience that when a drug 30c potency acted for some time, a stage reaches where no further improvement is obtained. In such situations, they could create curative response by going to higher and higher potencies of same drug. My friends said that theor experience does not corroborate my suggestion that a drug in all potencies above 30c will be similar in medicinal properties.

    I decided to take up this question seriously, and started working up on it. There were many instance where NUX 30 failed but NUX 200 acted. It was also correct that in some cases NUX 30 acted for some time and then came to a standstill, where repeating same potency did not succeed in evoking any response. Then NUX 30 or NUX 1m acted favorably.

    There were another experience reported by some homeopaths, and verified by me. When NUX 1m failed, NUX 30 or NUX 200 acted. In my experiments on that lines, I noticed that when a case comes to standstill after a certain period of improvement after using NUX 1m, administration of NUX 30 or NUX 200 was also beneficial, instead of moving to still higher potencies.

    Then I started experimenting on another lines. When NUX 30 failed to provide further improvement after a certain stage, I used NUX 30 from another sample obtained from another manufacturer. The result was wonderful. It acted!. I repeated this experiment with different cases, different drugs, different potencies. Finally I came to the conclusion that it was not a question of going higher or lower, but changing of samples, changing of source of potentized drugs. I can now suggest my friends, if you fail with NUX 30, and your are still convinced that the similimum is NUX, use NUX 30 obtained from another manufacturer. It will work. Always keep maximum samples of same drugs in same potencies obtained from different sources, and try all of them before changing your prescription. I have also seen it beneficial to mix all those different samples together and keep as single drug. For example, you can collect NUX 30 from five different manufacturers and mix them together and keep labeled as NUX. And see the difference!

    Logical explanation for this phenomenon is very simple. It is associated with the process of molecular imprinting happening in potentization, and the quality of crude drug sample used for potentization. Simply put, each sample of same drug in same potency may differ in their constituent molecular imprints. One sample may miss some ‘molecular imprints’ that may be present in another sample. Each sample provides only partial curative effect, according to the availability of ‘molecular imprints’ present in them. To get a ‘complete’ therapeutic action of a particular drug, we have to use different samples from different sources, one after other, or mixing together.