REDEFINING HOMEOPATHY

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  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PROSTATE CANCER, AND MIT APPROACH TO ITS THERAPEUTICS

    Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among men, affecting the prostate gland, which is responsible for producing seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Understanding the facets of prostate cancer, from its risk factors and symptoms to its diagnosis and treatment options, is crucial for early detection and effective management.

    Several factors may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer: The risk increases significantly as men age, particularly after the age of 50. A family history of prostate or even breast cancer can elevate risk levels. African American men have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared to men of other races. The cancer in African American men is also more likely to be aggressive or advanced. Mutations in certain genes (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2) increase the risk. Diet, obesity, and smoking can also influence risk, though the direct links are still under investigation.

    Early-stage prostate cancer often does not produce symptoms. As the cancer progresses, symptoms might include, Difficulty starting urination or weak or interrupted flow of urine, Frequent urination, especially at night, Difficulty emptying the bladder completely, Pain or burning during urination, Blood in the urine or semen, Pain in the back, hips, or pelvis that doesn’t go away, Painful ejaculation etc.

    It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by conditions other than prostate cancer, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PROSTATE CANCER

    Prostate cancer arises from the uncontrolled growth of cells within the prostate gland. Its pathophysiology involves: Mutations in genes like BRCA1/BRCA2, PTEN, and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion genes can drive prostate cancer development. Epigenetic modifications affecting gene expression also play a role. Androgens continue to play a significant role, with prostate cancer cells often relying on androgen receptor signaling for growth. This is why androgen deprivation therapy is a common treatment. The tumour microenvironment, including blood vessels, immune cells, and extracellular matrix, interacts with cancer cells to influence growth, invasion, and metastasis. Chronic inflammation may contribute to the initiation and progression of prostate cancer through cellular damage, oxidative stress, and alterations in the microenvironment.

    ROLE OF HEAVY METALS AND MICROELEMENTS IN PROSTATE CANCER

    The role of heavy metals and microelements in the development and progression of prostate cancer has garnered significant interest in the field of oncology and environmental health. These elements, depending on their nature and concentration, can have varying effects on prostate health, potentially influencing the risk, progression, and outcomes of prostate cancer.

    Cadmium exposure has been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer in several studies. Cadmium can mimic the effects of estrogens in the body and may disrupt androgen receptor signaling, promoting prostate cancer cell growth. The prostate is one of the organs where cadmium can accumulate, suggesting a potential mechanism for its carcinogenic effects. Exposure to high levels of arsenic has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Arsenic can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic changes, contributing to carcinogenesis. However, the evidence linking arsenic exposure directly to prostate cancer risk is less consistent than for cadmium. Some research suggests a possible association between lead exposure and prostate cancer, although findings have been mixed. Lead may contribute to oxidative stress and affect hormone regulation, which could potentially influence prostate cancer development.

    The potential role of lead exposure in causing prostate cancer has been a subject of research interest, given lead’s known toxic effects on human health. Lead is a heavy metal that was widely used in various products, such as gasoline, paint, and pipes, until its harmful health effects became widely recognized. Occupational exposure, environmental contamination, and old plumbing systems can still expose individuals to lead. The relationship between lead exposure and prostate cancer risk, however, remains complex and somewhat inconclusive. Lead exposure can induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cellular components, including DNA. This oxidative damage can contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer. Lead can mimic or interfere with the action of hormones, which might influence cancer risk. For example, it may affect androgen signaling pathways, which are important in prostate cancer development. Exposure to lead can also result in epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation patterns. These changes can alter gene expression, potentially contributing to carcinogenesis. Some studies focusing on workers exposed to high levels of lead, such as those in battery manufacturing or smelting, have suggested a potential association between lead exposure and increased risk of prostate cancer. However, these studies often face challenges in controlling for other occupational and environmental exposures.

    The relationship between arsenic exposure and prostate cancer risk is a subject of ongoing research and debate in the environmental health and oncology communities. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be found in water, air, food, and soil, with exposure primarily through contaminated drinking water, certain foods, and industrial processes. While arsenic is known to be a carcinogen, its specific link to prostate cancer has produced mixed findings, highlighting the complexity of understanding environmental risk factors for cancer. 

    Arsenic can induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids in cells, potentially leading to mutations and cancer. Exposure to arsenic can lead to epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation changes that may alter gene expression, including genes involved in cancer development and progression. Chronic inflammation is a recognized risk factor for many types of cancer, including prostate cancer. Arsenic exposure can trigger inflammatory responses in the body, which may contribute to carcinogenesis.

    Microelements, or trace elements, are nutrients required by the body in small amounts. They play various roles in maintaining cellular function and integrity, and imbalances can affect health, including prostate cancer risk and progression. Selenium is a trace element with antioxidant properties that can help protect cells from oxidative damage. Some studies suggest that higher selenium levels are associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, although findings are not universally consistent. Selenium is thought to inhibit tumor growth and promote apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Zinc is essential for numerous biological processes, including immune function and DNA repair. The prostate contains high concentrations of zinc, which is thought to play a role in regulating prostate function. Some studies have found that low zinc levels may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, although the relationship is complex and not fully understood. Iron is crucial for cell growth and proliferation but can also contribute to the formation of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress and DNA damage. There is interest in the role of iron in cancer development, with some evidence suggesting that excessive iron stores might increase prostate cancer risk. However, more research is needed to clarify this relationship.

    The relationships between heavy metals, microelements, and prostate cancer are complex and influenced by factors such as environmental exposure levels, genetic susceptibility, and individual nutritional status. While some heavy metals, notably cadmium, have been more consistently associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, the role of microelements is nuanced, with both deficiencies and excesses potentially influencing cancer risk and progression. Further research, including well-designed epidemiological studies and mechanistic investigations, is essential to fully understand these relationships and their implications for prostate cancer prevention and treatment.

    ROLE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN PROSTATE CANCER

    Phytochemicals, the bioactive compounds found in plants, have gained significant attention for their potential role in cancer prevention and treatment, including prostate cancer. These compounds, which encompass a wide variety of molecules such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and glucosinolates, have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties. Here’s how some of these phytochemicals may influence prostate cancer:

    Curcumin has shown promise in inhibiting the growth of prostate cancer cells through various mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell cycle progression, and suppression of angiogenesis. It also has anti-inflammatory properties that may contribute to its anticancer effects.

    Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most studied catechin in green tea, has been associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. EGCG may work by modulating several signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival, including the inhibition of the NF-kB pathway and the induction of apoptosis in cancerous cells.

    Resveratrol has been found to have anticancer properties in various studies, including the ability to induce cancer cell death, inhibit metastasis, and sensitize cancer cells to treatment. Its antioxidant action also plays a role in its anticancer effects.

    Lycopene (from Tomatoes) is a potent antioxidant that has been extensively studied for its association with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. It is thought to work by reducing oxidative stress and DNA damage, thereby inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.

    Beta-Carotene (from Carrots and Leafy Greens) has antioxidant properties beneficial for health and its role in cancer prevention, including prostate cancer, has produced mixed results in research studies, suggesting that its effectiveness may vary depending on individual factors and dietary contexts.

    Sulforaphane is a sulfur-containing compound found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and Brussels sprouts. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells in laboratory and animal studies by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting histone deacetylase (an enzyme involved in cancer progression), and targeting cancer stem cells.

    Isoflavones Genistein and Daidzein are soy-derived compounds acting as phytoestrogens that may play a protective role against prostate cancer. They have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis, possibly through their effects on hormone regulation and signalling pathways.

    The relationship between nicotine exposure and prostate cancer has been a subject of interest within medical research, primarily due to the widespread use of tobacco products and the search for modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer. Nicotine itself is a stimulant compound found in tobacco plants, and while it’s best known for its addictive properties, the direct link between nicotine and cancer has been less clear compared to other tobacco-related compounds.

    Nicotine’s role in cancer is primarily indirect. While nicotine itself is not considered a carcinogen, it can promote tumor growth and metastasis through various mechanisms, such as angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels that supply tumors), increased cell proliferation, and suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death). These effects could theoretically contribute to the progression and aggressiveness of existing cancers, including prostate cancer. Studies have suggested that nicotine can enhance the survival of cancer cells by binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on these cells. Activation of these receptors can lead to signaling pathways that promote tumor growth and resistance to treatment.There is some evidence to suggest that nicotine exposure may influence levels of sex hormones, including testosterone. Since the growth of prostate cancer cells can be driven by testosterone, changes in hormone levels influenced by nicotine or smoking could potentially impact prostate cancer development or progression.

    The association between smoking and an increased risk of prostate cancer mortality is more established. Tobacco smoke contains thousands of compounds, many of which are carcinogens. Smokers have been found to have a higher risk of dying from prostate cancer than nonsmokers, possibly due to the effects of these other compounds rather than nicotine alone. While often marketed as a safer alternative to smoking, e-cigarettes still deliver nicotine and have been under investigation for their long-term health impacts, including cancer risk. The consensus on their safety profile, particularly concerning cancer, is still evolving. Current evidence suggests that the primary risks associated with nicotine and prostate cancer relate more to the broader effects of tobacco use rather than nicotine alone. The carcinogenic risk from smoking is attributed to various compounds in tobacco smoke, not nicotine itself. However, nicotine may still play a role in promoting the growth and spread of existing cancers.

    The role of phytochemicals in prostate cancer prevention and treatment is an area of active research. While laboratory and epidemiological studies suggest that these compounds have potential health benefits, including anticancer properties, clinical trials are needed to fully understand their efficacy, optimal dosages, and mechanisms of action in humans. Moreover, the consumption of phytochemicals through whole foods is generally preferred over supplements, as whole foods provide a complex mix of nutrients and compounds that work synergistically. As research continues to evolve, the integration of phytochemical-rich foods into a balanced diet remains a promising strategy for supporting overall health and potentially reducing the risk of prostate cancer.

    ROLE OF LIFE STYLE IN PROSTATE CANCER

    Lifestyle factors play a significant role in the risk and progression of prostate cancer, one of the most common cancers among men worldwide. Understanding the impact of these factors is crucial for prevention strategies and may also influence treatment outcomes.

    High intake of red and processed meats has been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer. These foods can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, which may contribute to cancer development. Diets high in saturated fats, including those from high-fat dairy products, have been associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer. The mechanism may involve changes in hormone levels or direct effects on the prostate cells. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables, particularly those high in antioxidants and phytochemicals (like tomatoes for lycopene and cruciferous vegetables for sulforaphane), may reduce prostate cancer risk. These components can neutralize oxidative stress and inhibit cancer cell growth. Consumption of soy products, which contain isoflavones, and fatty fish, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, has been associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. These foods may modulate inflammation and hormonal pathways involved in cancer development.

    Regular physical activity has been associated with a reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer and improved survival among men with the disease. Exercise can influence hormone levels, reduce inflammation, and improve immune function, all of which may play roles in reducing cancer risk and progression.

    Obesity is linked to an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer, poorer prognosis after diagnosis, and higher mortality rates. Excess body weight can affect hormone levels, including androgens and insulin, and promote inflammation, contributing to cancer risk and progression.

    Smoking has been associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer and worse outcomes after diagnosis. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic compounds that can induce DNA damage and promote cancer progression.

    The relationship between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk is complex, with some studies suggesting an increased risk with higher alcohol intake, particularly for heavy drinkers. Alcohol can affect hormone levels and increase the production of carcinogenic metabolites.

    Chronic stress and poor psychological health may indirectly influence prostate cancer risk and outcomes through behavioural pathways (like poor diet and reduced physical activity) and physiological mechanisms (such as changes in hormonal levels and immune function).

    Lifestyle factors have a significant impact on the risk and progression of prostate cancer. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including maintaining a balanced diet rich in plant-based foods, engaging in regular physical activity, managing body weight, avoiding tobacco, and moderating alcohol consumption, can contribute to reducing the risk of prostate cancer and supporting overall health. It’s important for individuals to discuss lifestyle changes with healthcare providers, especially in the context of cancer prevention and treatment strategies.

    ROLE OF MODERN CHEMICAL DRUGS IN CAUSATION OF PROSTATE CANCER

    The role of modern chemical drugs in the causation of prostate cancer is a topic of considerable interest and ongoing research. While most medications are designed to be safe with beneficial effects, there is growing concern about the potential carcinogenic effects of certain chemicals found in some drugs. The relationship between drug exposure and prostate cancer risk is complex and influenced by various factors, including the type of drug, duration of use, individual susceptibility, and lifestyle factors.

    Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) used for treating prostate cancer, ADT lowers testosterone levels, which can slow the growth of prostate cancer cells. However, there’s research exploring whether ADT might influence the development of more aggressive forms of cancer in the long term, though evidence is not conclusive. Illicit use of anabolic steroids has been associated with various adverse health effects, including a potential increase in the risk of prostate cancer due to their action on androgen receptors, though direct evidence linking these steroids to prostate cancer risk is limited. Drugs like finasteride and dutasteride, used to treat BPH and hair loss, work by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a more potent androgen. While these drugs can reduce the overall risk of prostate cancer, some studies suggest they may be associated with an increased risk of developing high-grade prostate cancer, although this association is still debated among researchers. There is interest in the role of chronic inflammation in prostate cancer development and whether nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could reduce prostate cancer risk. However, the evidence is mixed, and these drugs are not currently used as a prostate cancer prevention strategy. Used to lower cholesterol levels, statins have been investigated for their potential role in reducing prostate cancer risk. Some studies suggest a protective effect, particularly against advanced or aggressive prostate cancer, though findings are not uniformly conclusive.

    In addition to prescribed medications, exposure to certain chemicals in the environment or workplace, such as pesticides, industrial chemicals, and pollutants, has been under investigation for potential links to prostate cancer. The mechanisms by which these exposures might increase risk include hormonal disruption, DNA damage, and induction of oxidative stress.

    The relationship between modern chemical drugs and the causation of prostate cancer is multifaceted and an area of active research. For most medications, the benefits for intended use outweigh the potential risks, especially when used under the guidance of healthcare professionals. Ongoing studies aim to clarify these risks, identify susceptible populations, and develop guidelines for minimizing any potential adverse effects. It is important for individuals to discuss the risks and benefits of any medication with their healthcare providers, considering both immediate health needs and long-term risk factors for conditions like prostate cancer.

    ROLE OF ENZYMES IN PROSTATE CANCER

    As in BPH, DHT is also implicated in the growth of prostate cancer cells. Inhibiting 5-Alpha Reductase enzyme can be part of the treatment strategy, especially in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) are enzymes involved in DNA repair. Inhibitors of PARP have shown promise in treating prostate cancers, particularly those with mutations in DNA repair genes like BRCA1/2. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix components and are implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis. Elevated MMP levels have been associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Telomerase is an enzyme that adds DNA sequence repeats to the ends of DNA strands in the telomere regions. Telomerase is often reactivated in cancer cells, allowing them to replicate indefinitely. Telomerase inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach in prostate cancer.

    Prostate cancer screening can help identify cancer early on, potentially before symptoms develop.  Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test measures the level of PSA in the blood, with higher levels suggesting a greater likelihood of cancer. In Digital Rectal Exam (DRE), the doctor physically examines the prostate through the rectal wall to check for abnormalities. If these tests suggest an increased risk, further diagnostics like MRI, ultrasound, or a biopsy might be recommended to confirm the presence of cancer.

    In the development and progression of prostate cancer, various enzymes play crucial roles, with their activity influenced by multiple activators. These activators can range from hormonal factors and genetic mutations to environmental exposures. Understanding these activators is essential for developing targeted therapies and identifying potential risk factors for prostate cancer.

    Androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are crucial male sex hormones responsible for the development of male characteristics and reproduction. They are synthesized in the testes, adrenal glands, and to some extent in peripheral tissues. The synthesis of androgens is regulated by several enzymes, with certain factors known to activate or upregulate these enzymes, thereby influencing androgen levels. Understanding these activators is vital for addressing conditions associated with androgen imbalance, such as hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and prostate cancer.

    Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme (P450scc) converts cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first step in steroid hormone synthesis.
    3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) converts pregnenolone to progesterone, an intermediate in the androgen synthesis pathway. 17α-Hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17A1) catalyze the conversion of progesterone and pregnenolone to their respective 17-hydroxy forms and subsequently to androstenedione, a direct precursor to testosterone. 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) converts androstenedione to testosterone. 5α-Reductase converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a more potent androgen.

    Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a primary activator of androgen synthesis in males. It stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, primarily by upregulating CYP17A1 enzyme activity. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) can stimulate the production of adrenal androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA] and androstenedione) by activating enzymes like 3β-HSD and CYP17A1.  Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) can enhance androgen synthesis in the ovaries and adrenal glands by upregulating enzymes like CYP17A1, particularly relevant in the context of PCOS.  Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) can also indirectly support Leydig cell function and androgen synthesis by enhancing the responsiveness of Leydig cells to LH. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): hCG can mimic the action of LH and is often used in clinical settings to stimulate testosterone production in cases of hypogonadism.

    Seen in conditions like obesity and PCOS, hyperinsulinemia can increase ovarian and adrenal androgen synthesis by upregulating enzymes such as CYP17A1. Some drugs can influence androgen levels by affecting the activity of synthesizing enzymes. For example, certain antifungal medications and inhibitors used in prostate cancer treatment can inhibit CYP17A1, reducing androgen synthesis.

    Telomerase is an enzyme complex crucial for the maintenance of telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. By adding telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomes, telomerase plays a key role in cellular immortality, a feature commonly exploited by cancer cells to proliferate indefinitely. Understanding the activators of telomerase provides insights into the mechanisms of cellular aging, cancer development, and potential therapeutic targets.

    The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) component of telomerase is its catalytic subunit, and its expression is a primary activator of telomerase activity. Genetic mutations or alterations in the regulation of the hTERT gene can lead to increased telomerase activity. Epigenetic modifications, such as the methylation of CpG islands in the hTERT promoter region, can activate hTERT expression, thereby increasing telomerase activity. This mechanism is frequently observed in various cancers. In some cell types, estrogen has been shown to upregulate telomerase activity, possibly through estrogen receptor-mediated activation of hTERT transcription. Several growth factors, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF), have been implicated in the upregulation of telomerase activity, likely through signaling pathways that result in the transcriptional activation of hTERT. The Myc oncogene can activate telomerase by directly binding to the hTERT promoter, enhancing hTERT transcription and telomerase activity. This action contributes to the immortalization of cancer cells. Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway can lead to increased hTERT expression and telomerase activation, promoting cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, such as PTEN and p53, has been associated with increased telomerase activity in cancer cells, facilitating their unchecked growth. Infection with high-risk strains of HPV can lead to the expression of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, which in turn can stimulate telomerase activity, contributing to the development of cervical and other cancers. Interleukin-6 (IL-6): IL-6, a cytokine involved in inflammation, has been shown to promote telomerase activity in certain cancer cells, linking inflammation to telomere maintenance and cellular immortalization.

    Understanding the activators of telomerase has significant implications for cancer research and the development of anti-cancer therapies. Inhibiting telomerase activity in cancer cells is a promising strategy for limiting their growth and proliferation. Additionally, research into telomerase activation in normal cells offers potential insights into aging and regenerative medicine.

    Understanding the activators of androgen-synthesizing enzymes is crucial for managing disorders related to androgen excess or deficiency. Therapeutic strategies often aim to modulate these activators or directly inhibit the enzymes to achieve desired androgen levels.

    ACTVATORS OF PROSTATE CANCER

    Androgens (Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) are the most significant activators of prostate cancer growth are androgens. They activate enzymes like 5-alpha reductase, which converts testosterone to the more potent DHT. DHT then binds to androgen receptors, stimulating the growth of prostate cancer cells.

    BRCA1/2 Mutations are not only linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers but also prostate cancer. They impair the body’s ability to repair damaged DNA, potentially leading to unchecked cell growth. BRCA mutations can activate PARP enzymes, involved in DNA repair, making PARP inhibitors a targeted treatment strategy. The PTEN gene acts as a tumour suppressor by regulating cell division and survival. Loss or mutation of PTEN can activate the AKT pathway, promoting cell survival and proliferation in prostate cancer. TMPRSS2-ERG Gene Fusion is present in a significant percentage of prostate cancers. It can lead to the overexpression of ERG, which promotes cancer cell proliferation and survival.

    High-fat diets and consumption of red meat have been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, possibly through the activation of inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress, which can, in turn, activate cancer-promoting enzymes. Adipose tissue can produce estrogens from androgens through the action of the aromatase enzyme, potentially contributing to prostate cancer progression. Obesity is also linked to chronic inflammation, which may activate various signalling pathways involved in cancer development.

    Conditions leading to chronic inflammation in the prostate, such as prostatitis or sexually transmitted infections, may result in oxidative stress. This can activate signalling pathways and enzymes that promote DNA damage and cancer development.

    The activation of enzymes involved in prostate cancer is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Understanding these activators not only helps in identifying the mechanisms of prostate cancer progression but also in developing targeted interventions. For example, therapies that reduce androgen levels or block androgen receptors can inhibit the activation of critical enzymes and pathways involved in prostate cancer growth. Moreover, recognizing the role of lifestyle and environmental factors offers opportunities for preventive strategies. Ongoing research into these activators continues to open new avenues for the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer.

    Treatment depends on various factors, including the cancer’s stage, the patient’s age, overall health, and personal preferences. Monitoring the cancer closely without immediate treatment for early-stage, low-risk cancer is very important. Removal of the prostate gland (prostatectomy) is a common treatment for localized cancer. Radiation Therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells. Hormone Therapy is used to block the production or action of testosterone, which can cause cancer cells to grow. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells, and is typically used when the cancer has spread outside the prostate. Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight the cancer. Targeted therapy focuses on specific weaknesses present within the cancer cells, such as certain genetic mutations.

    The prognosis for prostate cancer varies widely. Early-stage prostate cancer has a very high survival rate, with the majority of men living for many years after diagnosis. The survival rates decrease as the cancer advances but have been improving over time due to better screening and treatment methods.

    Prostate cancer’s impact can be significantly mitigated through early detection and effective treatment. Awareness of the risk factors and symptoms, combined with regular screening for those at higher risk, is crucial. As with many forms of cancer, the approach to treatment is highly personalized, taking into account the patient’s specific circumstances to optimize outcomes. Advances in medical research continue to improve the prognosis and quality of life for men with prostate cancer, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research and innovation in this field.

    MIT APPROACH TO THERAPEUTICS OF PROSTATE CANCER

    FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOLECULAR DRUGS AND MOLECULAR IMPRINTED DRUGS

    DRUG MOLECULES act as therapeutic agents due to their CHEMICAL properties. It is an allopathic action, same way as any allopathic or ayurvedic drug works. They can interact with biological molecules and produce short term or longterm harmful effects, exactly similar to allopathic drugs. Please keep this point in mind when you have a temptation to use mother tinctures, low potencies or biochemic salts which are MOLECULAR drugs.

    On the other hand, MOLECULAR IMPRINTS contained in homeopathic drugs potentized above 12 or avogadro limit act as therapeutic agents by working as artificial ligand binds for pathogenic molecues due to their conformational properties by a biological mechanism that is truely homeopathic.

    Understanding the fundamental difference between molecular imprinted drugs regarding their biological mechanism of actions, is very important.

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics.

    According to MIT hypothesis, potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, where in the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted or engraved as hydrogen- bonded three dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ are the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions used as homeopathic drugs. Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes or ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules.

    According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure. According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseaes indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as the therapeutics agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms. Nobody in the whole history could so far propose a hypothesis about homeopathy as scientific, rational and perfect as MIT explaining the molecular process involved in potentization, and the biological mechanism involved in ‘similia similibus- curentur, in a way fitting well to modern scientific knowledge system.

    If symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition as well as symptoms produced in a healthy individual by a particular drug substance were similar, it means the disease-causing molecules and the drug molecules could bind to same biological targets and produce similar molecular errors, which in turn means both of them have similar functional groups or molecular conformations. This phenomenon of competitive relationship between similar chemical molecules in binding to similar biological targets scientifically explains the fundamental homeopathic principle Similia Similibus Curentur.

    Practically, MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics is all about identifying the specific target-ligand ‘key-lock’ mechanism involved in the molecular pathology of the particular disease, procuring the samples of concerned ligand molecules or molecules that can mimic as the ligands by conformational similarity, preparing their molecular imprints through a process of homeopathic potentization upto 30c potency, and using that preparation as therapeutic agent.

    Since individual molecular imprints contained in drugs potentized above avogadro limit cannot interact each other or interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands, and since they can act only as artificial binding sites for specific pathogentic molecules having conformational affinity, there cannot by any adverse effects or reduction in medicinal effects even if we mix two or more potentized drugs together, or prescribe them simultaneously- they will work.

    Drugs useful in MIT therapeutics of Prostate Cancer:

    Dihydrotestosterone 30, Diethylstilbesterol 30, Tabaccum 30, Cadmium 30, Arsenic Album 30, Plumbum Met 30, Prostaglandin 30, Insulin 30, Luteinizing Hormone 30, ACTH 30,Human Papilloma Virus 30, Interleukin-6 (IL 6) 30, Nicotinum 30

  • PSORIASIS- AN MIT HOMEOPATHY STUDY OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS

    Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects the skin, causing rapid skin cell production resulting in scaling on the skin’s surface. Characterized by patches of abnormal skin, these areas are typically red, itchy, and scaly. Psoriasis varies in severity, from small, localized patches to complete body coverage. This condition is not contagious, meaning it cannot be passed from person to person.

    The exact cause of psoriasis is not fully understoodY, but it is believed to be related to an immune system problem with T cells and other white blood cells, called neutrophils, in the body. Normally, T cells help protect the body against infection and disease, but in the case of psoriasis, theyY mistakenly attack healthy skin cells, speeding up the skin cell production process.

    Family history plays a crucial role. Having one parent with psoriasis increases your risk, and this risk doubles if both parents are affected. Certain infections such as strep throat can trigger psoriasis. High stress levels can impact the immune system and may trigger or worsen psoriasis. Tobacco use can increase the risk of developing psoriasis and may increase the severity of the disease. Excess weight increases the risk, and psoriasis may appear in skin folds.

    Plaque Psoriasis is the most common form, characterized by raised, inflamed, red lesions covered by a silvery white scale.

    Guttate Psoriasis often starts in childhood or young adulthood, showing up as small, water-drop-shaped sores on the trunk, arms, legs, and scalp. Inverse Psoriasis causes bright red, shiny lesions in areas such as the armpits, groin, under the breasts, and around the genitals. Pustular Psoriasis is characterized by white pustules surrounded by red skin. Erythrodermic Psoriasis is the least common type, which can cover your entire body with a red, peeling rash that can itch or burn intensely.

    Symptoms of psoriasis vary depending on the type but may include Red patches of skin covered with thick, silvery scales, Small scaling spots, Dry, cracked skin that may bleed, Itching, burning, or soreness, Thickened, pitted, or ridged nails, Swollen and stiff joints etc.

    Diagnosing psoriasis involves examining the affected skin. Sometimes, a biopsy is necessary to rule out other skin disorders. There are no special blood tests or diagnostic tools for psoriasis.

    Living with psoriasis can be challenging, but with the right treatment and lifestyle adjustments, most people can manage their symptoms and lead active, healthy lives. It’s also important to seek support from friends, family, or support groups, as dealing with a chronic condition can be mentally and emotionally taxing.

    Psoriasis is more than a skin condition; it is a chronic disease that, for many, requires lifelong management. Understanding the disease, its triggers, and treatment options can empower those affected to live better with psoriasis. Regular consultations with healthcare providers are crucial to effectively manage this condition and improve the quality of life.

    Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, autoimmune inflammatory arthritis that affects some people with psoriasis, a condition characterized by red patches of skin topped with silvery scales. PsA can develop in individuals who have a history of psoriasis, although in some cases, the arthritis symptoms might appear before the skin lesions do. The condition can affect any part of the body, including fingertips and spine, and ranges from relatively mild to severe.

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PSORIASIS

    The pathophysiology of psoriasis is complex, involving an interplay between the immune system, genetics, and environmental factors that lead to the proliferation of skin cells and inflammation. At its core, psoriasis is considered an immune-mediated disease that results in hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes, which are the predominant cells in the outer layer of the skin.

    Psoriasis has a strong genetic component, with multiple genes implicated in its pathogenesis. These genes are often involved in the immune system, particularly those affecting the regulation of T cells and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The disease process begins when certain environmental triggers (like infections, stress, or injury) activate the immune system. In psoriasis, T cells (a type of white blood cell) become overactive and migrate to the skin. These activated T cells release cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-22 (IL-22), and interleukin-23 (IL-23), which cause inflammation and promote the rapid growth of skin cells. The cytokines create an inflammatory cascade that increases the production of keratinocytes and changes their differentiation process. The result is the thickened, scaly patches characteristic of psoriasis.

    Keratinocyte Hyperproliferation: Under normal conditions, skin cells (keratinocytes) mature and are replaced every 28 to 30 days. In psoriasis, this process is significantly accelerated, and skin cells can cycle every 3 to 5 days. This rapid turnover doesn’t allow for the normal shedding of skin cells, leading to the accumulation of cells on the skin’s surface, forming plaques. Angiogenesis: New blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) is also a feature of psoriatic lesions, further supporting the growth of plaques and inflammation.

    While genetic predisposition plays a crucial role, environmental factors such as stress, skin trauma (the Koebner phenomenon), infections (especially streptococcal), and certain medications can trigger or exacerbate the disease.

    Different types of psoriasis (e.g., plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular, and erythrodermic) share the fundamental pathophysiological process of immune dysregulation and skin proliferation but differ in their specific manifestations, triggers, and sometimes, the predominance of certain cytokines.

    The pathophysiology of psoriasis involves a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility, immune system dysregulation, and environmental triggers leading to an overproduction of skin cells and inflammation. Understanding this interplay has led to the development of targeted therapies that aim to modulate the immune system, reduce inflammation, and normalize skin cell growth, providing more effective management options for those with psoriasis.

    ROLE OF GENETIC FACTORS IN PSORIASIS

    The role of genetics in psoriasis is significant, with numerous studies indicating that psoriasis has a strong hereditary component. While psoriasis is a complex disease influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors, genetics plays a crucial role in determining an individual’s susceptibility to developing the condition.

    Individuals with a family history of psoriasis are at a higher risk of developing the disease. The risk increases if one or both parents have psoriasis. Studies have shown that the risk of psoriasis is about 10% if one parent has it and rises to as much as 50% if both parents are affected. Certain genetic markers are associated with an increased risk of developing psoriasis. The most significant genetic determinant identified is within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), specifically HLA-Cw6, which is found to be present in a large number of individuals with psoriasis.

    Many genes implicated in psoriasis are involved in the immune system, particularly those affecting the functioning of T cells and the regulation of inflammation. For example, genes within the IL23R-IL23A pathway are associated with psoriasis. This pathway is crucial for the differentiation and maintenance of Th17 cells, a subtype of T cells that produce interleukin-17 (IL-17) and are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

    Genes that affect the skin barrier function, such as those involved in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, can also influence the susceptibility to psoriasis. Disruptions in the skin barrier make it easier for environmental triggers to initiate the psoriatic inflammation process.

    While genetics lays the foundation for psoriasis, environmental factors often trigger the onset or exacerbate the condition in genetically predisposed individuals. These triggers include stress, skin injury (the Koebner phenomenon), infections (notably streptococcal infections), and certain medications. The interaction between genes and the environment is complex, and not all individuals with a genetic predisposition will develop psoriasis; likewise, psoriasis can occur in individuals without a known family history of the disease.

    Advances in genetic research, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have identified numerous genes associated with psoriasis, offering insights into its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. Ongoing research into the genetics of psoriasis aims to better understand the disease’s heritability, identify new genetic markers, and develop personalized treatment approaches based on an individual’s genetic makeup.

    The strong genetic component of psoriasis highlights the importance of understanding genetic factors in its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. While having a genetic predisposition to psoriasis can increase the risk, environmental factors and lifestyle choices also play critical roles in the disease’s development and management. As research progresses, the hope is that genetic insights will lead to more effective, tailored treatments for individuals with psoriasis, improving their quality of life.

    ENZYME KINETICS INVOLVED IN PSORIASIS

    The pathogenesis of psoriasis involves several key enzyme pathways that contribute to inflammation, keratinocyte proliferation, and the aberrant immune response characteristic of the condition. Targeting these pathways offers therapeutic potential. Below are the critical enzymes and related pathways involved in psoriasis, along with their activators and inhibitors.

    Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is involved in the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). High levels of PDE4 activity reduce cAMP levels, promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-23, and IL-17) from immune cells. Inflammatory cytokines can enhance PDE4 expression, creating a feedback loop that exacerbates inflammation.  PDE4 inhibitors (e.g., apremilast) increase cAMP levels, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulating the immune response.

    Janus Kinase (JAK) is the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Pathway. The JAK-STAT pathway is crucial for the signaling of cytokines and growth factors that contribute to the inflammatory and proliferative processes in psoriasis. Cytokines such as IL-23 and IL-22 activate the JAK-STAT pathway, promoting the differentiation and proliferation of T cells and keratinocytes. JAK inhibitors (e.g., tofacitinib) block cytokine signaling, reducing inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation.

    Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a significant role in the inflammatory process of psoriasis. Activated T cells and other immune cells produce TNF-α, which then activates keratinocytes and further immune cells, perpetuating the cycle of inflammation. Biologics that inhibit TNF-α (e.g., adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab) have been effective in treating psoriasis by reducing inflammation.

    Interleukin Pathways (IL-17, IL-23, IL-12/23) are central to the activation and maintenance of the Th17 cell response, which is pivotal in psoriasis pathology. IL-23 from dendritic cells promotes the differentiation and expansion of Th17 cells, which produce IL-17 among other cytokines. Several biologics target these pathways. IL-23 inhibitors (e.g., guselkumab, tildrakizumab) and IL-17 inhibitors (e.g., secukinumab, ixekizumab) directly target these cytokines, reducing the inflammatory and proliferative responses in psoriasis.

    Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses, including the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. Various stimuli, including TNF-α and IL-17, can activate the NF-κB pathway. Certain natural compounds and pharmaceuticals can inhibit the NF-κB pathway, thus offering potential therapeutic effects in psoriasis by reducing inflammation.

    These enzyme pathways and their modulators play significant roles in the pathophysiology of psoriasis, offering targets for therapeutic intervention. By understanding the specific activators and inhibitors of these pathways, researchers and clinicians can develop more effective treatments to manage and alleviate the symptoms of psoriasis.

    ROLE OF HORMONES IN PSORIASIS

    The involvement of hormones in psoriasis underscores the complex interplay between the endocrine system and immune responses. Hormonal changes can influence the course and severity of psoriasis in some individuals. Here are key hormones implicated in the pathophysiology and modulation of psoriasis:

    Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, known for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. It plays a crucial role in the body’s response to stress. Lower levels of cortisol or a blunted response to stress may exacerbate psoriasis due to the lack of sufficient anti-inflammatory action.

    Estrogen and Progesterone, predominantly found in higher levels in females, have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects. Some women report improvement in psoriasis symptoms during pregnancy, a period characterized by high levels of estrogen and progesterone, suggesting these hormones might exert protective effects against psoriasis. However, postpartum flare-ups are common as hormone levels drop.

    Testosterone is a male sex hormone that also possesses immunomodulatory properties. There is some evidence to suggest that higher levels of testosterone may be protective against the development or severity of psoriasis in men, though the exact mechanism and the extent of this effect are not fully understood.

    Thyroid hormones, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), play a critical role in metabolism and also affect immune function. Disorders of the thyroid gland, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, can affect the severity of psoriasis. The link suggests a potential influence of thyroid hormones on the disease process, although the exact relationship remains complex and not fully elucidated.

    Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, primarily known for its role in lactation. It also has immunomodulatory functions. Elevated levels of prolactin have been associated with increased severity of psoriasis. Prolactin may promote inflammation by stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

    Although not a hormone in the traditional sense, vitamin D functions like a hormone in the body. It is crucial for bone health, calcium absorption, and immune function. Vitamin D modulates the immune system and reduces inflammation. Topical and systemic vitamin D analogs are effective treatments for psoriasis, underscoring the hormone’s protective role against the disease.

    Hormonal influences on psoriasis are multifaceted, involving both exacerbation and amelioration of the disease depending on the hormonal milieu. This understanding suggests potential therapeutic avenues, such as hormone therapy, might be beneficial in managing psoriasis for some patients. However, the use of hormonal treatments must be carefully considered, taking into account the individual’s overall health and the potential side effects of such therapies.

    ROLE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN PSORIASIS

    Certain infectious diseases have been associated with the onset or exacerbation of psoriasis, highlighting the complex interplay between infections and the immune system in the pathogenesis of this skin condition. These infectious triggers can induce or worsen psoriasis through various mechanisms, including molecular mimicry, superantigen stimulation, and direct immune system activation. Here are some of the key infectious diseases linked to psoriasis:

    Streptococcal throat Infections is perhaps the most well-documented infectious trigger for psoriasis, particularly guttate psoriasis. The onset of guttate psoriasis often follows a streptococcal pharyngitis or tonsillitis by a few weeks. The proposed mechanism involves molecular mimicry, where the immune response against streptococcal antigens cross-reacts with similar antigens in the skin, triggering psoriasis in genetically predisposed individuals.

    Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection can both trigger the onset of psoriasis in someone previously unaffected and exacerbate the condition in those with existing psoriasis. Psoriasis may appear at any stage of HIV infection but is often more severe and difficult to treat in advanced stages of HIV/AIDS. The immunosuppressive nature of HIV, along with immune activation and increased levels of certain cytokines (such as TNF-α and IFN-γ), are thought to contribute to the worsening or development of psoriasis in HIV-infected individuals.

    There is an observed association between chronic hepatitis C infection and the exacerbation of psoriasis. Treatment of HCV with interferon can also trigger or worsen psoriasis. The mechanisms are not fully understood but may involve direct immune activation and the pro-inflammatory state induced by chronic HCV infection, along with specific treatment effects.

    Staphylococcus aureus colonization, particularly in the nasal cavity, has been linked to the severity and flares of psoriasis. The bacteria can produce superantigens that activate a significant proportion of T cells, leading to systemic inflammation that can exacerbate psoriasis.

    Candida albicans, a type of yeast, has been associated with psoriasis, especially in cases of inverse psoriasis where yeast overgrowth is common in the skin folds. The immune response to Candida in the skin may exacerbate inflammation in psoriasis, though the exact mechanisms are still being investigated.

    Management of psoriasis in the context of infectious diseases involves treating the underlying infection alongside standard psoriasis therapies. For example, antibiotics may be used for streptococcal infections, and antiretroviral therapy is crucial for managing psoriasis in HIV-infected individuals. Awareness and prompt management of these infections can help mitigate their impact on psoriasis.

    The relationship between infectious diseases and psoriasis underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach to managing psoriasis that includes screening for and treating underlying infections. Understanding these connections can help healthcare providers tailor treatment strategies to individual patients, potentially improving outcomes for those with psoriasis influenced by infectious diseases. Homeopathic nosodes prepared from these infectious agents in 30 c potency obviously plays a leading role in the MIT therapeutics of psoriasis

    ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM IN PSORIASIS

    The role of immunology in psoriasis is central to understanding the pathogenesis and the development of targeted treatments for this chronic inflammatory skin condition. Psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in the skin and is considered an immune-mediated disease. The involvement of various immune cells and cytokines plays a pivotal role in its development and exacerbation.

    Psoriasis is driven primarily by an abnormal activation of T cells, a type of lymphocyte that plays a central role in the adaptive immune response. In psoriasis, these T cells become activated mistakenly and migrate to the skin, where they release inflammatory cytokines. Specifically, Th1 (T helper 1) and Th17 cells are subsets of T cells implicated in psoriasis. Th17 cells, in particular, are considered crucial in the pathogenesis due to their production of interleukin-17 (IL-17), a cytokine that induces keratinocyte proliferation and the expression of other inflammatory mediators. IL-17, along with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-22 (IL-22), and interleukin-23 (IL-23), are key cytokines involved in the inflammatory process of psoriasis. These cytokines stimulate keratinocytes to proliferate and produce other inflammatory molecules, perpetuating the cycle of inflammation. Understanding the role of these cytokines has led to the development of targeted biologic therapies that significantly improve psoriasis symptoms for many patients. These include monoclonal antibodies directed against TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23.

    Beyond the adaptive immune system, components of the innate immune system, particularly dendritic cells, are also involved in psoriasis. Dendritic cells in the skin can present antigens to T cells, activating them and promoting the production of cytokines that contribute to inflammation and disease progression. Neutrophils and macrophages, other innate immune cells, are found in increased numbers in psoriatic lesions and contribute to the inflammatory milieu.

    Psoriasis has a strong genetic component, with multiple genes related to the immune system implicated in its pathogenesis. Some of these genes are involved in the pathways that regulate innate immunity and inflammatory responses, contributing to the autoinflammatory nature of psoriasis.

    The skin acts as a physical barrier, and its disruption can lead to psoriasis flare-ups. The interplay between skin barrier dysfunction and immune response, including the role of antimicrobial peptides and other skin-derived signals, influences psoriasis severity. Emerging research suggests that the skin microbiome—the community of microorganisms residing on the skin—can also influence immune responses and may play a role in psoriasis, although this area requires further investigation.

    Immunology plays a crucial role in psoriasis, with the disease representing a complex interplay between adaptive and innate immune responses leading to chronic inflammation and skin cell proliferation. The understanding of these immunological mechanisms has been instrumental in developing targeted treatments that have significantly improved the quality of life for many people with psoriasis. Continued research in immunology and genetics promises to uncover new therapeutic targets and strategies for managing psoriasis more effectively.

    ROLE OF HEAVY METALS AND MICROELEMENTS IN PSORIASIS

    The relationship between heavy metals, microelements, and the exacerbation or initiation of psoriasis is an area of ongoing research. Both heavy metals and certain microelements, depending on their levels in the body, can influence the severity and occurrence of psoriasis.

    Mercury exposure, especially in its organic forms found in certain fish, can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms. Mercury can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially worsening psoriasis. High levels of lead have been associated with various health problems, including potential exacerbation of autoimmune diseases like psoriasis. Lead can disrupt immune function and enhance inflammatory responses. Exposure to arsenic, whether through water, air, or food, has been linked to the worsening of psoriasis. Arsenic can induce oxidative stress and inflammation. Cadmium can accumulate in the body through smoking or dietary sources, contributing to oxidative stress and possibly exacerbating psoriasis.

    Zinc plays a crucial role in maintaining skin health, immune function, and inflammation regulation. Both zinc deficiency and excess have been implicated in psoriasis. Adequate zinc levels can support skin health and modulate the immune response, potentially benefiting psoriasis patients. Selenium is an antioxidant that helps combat oxidative stress. Low selenium levels have been observed in psoriasis patients, suggesting that adequate selenium might help manage psoriasis symptoms. Copper is involved in various enzymatic reactions that are essential for skin health. However, an imbalance in copper levels, particularly in conjunction with zinc levels, may influence psoriasis severity.

    Heavy metals can induce oxidative stress by generating free radicals, leading to cell damage and inflammation, which can exacerbate psoriasis. Metals can modulate the immune system, potentially leading to the activation of pathways that exacerbate psoriasis, such as increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Some metals might contribute to skin barrier dysfunction, increasing the susceptibility to environmental triggers and infections that can worsen psoriasis.

    For individuals with psoriasis, testing for heavy metal exposure and levels of essential microelements can be informative. Avoiding known sources of heavy metals and addressing any imbalances with dietary adjustments or supplements, under medical supervision, may help manage psoriasis symptoms. A balanced diet rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients can support skin health and reduce inflammation. However, supplementation should be approached with caution and under medical guidance to avoid exacerbating psoriasis through imbalances.

    While heavy metals are generally harmful and can exacerbate psoriasis, the role of microelements is more nuanced, with both deficiencies and excesses potentially impacting the disease. Understanding the complex interactions between these elements and psoriasis can aid in the development of comprehensive management strategies. Always consult with healthcare professionals before making significant changes to diet or starting new supplements, especially for conditions like psoriasis.

    Arsenic, a naturally occurring element in the environment, has had a complex relationship with psoriasis. Historically, small doses of arsenic were used as a treatment for psoriasis due to its immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative effects on the skin. However, this practice has been discontinued due to the long-term toxicity and carcinogenic potential of arsenic. Today, exposure to arsenic is recognized more for its potential to aggravate psoriasis and for being a risk factor for the development of the disease in some cases. People can be exposed to arsenic through contaminated water, air, and food. Chronic arsenic exposure has been linked to various health problems, including skin lesions, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. There is evidence to suggest that arsenic exposure can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms. Arsenic can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to the pathogenesis and exacerbation of psoriasis. Additionally, arsenic has immunomodulatory effects that may negatively affect the immune dysregulation already present in psoriasis. Arsenic induces oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cells and tissues, contributing to the inflammatory process in psoriasis. Arsenic can activate signaling pathways that lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating the inflammatory response in psoriatic lesions. Arsenic may alter the immune response by affecting the function of T cells and other immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. As such, molecular imprints of arsenic as Ars Alb 30 can play a big role in the MIT therapeutics of psoriasis.

    ROLE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN PSORIASIS

    Phytochemicals, or plant-derived compounds, have a wide range of effects on human health, including impacts on chronic conditions like psoriasis. While many phytochemicals have beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, there are some that may aggravate psoriasis in susceptible individuals. It is important to note that the interaction between phytochemicals and psoriasis is complex and can vary greatly among individuals, depending on genetic factors, the nature of their psoriasis, and other health conditions.

    Psoralen is found in high concentrations in certain plants like figs, celery, and parsley. While psoralen is used therapeutically in PUVA (psoralen plus UVA) treatment for psoriasis, accidental exposure to high amounts of psoralen (e.g., from handling or consuming these plants) followed by sun exposure can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms in some individuals due to its photosensitizing effects.

    Solanine is a glycoalkaloid found in nightshade vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplants. Anecdotal reports suggest that solanine can exacerbate psoriasis for some people, possibly due to its impact on inflammation and the immune system. However, scientific evidence supporting this claim is limited.

    Capsaicin is the active component in chili peppers that gives them their heat. While capsaicin is used topically for pain relief and has shown benefits in reducing itching and inflammation in psoriasis plaques, oral ingestion can irritate the gut lining in some individuals, potentially exacerbating psoriasis symptoms indirectly through effects on gut health and inflammation.

    Some herbal remedies and tinctures contain significant amounts of alcohol. Alcohol consumption is known to potentially aggravate psoriasis, and thus, alcohol-based herbal extracts might also contribute to worsening symptoms, particularly if used in large quantities.

    The impact of these phytochemicals on psoriasis can vary widely among individuals. What exacerbates symptoms in one person may have no effect or even benefit another. Patients with psoriasis are often advised to monitor their diet and lifestyle to identify any personal triggers for their symptoms. Keeping a food diary can be a helpful tool in understanding how certain foods and phytochemicals affect one’s condition. It’s important for individuals with psoriasis to consult with healthcare professionals, including dermatologists and nutritionists, before making significant dietary changes or using herbal remedies. This ensures that treatments are safe and effective and that they do not interfere with other medications or therapies.

    In conclusion, while many phytochemicals offer health benefits, individuals with psoriasis should be mindful of how certain plant-derived compounds may affect their condition and consult healthcare providers to tailor a management plan that considers their unique triggers and sensitivities.

    ROLE OF NUTRITION IN PSORIASIS

    The relationship between diet and psoriasis remains an area of active research, with many individuals reporting variations in their symptoms in response to certain food items. It is important to note that dietary triggers can be highly individual, but there are several common food groups and items that have been reported to potentially aggravate psoriasis in some people.

    Alcohol consumption can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms for many reasons, including its effect on inflammation, the immune system, and liver function. Alcohol may also interfere with the effectiveness of psoriasis treatments.

    High consumption of saturated fats found in red meat and certain dairy products can contribute to inflammation, potentially worsening psoriasis symptoms. Some people also report sensitivity to casein, a protein found in cow’s milk.Individuals with psoriasis may have a higher prevalence of gluten sensitivity or celiac disease. For those affected, consuming gluten can trigger or worsen psoriasis flare-ups.

    Vegetables such as tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants, and peppers belong to the nightshade family and contain solanine, which some people with psoriasis report as aggravating their symptoms. The evidence is anecdotal, and the effect is highly individual.

    Foods high in processed sugars and unhealthy fats can increase inflammation throughout the body, potentially leading to worsening psoriasis symptoms. These include fast foods, snacks, sweets, and beverages high in sugar. Specific types of fats, such as trans fats found in some fried foods and baked goods, can promote inflammation and may exacerbate psoriasis.

    One approach to identifying food triggers is through an elimination diet, where you systematically exclude certain foods for a period and then gradually reintroduce them to observe any changes in symptoms. This should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional to ensure nutritional needs are met. Adopting a diet that focuses on anti-inflammatory foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and flaxseeds), may help some people manage their psoriasis symptoms better. Adequate hydration is also important for skin health. Drinking plenty of water can help keep the skin moisturized and possibly reduce the severity of psoriasis patches. Because dietary needs and triggers can vary greatly among individuals with psoriasis, consulting with a healthcare provider or a dietitian who can tailor dietary recommendations to your specific condition and nutritional requirements is essential. Identifying and avoiding personal dietary triggers can be a valuable part of managing psoriasis, alongside medical treatments. Given the individual nature of the condition, what exacerbates symptoms in one person may not affect another, making personal observation and professional guidance crucial in managing the disease through diet.

    ROLE OF DRUGS IN PSORIASIS

    Certain medications and chemical substances can trigger or exacerbate psoriasis in some individuals. The reaction to these drugs can vary widely among patients, with some experiencing worsening of existing psoriasis or the onset of new psoriasis plaques.

    Beta-blockers are commonly prescribed for hypertension (high blood pressure) and other cardiovascular conditions. These drugs can worsen psoriasis symptoms in some individuals, potentially by increasing the level of T cells and cytokines that contribute to psoriasis inflammation.

    Lithium is a medication used primarily to treat bipolar disorder. It can exacerbate psoriasis in existing patients or induce psoriasis in predisposed individuals, possibly through altering immune function or affecting skin cell growth.

    Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen, are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. Although they are anti-inflammatory, NSAIDs can paradoxically worsen psoriasis symptoms for some people, particularly those with a subtype of psoriasis known as psoriatic arthritis.

    Antimalarial medications, including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are used to prevent and treat malaria. They’re also prescribed for autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. These drugs can induce psoriasis flares or initiate the onset of psoriasis in some cases. The mechanism might involve changes in skin pH that affect enzyme activity related to psoriasis.

    Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure. They can worsen psoriasis in some patients, although the exact mechanism is not fully understood. It may involve modulation of the immune system or direct effects on skin cells.

    Interferons are used to treat various conditions, including hepatitis C and certain types of cancer. These medications can trigger or exacerbate psoriasis due to their immunomodulatory effects, which may stimulate the pathways involved in psoriasis pathology.

    Terbinafine is an antifungal medication used to treat fungal infections of the nails and skin. It has been reported to exacerbate psoriasis in some cases, although such instances are relatively rare.

    Patients with psoriasis should inform their healthcare providers about their condition when discussing treatment options for any other health issues. A thorough review of current medications can help identify potential triggers. If a medication is suspected to exacerbate psoriasis, healthcare providers may recommend alternative treatments that have a lower risk of affecting the condition. Patients may need to be closely monitored when starting a new medication known to potentially aggravate psoriasis. Early detection and management of a flare-up can help reduce its severity.

    While certain medications can trigger or exacerbate psoriasis, it’s essential to weigh the benefits of these drugs against their potential to affect psoriasis negatively. Changes to medication should always be made under the guidance of a healthcare provider, who can help manage both psoriasis and other underlying conditions in a balanced and informed way.

    MIT APPROACH TO PSORIASIS THERAPEUTICS

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics.

    According to MIT hypothesis, potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, where in the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted or engraved as hydrogen- bonded three dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ are the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions used as homeopathic drugs. Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes or ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules.

    According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure. According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseaes indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as the therapeutics agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms. Nobody in the whole history could so far propose a hypothesis about homeopathy as scientific, rational and perfect as MIT explaining the molecular process involved in potentization, and the biological mechanism involved in ‘similia similibus- curentur, in a way fitting well to modern scientific knowledge system.

    If symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition as well as symptoms produced in a healthy individual by a particular drug substance were similar, it means the disease-causing molecules and the drug molecules could bind to same biological targets and produce similar molecular errors, which in turn means both of them have similar functional groups or molecular conformations. This phenomenon of competitive relationship between similar chemical molecules in binding to similar biological targets scientifically explains the fundamental homeopathic principle Similia Similibus Curentur.

    Practically, MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics is all about identifying the specific target-ligand ‘key-lock’ mechanism involved in the molecular pathology of the particular disease, procuring the samples of concerned ligand molecules or molecules that can mimic as the ligands by conformational similarity, preparing their molecular imprints through a process of homeopathic potentization upto 30c potency, and using that preparation as therapeutic agent.

    Since individual molecular imprints contained in drugs potentized above avogadro limit cannot interact each other or interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands, and since they can act only as artificial binding sites for specific pathogentic molecules having conformational affinity, there cannot by any adverse effects or reduction in medicinal effects even if we mix two or more potentized drugs together, or prescribe them simultaneously- they will work.

    Based on the above discussions above regarding the molecular pathology, MIT suggest the following drugs in 30 C homeopathy dilutions for using in the therapeutics of disease: Arsenic Album 30, Zincum Met 30, Ibuprofen 30, Hydroxychloroquine 30, Interferon Alpha 30, Lithium 30, Gluten 30, Lac Caninum 30, Casein 30, Capsicum 30, Solanine 30, Psoralea 30, Mercurius 30, Prolactin 30, Thyroidinum 30, Sulphur 30., Candida Ablicans 30, Staphylococcus 30, Hepatitis C 30, HIV 30, Streptococcin 30

  • MIT ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATING MOOD DISORDER AND ITS THERAPEUTICS

    Alternating Mood Disorder (AMD) encompasses a spectrum of mood disorders characterized by significant fluctuations in an individual’s emotional state, oscillating between periods of manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes. Unlike the more linear trajectory of unipolar depression or the elevated states of standalone mania, AMD involves a cyclic pattern, leading to considerable disruption in the life of the affected individual. This article delves into the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for AMD, providing a comprehensive overview for both medical professionals and the general public.

    The precise causes of AMD remain complex and multifaceted, involving a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Research suggests a strong genetic component, with individuals having a family history of mood disorders being at higher risk. Neurobiological factors include imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which play pivotal roles in mood regulation. Environmental stressors, traumatic events, and substance abuse can also trigger or exacerbate symptoms.

    The hallmark of AMD is the significant mood oscillation between manic/hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes. Manic/Hypomanic Episodes are characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least one week for mania or four days for hypomania. Symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased goal-directed activity, and excessive involvement in risky behaviours. Depressive Episodes involve pervasive feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness, with a marked loss of interest or pleasure in most activities. Additional symptoms may include significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, diminished ability to think or concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

    Diagnosis of AMD requires a careful clinical assessment, including a detailed psychiatric history and a mental status examination. Diagnostic criteria as outlined by the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) or ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision) are used to differentiate AMD from other mood disorders. It’s crucial to distinguish between bipolar I disorder, where manic episodes are prominent, and bipolar II disorder, characterized by hypomanic and depressive episodes, as treatment approaches may differ.

    Treatment of AMD is multifaceted, aiming to stabilize mood fluctuations, reduce symptom severity, and prevent recurrence. Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, valproate) are the cornerstone of treatment, often in conjunction with antipsychotic medications or antidepressants, depending on the nature of the episodes. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) can be effective in addressing thought patterns and social dynamics contributing to mood swings. Regular exercise, adequate sleep, stress management, and avoiding substances that can trigger mood episodes are crucial components of a comprehensive treatment plan. Educating patients and their families about the nature of the disorder, its treatment, and coping strategies is essential for long-term management.

    Alternating Mood Disorder presents significant challenges due to its cyclical nature and the impact on various aspects of an individual’s life. However, with accurate diagnosis and a tailored treatment plan, many individuals can achieve substantial improvement and lead fulfilling lives. Ongoing research into the biological and psychological underpinnings of AMD holds promise for even more effective interventions in the future.

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALTERNATING MOOD DISORDERS

    The pathophysiology of Alternating Mood Disorder, particularly bipolar disorder which encompasses bipolar I and II disorders, involves a complex interplay of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Understanding these underlying mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies. Here is a breakdown of the key components involved in the pathophysiology:

    There is strong evidence to suggest a genetic component to bipolar disorder. Studies involving twins and families have shown a higher concordance rate among monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins, indicating a genetic vulnerability. Specific genetic loci and mutations have been associated with an increased risk, although no single gene is responsible.

    Dysregulation of key neurotransmitters, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, is central to the mood swings seen in bipolar disorder. For instance, manic episodes are often associated with an excess of norepinephrine and dopamine, while depressive episodes correlate with deficiencies in these neurotransmitters.

    Brain imaging studies have identified structural and functional abnormalities in several brain regions in individuals with bipolar disorder. These include the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and other parts of the limbic system, which are involved in emotion regulation, decision-making, and stress response.

    Disruptions in circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles are common in bipolar disorder and may contribute to mood swings. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which regulates circadian rhythms, may function abnormally in individuals with bipolar disorder, affecting melatonin production, sleep patterns, and mood.

    Stressful life events and trauma can trigger episodes of mania or depression in susceptible individuals. The interaction between environmental stressors and genetic predisposition is a key aspect of the disorder’s pathophysiology, with stress potentially altering brain chemistry and functioning.

    Abnormalities in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis, responsible for the stress response, have been observed in bipolar disorder. Elevated cortisol levels and altered feedback mechanisms can affect mood and behavior, contributing to the cyclical nature of the disorder.

    Emerging research suggests a role for inflammation in bipolar disorder. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reported during manic and depressive episodes, indicating that immune system dysregulation may play a role in the pathophysiology.

    Alterations in ion channels, particularly calcium channels, have been implicated in bipolar disorder. These changes can affect neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release, leading to mood disturbances. Additionally, abnormalities in intracellular signalling pathways, including those regulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), have been associated with bipolar disorder.

    The pathophysiology of Alternating Mood Disorder is multifaceted and involves a range of biological and environmental components. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for identifying biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as developing targeted therapies to manage and treat the disorder. Ongoing research into the genetic, neurobiological, and psychosocial aspects of bipolar disorder continues to shed light on its complex nature.

    ENZYME KINETICS IN ALTERNATING MOOD DISORDER

    In the context of Alternating Mood Disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, various enzymes play significant roles in neurotransmitter metabolism, signal transduction, and other cellular processes that affect mood regulation. Understanding the enzymes involved, along with their activators and inhibitors, is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Here is an overview:

    Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) is involved in the catabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which are crucial in mood regulation. Factors that increase oxidative stress can enhance MAO activity, leading to decreased levels of monoamines and potentially contributing to depressive symptoms. MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) such as tranylcypromine and phenelzine act by blocking the activity of MAO, thereby increasing the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and alleviating symptoms of depression.

    Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) metabolizes catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine. It plays a key role in the prefrontal cortex, affecting cognitive functions and mood regulation. Factors that increase the availability of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a methyl donor for COMT, can enhance its activity. COMT inhibitors, such as tolcapone and entacapone (more commonly used in Parkinson’s disease for their effect on dopamine metabolism), might influence mood by altering catecholamine levels.

    Protein Kinase C (PKC) is involved in signal transduction pathways that regulate a variety of neuronal functions, including neurotransmitter release and receptor sensitivity. Diacylglycerol (DAG) and increased intracellular calcium levels can activate PKC. PKC inhibitors like tamoxifen and lithium (the latter is commonly used in bipolar disorder management) have been shown to have mood-stabilizing effects.

    Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) is involved in various cellular processes, including modulation of circadian rhythms and neuronal plasticity. It’s implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Pathways involving growth factors and neurotransmitters can activate GSK-3. Lithium is also a well-known inhibitor of GSK-3, contributing to its mood-stabilizing properties by affecting neuroplasticity and possibly reducing neuroinflammation.

    Phospholipase C (PLC) plays a role in the phosphoinositide pathway, which is involved in signal transduction in neurons, affecting mood regulation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can activate PLC, leading to the production of DAG and inositol triphosphate (IP3), which further participate in cellular signalling pathways. Specific inhibitors of PLC are under research for various indications, and their potential impact on mood disorders is an area of ongoing study.

    Adenylyl Cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), a second messenger that plays a critical role in the cellular response to hormones and neurotransmitters. GPCRs, upon activation by neurotransmitters, can stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity. Certain mood stabilizers and antipsychotic drugs can indirectly affect adenylyl cyclase activity by modulating receptor function or through downstream effects on signal transduction pathways.

    The regulation of these enzymes and their pathways offers potential targets for the treatment of mood disorders. The development of drugs that can more precisely modulate these enzymatic activities holds promise for more effective and tailored therapeutic options for individuals with Alternating Mood Disorders.

    ROLE OF DRUGS IN ALTERNATING MOOD DISORDER

    Certain medications can trigger or exacerbate symptoms of alternating mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder, by affecting neurotransmitter systems, neuroendocrine pathways, and neural plasticity. Understanding the mechanisms by which these drugs influence mood disorders is crucial for managing patients with a history of or predisposition to such conditions. Here’s a rundown of some notable medications, their mechanisms of action, and how they might influence mood disorders:

    Corticosteroids affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and increase the availability of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and dopamine, which can lead to mood elevation. They can induce manic-like symptoms, especially with high doses or prolonged use, and may precipitate manic or depressive episodes in susceptible individuals.

    Most antidepressants increase the availability of serotonin and/or norepinephrine in the brain. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), for example, specifically block the reuptake of serotonin. While effective for depressive episodes, antidepressants can trigger manic or hypomanic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder, especially if used without a mood stabilizer.

    Stimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate increase the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, enhancing alertness, attention, and energy. These medications can exacerbate or trigger manic symptoms or contribute to mood instability, particularly in those with an underlying mood disorder.

    Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine and serotonin receptors, which can stabilize mood from a high state. However, their effect on the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems can be complex. While often used to treat manic episodes, some antipsychotics can lead to depressive symptoms due to their dampening effect on dopamine pathways.

    Interferons, used primarily for treating certain cancers and viral infections, interferons can alter immune function and neurotransmitter levels, contributing to inflammation and affecting mood regulation. Treatment with interferons has been associated with the onset of depressive symptoms and, less commonly, mood elevation or instability.

    Overreplacement or aggressive treatment of hypothyroidism with thyroid hormones (e.g., levothyroxine) can elevate thyroid hormone levels, affecting metabolism and neurotransmitter activity. Excessive thyroid hormone supplementation can induce symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including mood swings, irritability, and even manic episodes.

    Substances like cocaine, amphetamines, and alcohol alter neurotransmitter levels rapidly and profoundly. Cocaine and amphetamines increase dopamine and norepinephrine, while alcohol primarily affects the GABAergic system but also impacts dopamine and serotonin. These substances can cause significant mood dysregulation, inducing manic or depressive episodes in susceptible individuals.

    ROLE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN ALTERNATING MOOD DISORDER

    The impact of phytochemicals—naturally occurring compounds found in plants—on mood disorders is a complex and emerging field of study. Some phytochemicals may influence mood and cognition, potentially exacerbating symptoms in individuals with alternating mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder. It’s crucial to understand that while the consumption of these compounds in a typical diet is unlikely to cause significant mood alterations, concentrated doses found in supplements or extracts can have more pronounced effects. Here’s a look at several phytochemicals, their mechanisms of action, and how they might influence mood disorders:

    Caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant by antagonizing adenosine receptors. Adenosine normally promotes sleep and suppresses arousal; by blocking its action, caffeine increases alertness and can elevate mood. In susceptible individuals, excessive caffeine intake can lead to anxiety, sleep disturbances, and mood swings. In those with bipolar disorder, it might contribute to manic episodes or exacerbate anxiety and insomnia during depressive phases.

    Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, exerts its effects primarily through partial agonism of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in the brain, affecting the release of various neurotransmitters and modulating mood and perception. While some individuals may experience mood stabilization at lower doses, high doses or chronic use can aggravate or trigger symptoms of mania, depression, or mood instability, particularly in those predisposed to mood disorders.

    Hyperforin and Hypericin, found in St. John’s Wort, hyperforin is believed to act as a reuptake inhibitor for several neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, similar to antidepressants. Hypericin may contribute to the plant’s overall antidepressant effects. Though used for mild to moderate depression, St. John’s Wort can induce manic episodes in people with bipolar disorder and interact with a wide range of medications, potentially affecting mood stability.

    Salvinorin A, the active component of Salvia divinorum, is a potent kappa-opioid receptor agonist. It affects perception, consciousness, and mood by altering neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Its use can lead to significant alterations in mood and perception, including dysphoria and anxiety in some cases, which could exacerbate symptoms in individuals with mood disorders.

    Resveratrol, found in grapes and red wine, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It may also modulate neurotransmitter systems and neuroendocrine functions, contributing to its potential mood-regulating effects. While often considered beneficial for its antioxidant properties, the impact of resveratrol on mood disorders is not well understood. Theoretical concerns suggest that, in high doses, its estrogenic activity could influence mood swings.

    Capsaicin, the spicy component of chili peppers, interacts with the vanilloid receptors, which are involved in pain sensation and possibly mood regulation through endorphin release. While capsaicin might have mood-elevating effects due to pain-induced endorphin release, excessive intake could potentially contribute to anxiety or mood instability in sensitive individuals.

    IMMUNOLOGICAL FACTORS IN ALTERENATING MOOD DISORDER

    The role of immunological factors in alternating mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder, has gained increasing attention in psychiatric research. This interest stems from the growing understanding that the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) interact in complex ways that can affect mood regulation. Several immunological factors, including cytokines, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Here’s how these factors might play a role:

    Cytokines are small signaling proteins released by immune cells that have profound effects on brain function, including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and neural plasticity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), have been found in elevated levels in some individuals experiencing episodes of mania or depression. These cytokines can cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with the CNS, potentially leading to alterations in mood and behavior. For example, they can affect the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine, neurotransmitters closely associated with mood regulation. Chronic inflammation might also contribute to neuroprogression, the progressive changes in brain structure and function seen in mood disorders.

    Some evidence suggests that autoimmune processes, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, might be linked to the development of certain mood disorders. Autoantibodies targeting CNS structures could alter neural circuits involved in mood regulation. The presence of autoantibodies or an increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases in patients with bipolar disorder suggests an immunological contribution to mood dysregulation. However, the exact mechanisms by which autoimmune processes might contribute to mood disorders are still under investigation.

    Microglia are the primary immune cells of the CNS and play a key role in immune surveillance and neuroinflammation. In response to various triggers, microglia can become activated and release cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Chronic microglial activation has been associated with neuroinflammatory processes that could contribute to the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Activated microglia might not only influence neuroinflammation but also contribute to neuronal damage and synaptic pruning, affecting mood regulation.

    The gut-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the CNS, involving neural, hormonal, and immunological pathways. Changes in the gut microbiota can influence systemic inflammation and, in turn, brain function and mood. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiome, has been linked to increased levels of systemic inflammation and might contribute to the onset or exacerbation of mood disorders through the production of inflammatory cytokines.

    The understanding that immunological factors can contribute to alternating mood disorders opens new avenues for treatment. Anti-inflammatory drugs, immune modulators, and interventions aimed at reducing systemic inflammation (such as lifestyle modifications to improve diet and gut health) are being explored as potential strategies for managing mood disorders. Moreover, this perspective supports a more holistic approach to treatment, emphasizing the importance of physical health and immune system regulation in maintaining mental health.

    HEAVY METALS AND MICROELEMENTS IN ALTERNATING MOOD DISORDER

    Heavy metals and certain microelements, when present in excessive or deficient amounts, can have profound effects on mental health, potentially causing or aggravating alternating mood disorders such as bipolar disorder. These elements can interfere with neurobiological pathways, neurotransmitter systems, and oxidative stress mechanisms, among others. Understanding their impact is crucial for both prevention and treatment. Here is an overview of some relevant heavy metals and microelements:

    Lead exposure can damage the nervous system by disrupting calcium homeostasis, mimicking calcium, and thus affecting neurotransmitter release and synaptic function. It also induces oxidative stress, damages mitochondrial function, and alters the expression of genes related to synaptic plasticity. Chronic lead exposure has been associated with cognitive deficits, depression, and anxiety. While direct links to bipolar disorder are less clear, the neurotoxic effects of lead could contribute to mood dysregulation.

    Mercury can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause neurotoxicity through several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, disruption of calcium homeostasis, and impairment of neurotransmitter systems (e.g., serotonergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic systems). Exposure to high levels of mercury has been linked to mood swings, irritability, and depression. Its role in exacerbating mood disorders stems from its widespread effects on brain function.

    Cadmium exposure leads to oxidative stress, disruption of neurotransmitter systems, and interference with nutrient absorption, such as zinc, a crucial element for brain health. Cadmium has been implicated in an increased risk of depression, and by extension, could influence the course of mood disorders by exacerbating underlying neurobiological disturbances.

    Zinc acts as a neurotransmitter modulator, playing roles in synaptic transmission, neurogenesis, and neural plasticity. It also has antioxidant properties and is essential for the function of numerous enzymes. Zinc deficiency has been associated with depressive symptoms and may influence the efficacy of antidepressant therapies. Its role in mood regulation suggests that imbalance could affect the course of mood disorders.

    Selenium is crucial for antioxidant defense systems and thyroid hormone metabolism. It influences mood and cognitive function by protecting against oxidative damage and supporting endocrine function. Low selenium levels have been linked to increased risk of depression and other mood disorders, highlighting its importance in mood regulation.

    Copper is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and function, including dopamine and norepinephrine, which are key to mood regulation. However, excess copper can lead to oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Elevated copper levels have been associated with symptoms of depression and may play a role in mood disorders by disrupting neurotransmitter balance and promoting oxidative stress.

    The relationship between heavy metals, microelements, and mood disorders underlines the importance of maintaining a balanced intake and minimizing exposure to toxic metals. This includes dietary management, avoiding known sources of heavy metal exposure, and possibly using supplements under medical supervision for deficiencies.

    MIT APPROACH TO ALTERNATING MOOD DISORDER

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics. According to MIT hypothesis, potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, where in the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted or engraved as hydrogen- bonded three dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ are the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions used as homeopathic drugs. Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes or ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules.

    According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure. According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia SimilibusCurentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseaes indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as the therapeutics agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms. Nobody in the whole history could so far propose a hypothesis about homeopathy as scientific, rational and perfect as MIT explaining the molecular process involed in potentization, and the biological mechanism involved in ‘similiasimilibus- curentur, in a way fitting well to modern scientific knowledge system.

    If symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition as well as symptoms produced in a healthy individual by a particular drug substance were similar, it means the disease-causing molecules and the drug molecules could bind to same biological targets and produce similar molecular errors, which in turn means both of them have similar functional groups or molecular conformations. This phenomenon of competitive relationship between similar chemical molecules in binding to similar biological targets scientifically explains the fundamental homeopathic principle Similia Similibus Curentur.

    Practically, MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics is all about identifying the specific target-ligand ‘key-lock’ mechanism involved in the molecular pathology of the particular disease, procuring the samples of concerned ligand molecules or molecules that can mimic as the ligands by conformational similarity, preparing their molecular imprints through a process of homeopathic potentization up to 30c potency, and using that preparation as therapeutic agent.

    Since individual molecular imprints contained in drugs potentized above avogadro limit cannot interact each other or interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands, and since they can act only as artificial binding sites for specific pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, there cannot by any adverse effects or reduction in medicinal effects even if we mix two or more potentized drugs together, or prescribe them simultaneously- they will work.

    As per the understanding derived from the above discussions, following drugs in homeopathic 30C potentized forms are recommended in the MIT Homeopathy therapeutics of Alternating Mood Disorder. These drugs could be used selecting according to specific indications, or as a combination of multiple drugs. Since molecular imprints cannot interact each other, or produce an harmful effects, it will be more convenient and effective to use in combinations.

    Lithium 30, Serotonin 30, Dopamine 30, Adrenalin 30, Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)30, Cuprum Met 30, Selenium 30, Zincum Met 30, Cadmium 30, Plumbum Met 30, Mercurius 30, Capsicum 30, Resveratrol 30, Salvia Officinalis 30, Hypericum 30, Cannabis Indica 30, Coffea Crudum 30, Tolcapole 30,




  • MIT HOMEOPATHY APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS

    Atopic dermatitis, commonly referred to as eczema, is a chronic skin condition characterized by itchy, inflamed skin. It is the most common type of eczema, affecting millions of people worldwide, across all ages but most commonly seen in children. This condition not only affects the skin but can have profound impacts on quality of life, causing sleep disturbances and affecting mental health due to its visible and often uncomfortable symptoms.

    Atopic dermatitis is part of what is known as the atopic triad, which also includes asthma and allergic rhinitis (hay fever). This association underscores the immunological aspect of the disease, where an overactive immune system response leads to skin inflammation. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors.

    The symptoms of atopic dermatitis can vary significantly from person to person but commonly include dry, scaly skin, red and inflamed areas, severe itching, which can be worse at night, dark coloured patches of skin, swelling, oozing, or crusting. These symptoms can lead to a cycle of itching and scratching, causing further irritation, skin infections, and possibly scars.

    Diagnosis is typically based on a physical examination of the skin and a review of the patient’s medical history. Doctors may also perform patch testing or other tests to rule out other conditions that could mimic atopic dermatitis, such as psoriasis or contact dermatitis.

    While there is no cure for atopic dermatitis, treatments are available that can manage symptoms and flare-ups. Treatment plans are often tailored to the individual’s symptoms. Options include moisturizers used daily to help maintain the skin’s natural barrier, topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and relieve itching, topical calcineurin inhibitors for reducing inflammation, phototherapy using ultraviolet light to reduce itchiness and inflammation, systemic medications for severe cases, and drugs that suppress the immune system or biologics may be used. Lifestyle changes can also play a crucial role in managing atopic dermatitis. These may involve identifying and avoiding triggers such as certain soaps, fabrics, and allergens. Stress management techniques and maintaining a skin care routine are also beneficial.

    Living with atopic dermatitis can be challenging, but with the right strategies and support, individuals can manage their symptoms and lead healthy lives. It’s important for patients and families to educate themselves about the condition and to work closely with healthcare providers to develop an effective treatment plan. Education on the condition, alongside support groups, can provide invaluable assistance to those affected, helping them to manage not only the physical but also the emotional and social impacts of the condition.

    Atopic dermatitis is a complex skin condition that requires a multifaceted approach to management. Through a combination of medical treatment, lifestyle adjustments, and supportive care, individuals with atopic dermatitis can achieve relief from their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS

    The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is intricate, involving an interplay between genetic, environmental, immunological, and skin barrier factors. Understanding this complex interaction is crucial for developing targeted treatments and managing the condition effectively.

    Atopic dermatitis has a strong genetic component, with a higher incidence in individuals with a family history of AD or other atopic diseases. Mutations in the gene encoding for filaggrin, a protein critical for skin barrier function, are found in a significant number of patients with AD. This mutation leads to a compromised skin barrier, making the skin more susceptible to irritants, allergens, and infections. Filaggrin is a crucial protein involved in maintaining the skin’s barrier function, playing a significant role in skin health and the pathophysiology of various dermatological conditions, including atopic dermatitis (AD). The name “filaggrin” derives from “filament aggregating protein,” reflecting its role in aggregating keratin filaments in skin cells, which is essential for the formation of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. Filaggrin is synthesized as a large precursor molecule called profilaggrin, which is stored in the keratohyalin granules of the skin’s epidermal cells (keratinocytes). As these cells mature and move towards the skin surface, profilaggrin is broken down into smaller filaggrin units. Filaggrin plays a critical role by aggregating keratin filaments into tight bundles, contributing to the formation of a dense, protective layer that makes up the stratum corneum. This process is essential for the skin’s barrier function, preventing water loss and protecting against the entry of pathogens, allergens, and irritants. Mutations in the FLG gene, which encodes filaggrin, have been identified as a major risk factor for developing atopic dermatitis and are associated with a more severe disease course. These genetic mutations lead to a reduction or absence of functional filaggrin protein, compromising the skin barrier. As a result, the skin becomes more permeable to allergens and irritants, leading to increased inflammation and the characteristic symptoms of AD, such as dryness, itching, and recurrent rashes. In addition to AD, filaggrin mutations are associated with a higher risk of developing other allergic conditions, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis, in a phenomenon known as the “atopic march.” These mutations have also been linked to ichthyosis vulgaris, a skin condition characterized by dry, scaly skin, which further underscores the importance of filaggrin in maintaining normal skin hydration and barrier function. Understanding the role of filaggrin in skin barrier function and its implications in atopic dermatitis has led to the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. Treatments aimed at repairing the skin barrier, such as the use of moisturizers containing ceramides (lipids that are also important for barrier function) and other barrier-enhancing ingredients, can help mitigate the effects of filaggrin deficiency. Additionally, ongoing research is exploring the potential for gene therapy and other molecular approaches to directly address the underlying genetic defects in filaggrin and improve skin barrier function in individuals with AD. Filaggrin plays a vital role in skin health by maintaining the barrier integrity of the skin. Mutations in the filaggrin gene significantly contribute to the development and severity of atopic dermatitis, highlighting the importance of the skin barrier in the pathogenesis of this condition. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying filaggrin function and dysfunction are guiding the development of more effective treatments for atopic dermatitis and related skin conditions.

    The skin serves as the body’s primary barrier against environmental threats. In AD, this barrier is compromised due to alterations in the composition and organization of lipids in the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the skin), reduced production of antimicrobial peptides, and structural defects from filaggrin mutations. This dysfunction allows allergens and microbes to penetrate the skin and initiate immune responses, leading to inflammation and the characteristic symptoms of AD.

    Atopic dermatitis is marked by an imbalance in the immune system, particularly an overactive T-helper cell (Th2) response. This imbalance leads to increased levels of certain cytokines (signaling proteins) such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-31, which play key roles in inflammation and itchiness. The Th2 response also promotes the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE), which further contributes to allergic responses.

    In chronic stages of AD, there is a shift towards a mixed immune response involving Th1 and Th17 pathways, indicating the complexity of the immune dysregulation in AD.

    Environmental factors, including allergens, irritants, microbial flora, and climate conditions, can exacerbate AD. For instance, house dust mites, pollen, and pet dander may trigger immune responses in sensitive individuals. Additionally, certain soaps and detergents can strip the skin of its natural oils, worsening the skin barrier dysfunction.

    The microbiome of the skin also plays a role in AD. Patients with AD often have an imbalance in skin flora, with an over colonization of Staphylococcus aureus, which can exacerbate skin inflammation and barrier damage. Here comes the relevance of using potentized form of homeopathic nosode Staphylococcin 30 in the treatment of atopic dermatitis

    Stress and emotional factors can worsen AD symptoms, possibly through stress-induced changes in immune function and skin barrier properties. Hormonal changes, particularly during puberty, pregnancy, and certain phases of the menstrual cycle, can also influence AD symptoms, indicating a hormonal influence on the disease’s pathophysiology.

    The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is complex and multifactorial, involving genetic predispositions, skin barrier defects, immune dysregulation, and environmental factors. This complexity underscores the importance of a holistic approach to treatment, targeting not just the symptoms but also the underlying mechanisms driving the disease. Advances in understanding the molecular and cellular pathways involved in AD have led to the development of targeted therapies, offering hope for more effective management strategies.

    ROLE OF ENZYMES IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS

    Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by inflammation and barrier disruption of the skin, involving a complex network of immune cells, cytokines, and signalling pathways. Enzymes play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of AD, contributing to both the development and exacerbation of the condition. Below, we explore some of the key enzymes involved in AD, along with their activators and inhibitors, which are pivotal in understanding the disease mechanisms and the development of targeted therapies.

    Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is involved in the regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in cells. High PDE4 activity reduces cAMP, promoting the release of inflammatory cytokines. In AD, PDE4 overexpression contributes to inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines can enhance PDE4 expression. PDE4 inhibitors, such as crisaborole, are used topically to treat AD by reducing inflammation. Molecular imprints of inflammatory cytokines will be helpful in managing the over expression of PDE4.
    Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a serine protease that degrades corneodesmosomes, the protein structures that hold skin cells together. Overactivity of KLK7 can lead to impaired skin barrier function, a hallmark of AD. Inflammatory cytokines and dysregulated skin pH can increase KLK7 activity. Specific serine protease inhibitors and maintaining an optimal skin pH can help to control KLK7 activity. Here also, molecular imprints of inflammatory cytokines will be helpful in managing the over expression of enzyme KLk7.

    Janus Kinases (JAK) are involved in the signalling pathways of various cytokines implicated in AD. JAK activation leads to the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Cytokines such as interleukins (IL-4, IL-13) bind to their receptors and activate the JAK-STAT pathway, promoting inflammation. JAK inhibitors, such as tofacitinib and baricitinib, block cytokine signaling and are being explored as treatments for AD. Molecular imprints of inflammatory cytokines will be helpful in managing the over expression of enzyme JAK.
    Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix proteins. They are involved in tissue remodeling and inflammation. Elevated levels of MMPs can contribute to skin barrier dysfunction and inflammation in AD. Inflammatory cytokines and UV radiation can increase MMP expression. Tetracyclines and synthetic MMP inhibitors can reduce MMP activity, potentially benefiting AD patients by preserving skin structure. Molecular imprints of inflammatory cytokines will be helpful in managing the over expression of enzyme Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs).
    Omega-Hydrolase is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and lipids in the skin. Dysregulation can affect the skin barrier and inflammatory processes. Dysregulated lipid metabolism pathways can increase the activity of omega-hydrolases. Research is ongoing to understand the regulation of omega-hydrolases and their potential as therapeutic targets in AD.

    Transglutaminase enzyme is involved in the formation of the cornified cell envelope, a critical component of the skin barrier. Its altered activity is associated with the disrupted skin barrier in AD. Calcium ions and retinoic acid can stimulate transglutaminase activity. Certain isoforms of transglutaminase may be overactive in AD, and inhibitors are being studied as potential treatments.

    Inflammatory cytokines are small signalling proteins released by cells that have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. They play a pivotal role in the immune system, particularly in the body’s response to infection and injury, by mediating and regulating inflammation, immunity, and hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cellular components). However, when produced in excess or not adequately regulated, these cytokines can contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

    Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key mediator of the inflammatory response and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (cell death). It is also one of the cytokines involved in the fever response. Overproduction is associated with various conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a role in inflammation and the maturation of B cells (a type of white blood cell). It is also involved in the body’s response to infections and tissue injuries. Elevated levels are found in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and osteoporosis. Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is involved in systemic inflammation and stimulates the acute phase reaction, which is part of the body’s immune response. It has a range of actions including the induction of fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia (wasting syndrome), and inflammation. High levels of TNF-α have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and ankylosing spondylitis. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is produced primarily by natural killer cells and T lymphocytes. It has antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumor properties, playing a crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity. Its dysregulation is associated with autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is produced by Th17 cells and plays a role in inducing and mediating proinflammatory responses. IL-17 stimulates the production of many other cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins that, in turn, increase inflammation. It is implicated in conditions such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma.

    In chronic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, the prolonged production of inflammatory cytokines can cause tissue damage and contribute to the disease pathology. This understanding has led to the development of cytokine inhibitors as therapeutic agents. MIT Homeopathy proposes to use molecular imprinted forms these inflammatory cytokines in 30c potency as therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis.

    The enzymes involved in AD play significant roles in the disease’s pathophysiology, influencing inflammation, skin barrier integrity, and immune responses. Understanding the activators and inhibitors of these enzymes is crucial for developing targeted therapies that can more effectively manage AD symptoms and improve patient outcomes. The therapeutic landscape for AD continues to evolve as research uncovers new targets and strategies to modulate enzyme activity within the skin.

    ROLE OF ANTIBODIES IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS

    Antibodies themselves are not causative agents of atopic dermatitis (AD), but certain immune responses involving antibodies can play a significant role in the pathogenesis and exacerbation of this condition. AD is characterized by a complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and immunological factors, with dysregulated immune responses being central to its development and persistence. Among these immune responses, the role of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies is particularly noteworthy.

    Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a class of antibodies that plays a crucial role in the body’s response to allergens. In many individuals with AD, especially those with the moderate to severe form of the disease, elevated levels of IgE are observed. These elevated IgE levels are associated with hypersensitivity reactions to environmental allergens, foods, and other triggers. In susceptible individuals, exposure to specific allergens can lead to the production of allergen-specific IgE antibodies. These antibodies bind to the surface of mast cells and basophils in the skin and other tissues. Upon re-exposure to the allergen, it can cross-link with the bound IgE on these cells, leading to cell activation and the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, cytokines, and leukotrienes. This inflammatory cascade can result in the symptoms of AD, including redness, swelling, and intense itchiness. The chronic activation of the immune system and the ongoing inflammatory response in the skin can disrupt the skin barrier function, making it more susceptible to infections and further allergen penetration. This creates a vicious cycle of inflammation, barrier disruption, and sensitization to new allergens, exacerbating the condition.

    While IgE-mediated responses are prominent in the pathophysiology of AD, other antibody-related mechanisms can also contribute indirectly to the disease. For example, autoantibodies targeting skin components have been identified in some patients with AD, suggesting that autoimmunity might play a role in the disease’s development or exacerbation in certain cases.

    Understanding the role of IgE and other immunological factors in AD has led to the development of targeted therapies. For instance, monoclonal antibodies that block IgE (e.g., omalizumab) or interfere with the pathways activated by IgE and other cytokines involved in AD (e.g., dupilumab, which targets the interleukin-4 receptor alpha) have shown promise in managing severe cases of AD. These treatments can significantly reduce the severity of symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with AD.

    While antibodies themselves are not the cause of atopic dermatitis, the immune response involving IgE antibodies to environmental and dietary allergens plays a pivotal role in the development, persistence, and exacerbation of this condition. Targeting these immune responses offers a therapeutic avenue for managing AD, especially in its more severe forms. Immunoglobulin E is an ideal target in MIT approach also.

    ROLE OF HORMONES IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS

    Hormones play a significant role in atopic dermatitis (AD), influencing both the course of the disease and its symptom severity. The interplay between hormones and AD underscores the complexity of this skin condition, which is affected by a myriad of factors including genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and now, hormonal fluctuations. Here are some key hormones implicated in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis and their roles:

    Cortisol, often referred to as the “stress hormone,” is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It has potent anti-inflammatory effects and plays a role in regulating the immune response. In the context of AD, chronic stress can lead to dysregulation of cortisol production and secretion, potentially exacerbating inflammation and worsening AD symptoms. Reduced cortisol levels or sensitivity could impair the body’s ability to suppress inflammatory responses, contributing to the severity of AD flare-ups.

    Estrogen has been observed to influence skin barrier function, immune response, and inflammation. Its effects on AD are complex and can vary depending on the levels and context. Some studies suggest that high levels of estrogen can exacerbate AD symptoms, while others indicate it might have protective effects, especially in improving skin barrier function. Estrogen can modulate the immune system and influence the production of skin lipids, which are essential for maintaining the skin barrier. However, fluctuations in estrogen levels, such as those occurring during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, can impact AD severity.

    Thyroid hormones, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are crucial for regulating metabolism and can also affect skin health. Abnormal levels of thyroid hormones have been associated with various skin conditions, including AD. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can influence skin barrier function and immune responses, potentially affecting AD. The mechanisms may involve alterations in skin hydration, lipid metabolism, and immune regulation.

    Androgens, such as testosterone, can influence skin health and have been linked to changes in AD symptoms. The role of androgens in AD is complex and not fully understood, with research suggesting both exacerbating and mitigating effects on the disease. Androgens can influence skin thickness, sebum production, and immune function. These effects can indirectly affect the skin’s barrier function and inflammatory responses, thereby impacting AD severity.

    Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) play roles in skin development and regeneration. They can influence AD through effects on skin barrier function and immune responses. GH and IGF-1 can promote skin cell proliferation and differentiation, essential for maintaining a healthy skin barrier. However, they can also influence inflammation and immune responses, potentially affecting AD pathology.

    Prolactin, primarily known for its role in lactation, also has immunomodulatory effects. Elevated prolactin levels have been associated with autoimmune diseases and may influence AD severity. Prolactin can enhance inflammatory responses and influence skin barrier integrity, potentially exacerbating AD symptoms.

    Hormones significantly influence the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis, affecting both the immune response and skin barrier function. These effects can vary based on the hormonal balance within an individual, which may be influenced by factors such as stress, gender, age, and overall health. Understanding the hormonal influences on AD can provide insights into individual variations in disease severity and response to treatment, offering potential avenues for personalized therapeutic strategies.

    ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ALLOPATHIC DRUGS IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS

    Atopic dermatitis (AD) is primarily an inflammatory skin condition with a multifactorial etiology, including genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune system dysfunction. However, certain medications have been associated with exacerbating or potentially contributing to the development of AD symptoms in susceptible individuals. It’s important to note that while these drugs can influence AD, they do not cause the condition in the traditional sense but can trigger flares in people with a predisposition to the disease.

    Topical Corticosteroids, even though a mainstay in the treatment of AD to reduce inflammation and symptoms, overuse or inappropriate use can lead to worsening of the condition or a rebound effect upon withdrawal. This phenomenon is known as “topical steroid withdrawal” (TSW) or “red skin syndrome” and can result in severe exacerbation of AD symptoms.

    Beta-blockers, used to treat high blood pressure and other cardiovascular conditions, have been reported to induce or exacerbate AD in some cases. The mechanism may involve the suppression of anti-inflammatory pathways or alteration of immune responses.

    Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) can exacerbate skin conditions, including AD, in susceptible individuals. The exact mechanism is not entirely understood but may involve alterations in prostaglandin metabolism and immune function.

    Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors, another class of blood pressure medication, have been associated with the exacerbation of AD. The mechanism may involve modulation of the renin-angiotensin system, which can affect inflammatory processes.

    Certain antimicrobials and antibiotics, especially when used excessively or inappropriately, can disrupt the skin and gut microbiota. This disruption can potentially influence AD severity due to the crucial role of microbiota in modulating immune responses and maintaining skin barrier integrity.

    Some psychotropic drugs, including lithium and antipsychotics, have been reported to exacerbate skin conditions like AD. These drugs can influence immune function and inflammatory pathways, potentially worsening AD symptoms.

    It is crucial for patients with atopic dermatitis to discuss any potential medication-related concerns with their healthcare provider. In many cases, the benefits of using these medications for their intended purposes outweigh the potential risks of exacerbating AD. However, in individuals with severe AD or those particularly sensitive to medication-induced flares, alternative treatments may need to be considered, and careful monitoring is advised to manage both the underlying condition and AD symptoms effectively.

    ROLE OF ELEMENTAL CHEMICALS IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS

    Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex condition influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Although elemental chemicals themselves do not directly cause AD, certain elements can exacerbate symptoms in susceptible individuals or contribute to conditions that promote the development or worsening of AD. Here are some elemental chemicals and how they may relate to AD:

    Nickel is a well-known skin irritant and allergen. Exposure to nickel, often through jewelry, buttons, and other metal objects, can trigger allergic contact dermatitis, which can exacerbate AD symptoms in sensitized individuals.

    Similar to nickel, chromium can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Occupational exposure to chromium compounds, as well as exposure through leather products treated with chromium, can worsen skin conditions like AD.

    Cobalt, another common allergen, is often found in metal-plated objects, cosmetics, and some medical implants. Sensitivity to cobalt can manifest as allergic contact dermatitis, potentially aggravating AD.

    Mercury, especially in its organic form (e.g., methylmercury), can be a potent neurotoxin and immunotoxin. Exposure to high levels of mercury is associated with immune system dysregulation, which could potentially influence the severity or incidence of immune-related conditions like AD.

    Lead exposure has been linked to various health issues, including potential impacts on the immune system. While the direct relationship between lead exposure and AD is less clear, minimizing exposure to lead is recommended due to its other well-documented health risks.

    While not elemental chemicals themselves, the minerals calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in high concentrations contribute to hard water, which has been associated with an increased risk of developing AD. Hard water can affect the skin’s barrier function by leaving a residue that irritates the skin and potentially exacerbates AD symptoms.

    Elements such as sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) in air pollutants, including sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), can contribute to the formation of fine particulate matter and ground-level ozone. These pollutants can irritate the respiratory tract and skin, potentially worsening conditions like AD.

    ROLE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS

    Phytochemicals, naturally occurring compounds found in plants, are widely recognized for their health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, their effects on atopic dermatitis (AD) can vary greatly, with some phytochemicals potentially exacerbating the condition in susceptible individuals. While the therapeutic potential of many phytochemicals in managing AD is promising, awareness of their potential adverse effects is essential for those with the condition. Here are some phytochemicals that can have adverse effects on AD:

    Fragrance compounds, which are common in plant extracts used in cosmetics and personal care products, can act as irritants or allergens for those with AD. Natural products are not inherently safe, and substances like limonene, linalool, and geraniol, despite being naturally derived, can cause contact dermatitis and exacerbate AD symptoms.

    Essential oils, highly concentrated phytochemicals, can sometimes worsen AD. For instance, tea tree oil, while having antimicrobial properties, can irritate the skin and trigger AD flares in some individuals. Similarly, peppermint and eucalyptus oils, despite their soothing reputations, can be irritants.

    Certain herbal extracts can irritate the skin or trigger allergic reactions, exacerbating AD. For example, some people might react negatively to witch hazel, calendula, or chamomile, despite these herbs often being recommended for their soothing properties. The reaction can vary significantly from person to person.

    Alkaloids found in some plants can have strong biological effects, and their impact on the skin can sometimes be detrimental to individuals with AD. For example, capsaicin (from chili peppers) can cause burning sensations and irritate the skin, potentially worsening AD symptoms.

    Phenols, like eugenol found in clove oil, can act as irritants or allergens, exacerbating skin conditions like AD. While they have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, their potential to cause skin irritation must be considered.

    Natural latex from the rubber tree contains phytochemicals that can cause allergic reactions. People with AD may have a heightened sensitivity to latex, leading to contact dermatitis and exacerbation of their symptoms.

    Certain foods high in phytochemicals can sometimes trigger AD flares in people with food sensitivities or allergies. For example, citrus fruits, tomatoes, and nuts contain various phytochemicals that can exacerbate AD in some individuals through allergic reactions or food intolerances.

    It is important to note that the response to phytochemicals is highly individual, and what exacerbates AD in one person may not affect or could even benefit another. The complexity of AD, coupled with the diverse effects of phytochemicals, underscores the importance of a personalized approach to managing the condition. Individuals with AD should patch test any new products containing phytochemicals and consult healthcare providers before incorporating new phytochemicals into their treatment regimen, especially if they have a history of sensitivities or allergies.

    MIT HOMEOPATHY APPROACH TO ATOPIC DERMATITIS

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics.

    According to MIT hypothesis, potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, where in the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted or engraved as hydrogen- bonded three dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ are the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions used as homeopathic drugs. Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes or ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules.

    According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure. According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseaes indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as the therapeutics agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms. Nobody in the whole history could so far propose a hypothesis about homeopathy as scientific, rational and perfect as MIT explaining the molecular process involed in potentization, and the biological mechanism involved in ‘similiasimilibus- curentur, in a way fitting well to modern scientific knowledge system.

    If symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition as well as symptoms produced in a healthy individual by a particular drug substance were similar, it means the disease-causing molecules and the drug molecules could bind to same biological targets and produce similar molecular errors, which in turn means both of them have similar functional groups or molecular conformations. This phenomenon of competitive relationship between similar chemical molecules in binding to similar biological targets scientifically explains the fundamental homeopathic principle Similia Similibus Curentur.

    Practically, MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics is all about identifying the specific target-ligand ‘key-lock’ mechanism involved in the molecular pathology of the particular disease, procuring the samples of concerned ligand molecules or molecules that can mimic as the ligands by conformational similarity, preparing their molecular imprints through a process of homeopathic potentization upto 30c potency, and using that preparation as therapeutic agent.

    Since individual molecular imprints contained in drugs potentized above avogadro limit cannot interact each other or interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands, and since they can act only as artificial binding sites for specific pathogentic molecules having conformational affinity, there cannot by any adverse effects or reduction in medicinal effects even if we mix two or more potentized drugs together, or prescribe them simultaneously- they will work.

    Based on above discussions, potentized forms of Cortisol 30, Diethylstilbesterol 30, Staphylococcin 30, Immunoglobulin E 30, Lithium carb 30, Prolactin 30, Testosterone 30, Thyroidinum 30, Sulphur 30, Niccolum 30, Cobaltum 30 etc should be incorporated in the MIT prescriptions for Atopic Dermatitis.

  • ”ശാസ്ത്രീയ ഹോമിയോപ്പതിയുടെ ശക്തി സ്വയം അനുഭവിച്ചറിയുക”- ഹാനിമാൻ ജന്മവാർഷിക കാംപൈൻ

    “ശാസ്ത്രീയമായ ഗവേഷണ പഠനങ്ങൾവഴി നവീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ട ആധുനിക ഹോമിയോ ചികിത്സാരീതിയുടെ ഗുണഫലങ്ങൾ ജനങ്ങളെ പരിചയപ്പെടുത്തുന്നതിനായി ഹാനിമാൻ ജന്മവാർഷികത്തോടനുബന്ധിച്ച് Center for Research in Redefining Homeopathy (CRRH) “ശാസ്ത്രീയഹോമിയോപ്പതി അനുഭവിച്ചറിയുക” എന്ന 6 മാസം നീണ്ടുനിൽക്കുന്ന ഒരു സൗജന്യ ചികിത്സാ പദ്ധതി ആവിഷ്കരിച്ചിരിക്കുകയാണ്. ശ്രീകണ്ഠപുരം എം എം കോംപ്ലക്സിൽ പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്ന MIT SCIENTIFIC HOMEOPATHY CHAMBER എന്ന സ്ഥാപനം വഴിയാണ് ഈ പദ്ധതി നടപ്പിലാക്കുന്നത്. പഴകിയതോ താൽക്കാലികമോ ആയ എല്ലാവിധ ശാരീരിക-മാനസിക രോഗങ്ങൾക്കും, ജീവിതശൈലീരോഗങ്ങൾക്കും, ലൈംഗിക-വന്ധ്യതാ പ്രശ്നങ്ങൾക്കും, മദ്യ-മയക്കുമരുന്ന്-ലഹരി അടിമത്തത്തിനും പ്രത്യേകം തയാർചെയ്യപ്പെട്ട ഹോമിയോ ഔഷധങ്ങൾ ഉപയോഗിച്ച് വിദഗ്ധ ഡോക്ടർമാർ MIT PROTOCOL അനുസരിച്ചുള്ള ശാസ്ത്രീയ ഹോമിയോപ്പതി ചികിത്സ നൽകുന്നതാണ്. ഈ പദ്ധതി അനുസരിച്ച് കൺസൾട്ടേഷനും ഔഷധങ്ങളും പൂർണമായും സൗജന്യമായിരിക്കും. താൽപര്യമുള്ളവർ ഈ നോട്ടീസോ വാട്ട്സപ്പ് വഴി ലഭിച്ച ഈ മെസേജോ സഹിതം ശ്രീകണ്oപുരം എം എം കോപ്ലക്സിലുള്ള ഞങ്ങളുടെ സ്ഥാപനത്തിന്റെ കൗണ്ടറിൽ വന്ന് പേരും വ്യക്തിവിവരങ്ങളും നൽകിയാൽ സൌജന്യ ചികിത്സക്കായി രജിസ്റ്റർചെയ്ത് കാർഡ് വാങ്ങിക്കാവുന്നതാണ്. നേരിട്ടു വരാതെതന്നെ 9747320252 എന്ന ഫോൺ നമ്പറിൽ വിളിച്ച് പേർ രജിസ്റ്റർ ചെയ്യാവുന്നതുമാണ്.”

  • A HUMBLE REQUEST TO NANOPARTICLE RESEARCHERS OF HOMEOPATHY!

    When you say NANOPARTICLES of elemental atoms contained in original drug substances are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of homeopathic potentized drugs, first of all you are bound to explain where from this unending supply of original substances come in even in minutest doses of preparations diluted much above avogadro limit or 12c, whereas it is well known to everybody that number of molecules in a sample of substance will be limited by avogadro number.

    Remember, what the scientists of IIT-B said was only that they could “detect nanoparticles of elemental particles floating randomly in the 1% top layer of the solution”!

    You are bound to explain how these “random particles” found to be floating on “top 1% layer” of solution could be the active principles of each and every drops and split drops of even the “bottom most layer” of drugs used by homeopaths!

    Will you theorize using your “quantum science” that unlimited number of elemental particles are generated by the process of serial dilution and shaking involved in potentization?

    When you say NANOPARTICLES of elemental atoms contained in original drug substances are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of homeopathic potentized drugs, you are bound to explain by what mechanism the complex chemical molecules contained in drug substances are converted into nanoparticles or “clusters of elemental atoms” by the simple process of serial dilution involved in the process of homeopathic potentization.

    Do you think the strong co-valent bonds that hold atoms together in complex chemical molecules could be broken and atoms liberated by the simple mechanical energy applied during shaking or succussion? If so, can anybody be so ridiculous to imagine to split the simple water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen by shaking water taken in a bottle?

    When you say NANOPARTICLES of elemental atoms you claim to have detected in some highly diluted samples subjected to spectroscopic studies are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of homeopathic potentized drugs, you are bound to explain how these simple elemental particles or their clusters can represent or reproduce the biological and medicinal properties of highly complex biological molecules such as proteins, enzymes, alkaloids, glycosides, cytokines, hormones, biological ligands, metabolites etc etc contained in the drug substances used to prepare potentized homeopathic drugs.

    For example, the highly neurotoxic alkaloid STRYCHNINE contained in nux vomica is a chemical molecule with formula C21H22N2O2. BRUCINE is another alkaloid with chemical formula C23H26N2O4, and with different set of chemical and biological properties . Both of them contain only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, but in different numbers. Do you think these individual elemental atoms generated by division of strychnine can produce the neurotoxic biological effects of strychnine?

    Do you think the individual hydrogen and oxygen atoms produced by division of water molecule can produce the chemical or biological properties of water?

    Please understand, it is not merely the individual constituent elemental atoms that produce the biological properties of a chemical molecule, but their peculiar organization, spacial placement of atoms, energy levels, molecular conformation and a lot of other factors are involved in it.

    It is utter foolishness to think that individual elemental particles or their clusters isolated from complex chemical molecules can represent or produce their highly complex biological or medicinal effects.

    Please be careful not to forget these simple basic things while theorizing that nanoparticles of elemental atoms are the active principles of potentized homeopathic drugs.

  • MIT REDEFINING THE APHORISMS OF ORGANON- 20, 21 and 22

    We should study aphorisms of organon in the light of advanced knowledge provided by modern science.

    What Dr Samuel Hahnemann taught us regarding “similarity of symptoms” two centuries ago should be understood in modern advanced scientific knowledge environment as “similarity of chemical molecules” that “compete” each other for binding to “similar” biological targets, that lead to “similar” molecular inhibitions or similar “displacements” and “similar” deviations in biochemical pathways, that are naturally expressed through “similar symptoms”.


    Once you understand the real meaning and relevance of above explanation provided by MIT, you can realise how much scientific is “Similia Similibus Curentur” and HOMEOPATHY!

    ORGANON- APHORISM 20:

    “This Spirit like Power to alter mans state of health which lie hidden in the inner of medicines can in itself never be discovered by us by a mere effort of reason , it is only by experience of the phenomena it displays when acting on the state of health of man that we can become clearly Cognizant of it._”

    MY COMMENT:


    According to MIT view, it is not any “spirit like power”. The capacity of a medicinal substance to produce biological effects in living bodies lies in the structure and conformations of individual chemical molecules contained in it, by which they bind to various molecular targets inside the body and produce biomolecular inhibitions and cascading deviations in associated biochemical pathways, which are expressed through diverse trains of mental and physical symptoms.

    ORGANON – APHORISM 21:

    “How as it is deniable that the curative principle in medicines is not in itself perceptible , and as in pure experiments with medicines conducted by the mOst accurate observers, nothing can be observed that can constitute them medicines or remedies except that power of causing distinct alterations in the state of health of the human body, and particularly in that of healthy individual, and of exciting in him various definite morbid symptoms so it follows that when medicines act as remedies , they can only bring their curative property into play by means of this their power of altering mans state of health by the production of peculiar Symptoms and that therefore , We have only to rely on the Morbid phenomena which the medicines produces in the healthy body as the sole possible revelation of their in-dwelling curative power in order to learn what disease-producing power, and at the same time what disease-curing power, each individual medicines possess”.


    MY COMMENT:

    As per MIT VIEW based on modern scientific knowledge, therapeutic properties of a substance is determined by the chemical and conformations of individual constituent molecules contained in that particular substance. When applied on healthy individuals for drug proving, these chemical molecules bind to various biological molecules and produce molecular inhibitions in related biochemical pathways, which are expressed through diverse groups of mental and physical symptoms. When drug symptoms and disease symptoms are similar, it means the drug substance as well as disease substance contain similar chemical molecules with similar functional groups, by which they can compete each other to bind to similar molecular targets. It is this competitive relationship with disease substance that produce a therapeutic effect when drug substance is used as a medicinal agent in a disease condition. This is the biological mechanism of cure involved in similia Simmilibus Curentur
    ©Chandran Nambiar KCRedefining homeopathy

    ORGANON- APHORISM 22:

    “But as nothing is to be observed in disease that must be removed in order to change them into health besides the totaity of their signs and Symptoms, and likewise medicines can show nothing curative besides their tendency to produce morbid symptoms in healthy persons and to remove them in diseased persons , it follows, on the one hand, that medicines only become remedies and capable of annihilating disease, because the medicinal substances, by exciting certain artificial mOrbid state, removes and abrogates the symptoms alredy present, to wit the natural mOrbid state we Wish to Cure. On the Other hand, it follows that for the totality of the Symptoms of the disease to be cured, that Medicine must be sought  which (according as experience shall prove whether the mOrbid Symptoms are mOst readily , certainly and permenently removed and changed into helath by similar or opposite medicinal symptoms ) proved to have the greatest tendency to produce similar or opposite symptoms.”

    This aphorism contains FOUR important statements.

    Statement 1 in aphorism 22:

    “Nothing is to be observed in disease that must be removed in order to change them into health besides the totality of their signs and symptoms”.

    MY COMMMENTS:

    In modern scientific perspective, hahnemann’s phrase  “totality of signs and symptoms” includes not only the “physical and mental symptoms” that we learn from our drug provings and read in our materia medica books, but a wider  whole of SUBJECTIVE and OBJECTIVE symptoms expressed by the patient. All the laboratory reports regarding pathophysiological biochemical changes  in the patient, all the radiological and endoscopic investigations, and every information collected by the physician with the help of advanced technological extensions of his sense organs belong to the class of OBJECTIVE symptoms. As such, what Hahnemann said in the statement quoted above is scientifically true and relevant even today.

    Statement 2 in aphorism 22:

    “Medicines can show nothing curative besides their tendecy to produce morbid symptoms in healthy persions and to remove them in diseased persons.”

    MY COMMMENTS:

    Actually, “morbid symptoms in healthy persions” produced by a drug substance represent the biomolecular inhibitions produced in various biochemical pathways by the individual chemical molecules contained in the particular drug substance. Since disease-causing and disease-curing properties of drug substance is determined by the chemical properties of those constituent molecules. If the symptoms produced by a drug substance is SIMILAR to the symptoms expressed in a particular disease condition, it means the drug molecules and disease-causing molecules have a COMPETITIVE relationship, which could be ustilzed for its therapeutic application as per the homeopathic law of SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR.

    Statement 3 in aphorism 22:

    “Medicines become remedies and capable of annihilating disease, only because the medicinal substances, by exciting certain artificial morbid state, removes and abrogates the symptoms already present, to wit the natural morbid state we wish to cure.”

    MY COMMMENTS:

    “Medicines become remedies and capable of annihilating disease” only because the chemical molecules contained in it can compete with the disease-causing molecules having SIMILAR functional groups in binding to SIMILAR biological target molecules, which could be identified by comparing the drug symptoms and the symptoms of “natural morbid state we wish to cure.”

    Statement 4 in aphorism 22:

    “For the totality of the symptoms of the disease to be cured, that medicine must be sought  which is proved to have the greatest tendency to produce similar or opposite symptoms.”

    MY COMMMENTS:

    For the totality of the symptoms of the disease to be cured, that medicine must be sought  which is proved to have the greatest tendency to produce symptoms SIMILAR to the symptoms of disease we are dealing with, which means our drug substance contains some chemical molecules that are having a COMPETITIVE relationship with the disease-causing molecules in binding to similar biomolecular targets.

  • IDEA OF PROVING ‘COMBINATIONS OF POST-AVOGADRO DILUTED DRUGS’ IS SIMPLY RIDICULOUS!

    When I talk about “combinations of post-avogadro diluted drugs”, some “classical” friends come with the quesion whether these combinations are “proved”? One of them declared: “If the the symptoms of combination drugs are same as single drug in provings, then only we can accept this theory.. Without clinical proving of combination drugs how we can accept this theory sir.”

    First of all, I am not bothered whether anybody “accepts” my suggestions or not. No compulsions at all. I have already explained my rationale regarding “combinations of post-avogadro diluted drugs”. If you are capable of understanding my rationale, and convinced about the the scientific wisdom underlying it, you can accept.

    Asking for “proving” of “combinations of post-avogadro diluted drugs” by itself shows that they have not seen or understood my explanations regarding drug proving.

    A drug substance could be “proved” only if it can act upon biological molecules and inhibit their normal interactions. Only then it can produce a state of “drug pathology” as well as “drug symptoms”. Inorder to act upon biological molecules and change their actions, drug substance should contain some “chemical” molecules. Most of the drug substances contain diverse types of chemical molecules having their own individual chemical properties. During drug proving, a drug substance interact with our biological molecules not as a singular entity, but the individual drug molecules contained in the drug substance act upon various biological targets by their individual chemical properties, and produce molecular inhibitions that are expressed through diverse groups of symptoms that we compile in our materia medica.

    Dear friends, please understand, durg substances potentized above avogadro limit or 12c will not contain even a single drug molecule, if they were genuinely potentized.

    Your idea of “proving” post avogadro diluted drugs actually originated from this lack of scientific understanding regarding how drug substances act upon the body and produce symptoms. If you are talking about some mysterious “dynamic energy” that works upon a spiritual “vital force”, sorry sir, I am not interested in discussing that nonsense again and again. I have already done it more than enough earlier.

    According to my view, potentization involves a process of MOLECULAR IMPRINTING. Spacial conformations of drug molecules are imprinted as three dimensional nanocavities in the water-alcohol supramolecular matrices. Each individual chemical molecule contained in the drug substance undergoes molecular imprinting as an individual unit. As such, drugs potentized above 12c or avogadro limit will contain diverse types of molecular imprints representing the diverse types of chemical molecules contained in the original drug substance. These individual molecular Imprints are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of post avogadro diluted drugs we use in homeopathy. Molecular Imprints act as ARTIFICIAL BINDING POCKETS for pathogenic molecules by their conformtional affinities, deactivate them, and remove the Molecular inhibitions they have produced in the biological molecules. This is the biological mechanism of Homeopathic cure. Molecular imprints cannot interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands, and hence, cannot produce any molecular errors in normal vital processes. That is why I say post avogadro diluted drugs cannot produce any pathological conditions or produce any drug symptom. Obviously, idea of conducting drug proving using drugs potentized above post avogadro limit is simply RIDICULOUS!

    When we combine post avogadro diluted drugs, we are actually adding more MOLECULAR IMPRINTS together. Since Molecular Imprints cannot interact each other, there is no harm in combining any number of potentized drugs. Individual Molecular Imprints will remain as such, and act only upon specific pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity when introduced into the body as therapeutic agents.

    My scientific explanations of Homeopathy may not agree with your “classical” beliefs that evolved in the 200 year old primitive knowledge environment. Sorry for that. Either you update yourselves, or reject my ideas and remain eternally blind! It is your choice!

  • AN MIT STUDY OF ARSENIC, AND ITS POTENTIAL USE IN MOLECULAR IMPRINTS FORMS FOR PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS AND MORTALITY IN CURRENT PANDEMIC

    Arsenic Album or Arsenic Trioxide is a chemical substance that can inhibit more than 200 essential enzymes in our body involved in diverse types of biomolecular processes related with genetic transcription, metabolism, energy conversions etc etc. This is due to the ability of Arsenic ions to bind to the cysteine radicals which are part of active sites all enzymes. Almost every biochemical pathways in the living body are deranged by the action of arsenic. This is the reason why the homeopathic materia medica of arsenic album is so rich with symptoms associated with almost all organs and systems of the body.

    Arsenic content may be high in people due to living in certain areas, consuming arsenic rich ground water, cigarette smoking, eating unpolished rice, prawns and crabs, exposure to arsenic containing environments, etc etc. Arsenic may enter the body through contaminated liquors, Chinese, Ayurvedic, unani or Herbal preparations, industrial exposures, chemically treated wooden furniture etc also. Arsenic content will naturally be high in aged people, as it has a tendency to accumulated in the body over years through exposures.

    It is an already established fact that during viral infections, persons having high levels of arsenic in their body are prone to develop serious complications such as respiratory failure, acute myocardial degeneration, renal failures, liver failures, multiple organ failures etc faster than those having low arsenic levels.

    Researchers working upon arsenic toxicity problems in certain arsenic affected countries have already proved that ARSENIC ALBUM 30 can antidote and reverse the chronic effects of arsenic toxicity, and remove the symptoms.

    My suggestion to the experts involved in current pandemic research is that determination of arsenic levels in the body of covid patients should be made mandatory, so that high risk people could be identified and better care provided.

    Arsenic Album 30 contains MOLECULAR IMPRINTS of arsenic trioxide molecules. Molecular imprints are three dimensional nanocavities formed in water-alcohol supra-molecular matrix through a host-guest interactions between templates and diluent medium during the process of homeopathic POTENTIZATION. Molecular imprints of arsenic trioxide contained in Arsenicum Album 30 can act as artificial binding pockets for arsenic ions and deactivate them, thereby removing the molecular inhibitions they have produced in the enzyme systems of the body.

    By using Arsenicum Album 30 in sufficient quantities and frequencies to provide molecular imprints in optimum levels, it will be possible to prevent dangerous complications and multiple organ failures in patients affected with current pandemic, so as to prevent the chances of morbidities due to the disease. Complications and mortality rates could be definitely lowered by use of Arsenic Alb 30.

    I don’t know how to get this very important message reach the right persons in right time, or how to convince the scientific basis of this approach described above.

    A word to homeopaths : It is a nonsense idea that Arsenic album 30 will “boost immunity”. Arsenic Alb 30 will not contain any chemical molecules that can act as antigens to initiate production of antibodies and boost immune system. But it will surely prevent complications even if you get infected, if molecular imprints of arsenic is available in the body during the time of virus infection.

    Homeopaths currently involved in distribution of Arsenicum Album 30 should realize the hard truth that the dosage you are giving now is actually of no use. 4 or 5 medicated sugar pills for 3-4 days you give now cannot provide the sufficient quantity of molecular imprints required to produce desired biological effects. To ensure optimum availability of molecular imprints, medicine should be used in drop doses at least twice a day until the epidemic threat is over. Please understand, it is not any mysterious “dynamic energy” or “vibrations” that work in our potentized drugs. It is “material” MOLECULAR IMPRINTS, that act as “artificial binding pockets” for pathogenic molecules, and deactivate them. As such, dosage and repetition should be appropriate to ensure this availability. I would suggest minimum 1 or 2 drops direct on tongue bds until epidemic is over.

  • REALIZE THE TRUTH BEHIND THE HYPE OVER ASPIDOSPERMA AND VANADIUM

    There is a wild propaganda going on, claiming that homeopathy medicine ASPIDOSPERMA is the GENUS EPIDEMICUS of current pandemic, and people are desperately running from store to store to get a bottle of this “miracle drug” to save their dear ones gasping for oxygen. They also recommend the use of Vanadium as an “oxygen supplier”.

    It is claimed that a few drops of “mother tincture” of aspidosperma given twice or thrice for a few days will relieve the breathlessness, and will be helpful in curing the disease.

    Problem underlying this claim as well as the propaganda is that homeopaths fail to understand  the difference between MOLECULAR forms and MOLECULAR IMPRINTS forms of drugs.

    They also fail to remember the primary lesson that if a drug is found to  be GENUS EPIDEMIC for a disease, it will be administered only in potencies above 12c, and it is NEVER used in mother tincture form.

    Crude drugs, mother Tinctures, Potencies below 12c and biochemic TRITURATIONS are MOLECULAR forms of drugs, since they contain molecules of drug substances.

    Potencies above 12c or Post-avogadro dilutions do not contain drug molecules, but MOLECULAR IMPRINTS only.

    We must not forget the fact that drug symptoms provided in our materia medica actually constitute the list of symptoms that are generated in healthy persons by the use of these drugs in crude form.  Indiscriminate long-term use of mother tinctures containing plant enzymes, poisonous alkaloids, glycosides and various other phyto-chemical ingredients is an  unpardonable  crime even if it is done in the name of homeopathy. The chemical molecules contained in these tinctures might give temporary relief  by nutritional supplementation, or by competitive relationship towards pathological  molecules due to their  conformational similarity. But it is evident from their symptomatologies  that those chemical molecules are capable of creating dangerous pathological molecular inhibitions in various bio-chemic channels in the organism.

    We should never forget that the subjective and objective symptoms provided in our materia medica were createdby the molecular errors happened in healthy individuals during drug proving.

    Regarding ASPIDOSPERMA, even though homeopaths enthusiastically quote “It stimulates the respiratory centers and increases the oxygen in the blood” from Boericke materia Medica, they conveniently ignore the following statement in Clarke’s materia Medica: “Hale says ASPIDOSPERMA produces in animals respiratory paralysis, slowed heart, and paralysis of extremities.”

    Even though it is said in materia Medica that VANADIUM is an “oxygen carrier”, please understand, it is only a chemical property of Vanadium in its molecular form. Vanadium potentized above 12c will not contain any single molecule of Vanadium, and hence, it is totally irrational to expect Vanadium in potentized form to act as an “oxygen supplier”. The widely quoted statement from materia Medica “it increases amount of hemoglobin, also combines its oxygen with toxines and destroys their virulence” is actually applicable to molecular forms of Vanadium only. Vanadium 30 will not contain even a single molecule of Vanadium, and hence, this property cannot be attributed to vanadium 30.

    Same time, vanadium in Molecular form is highly toxic, and it is not at all safe to use Vanadium in 3x or potencies below 12c. It is now well known that molecular forms of VANADIUM is a competitive inhibitor of various enzymes such as ATPases, alkaline and acid phosphatases, and protein-phosphotyrosine phosphatases, and hence, very dangerous if given in Molecular form.

    Molecular forms of drugs act by the chemical properties of constituent molecules, whereas MOLECULAR IMPRINTS forms of drugs act by the conformational properties of Molecular imprints.

    Since Molecular imprints cannot interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands, Molecular imprints forms of drugs cannot produce any short term or long term adverse effects.

    On the other hand, Molecular forms of drugs can interact with biological molecules and produce inhibitions, and may cause harmful adverse effects. Even though mother Tinctures are considered Homeopathy drugs, they are no way different from allopathy drugs, when considered in terms of their active principles as well as biological mechanism of actions.

    We know, many homeopathic practioners prescribe plenty of mother tinctures, low potency preparations and biochemic TRITURATIONS. They consider it genuine homeopathy, as they manufactured by homeopathy drug companies, and bear the label Homeopathic Medicines. They ignore the fact that mother Tinctures are never prescribed according to similia principles, or on the basis of totality of symptoms.

    Mother tinctures and other Molecular forms of drugs may relieve some of the symptoms, due to their allopathic actions. But they are not only un-homeopathic in actions, but chances of emerging new pathological conditions due to them is a reality.

    Homeopaths should understand, it is ideal to treat patients using potencies above  12c, which do not contain any trace of the drug molecules of the original drug. If our selection of drug is correct, there is no any chance of failure in such a protocol.

    Actually, mother tinctures will have to be considered as identical to Ayurveda, Allopathy or Herbal treatment. Those homeopaths who indulge in excessive use of mother tinctures, without bothering  about their constituent drug  molecules and their adverse long term impacts on the organism, are more hazardous to human health than our allopathic counterparts. I humbly request them to think over.

    For example, from our materia medica works, it may be understoodthat most of  those people who had participated in proving of  Hydrastis Canadensis developed symptoms of gastric ulcer and hyperacidity along with many other deep seated pathological conditions. Doctors who administer large doses of Hydrastis Tincture to relive gastric symptoms as part of homoeopathic treatment should note this point . Of course, we may get temporary relief, by the way of competitive relationships with pathological molecules, due to conformational similarity of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Prolonged use of Hydrastis Tincture not only produce the symptoms mentioned in the materia medica,  but may even induce very serious genetic errors to happen. If  hydrastis is the similimum for the patient, it will be effective in high potencies. This is real homeopathy.

    Please do not be provoked when I say that those who give Vanadium 3x for supplying oxygen,  Passiflora for inducing sleep, Rauwolfia for lowering blood pressure and Syzijium for high blood sugar in their tincture form, are not practicing ideal Homeopathy even if they may be well known homeopaths.

    No homeopath with some common sense, who had carefully read the material medica of Alfalfa will dare to prescribe it as tonics to improve the appetite and general health of innocent children. It is evident from its symptomatology that Alfalfais capable of producing diabetes, bulimia, and upsetting the normal functioning of kidneys.

    We should remember that there was no exact knowledge regarding the long term evil effects of many drugs, when many of them were proved and their materia medica prepared. There was least knowledge about the genetic disorders they were likely to produce. It is found in Boecricke Materiamedica that Arsenic Bromide Mother Tincture is indicated for Diebetes. No physician with scientific awareness will even think of prescribing it today. Who will now dare to prescribe Ars iod 3x, Iodum 3x, Sulphur Q, or various compounds of Mercury and Lead only because they are found in our text books of Materia Medica?

    We know a lot of homeopaths who make their patients consume for prolonged periods, the mother tinctures of several drugs, including various patented combinations flooding the market in the name of Homeopathy. How can Homeopaths prescribe them without any prick of conscience? Those who love homoeopathy should take urgent initiative to prevent such tendencies either through awareness programs and campaigns, or through stringent legislational procedures.

    Since crude drugs and mother tinctures contain drug molecules that can act upon biological molecules, they can also bind to various biological targets in the organism. Obviously, there is always chance for creation of new molecular inhibitions and drug-induced pathologies when we use crude drugs and mother tinctures. That is the draw back of using mother tinctures even if they are similimum.

    Advantage of drugs potentized above 12c, also known as post-avogadro Dilutions,   is that they do not contain any drug molecule, but only molecular imprints, which are only supra-molecular clusters of water and alcohol molecules. They can act upon pathogenic molecules only, not upon biological molecules. As such, potentized drugs cannot do any further harm to organism.

    That is why MIT says use of mother Tinctures and other Molecular forms of drugs cannot be considered genuine Homeopathy. To be genuinely homeopathic regarding active principles as well as biological mechanism of action, we should use only post-avogadro diluted drugs.

  • AN MIT STUDY OF VANADIUM AND ITS THERAPEUTIC USE IN POST-AVOGADRO DILUTED FORMS

    Many homeopaths recently suggest VANADIUM 30 as a remedy for oxygen deficiency in blood during the current Covid 19 pandemic. This suggestion is based on the statements in some homeopathic materia Medica works regarding the “oxygen carrier” capacity of vanadium.

    First of all, let us see what is said in Boericke Materia Medica about Vanadium:

    “Its action is that of an oxygen carrier and a catalyzer, hence its use in wasting diseases.  Increases amount of hemoglobin, also combines its oxygen with toxines and destroys their virulence. Also increases and stimulates phagocytes. A remedy in degenerative conditions of the liver and arteries.

    Anorexia and symptoms of gastro intestinal irritation; albumen, casts and blood in urine. Tremors; vertigo; hysteria and melancholia; neuro-retinitis and blindness. Anaemia, emaciation. Cough dry, irritating and paroxysmal, sometimes with haemorrhages. Irritation of nose, eyes and throat. Tuberculosis, chronic rheumatism, diabetes.

    Acts as a tonic to digestive function and in early tuberculosis. Arterio-sclerosis, sensation as if heart was compressed, as if blood had no room in the aorta. Anxious pressure on whole chest. Fatty heart. Degenerative states, has brain softening.  Atheroma of arteries of brain and liver.

    Dose:  6-12 potency. The best form is Vanadiate of Soda, 2 mg daily, by mouth.”

    Clarke’s Dictionary of Materia Medica says about Vanadium as follows : 

    “Addison’s disease. Atheroma. Fatty degeneration. Innutrition.
    Burnett  tells how he came to use Vanadium through reading the result of some experiments on animals in which the Salts of Vanadium produced “true cell destruction, the pigment escaping, the liver being hit hardest.”  Burnett had at the time a case of “fatty liver, atheroma of the arteries, much pain corresponding to the course of the basilar artery, large, deeply pigmented patches on forehead, profound adynamia.” Vanadium restored the patient, who was seventy, and at eighty he was “hale and hearty.” Marc Jousset tells of experiments with salts of Vanadium, chiefly the meta-vanadate of sodium, by Lyonnet and others.  Animals poisoned by intravenous injections rapidly develop Cheyne-Stokes respiration; with little or no action on circulation or blood. These observers gave Vanadates to two hundred patients suffering from tuberculosis, chlorosis, chronic rheumatism, neurasthenia etc, and produced in nearly all cases increased appetite, strength, and weight. The amount of urea was also increased. They regard Vanadium as “an energetic excitant of nutrition,” and probably an oxydent stimulating organic combustion. The dose was 2-5 mgr. in twenty-four hours, and only on three separate days in the week.”

    Obviously, Boericke and Clarke were saying about the use of “2-5 mg of Sodium Vanadate daily”. Not Vanadium 30! It makes a big difference.

    Sodium vanadate is the inorganic compound  with the chemical formula  Na3VO4·2H2O (sodium orthovanadate dihydrate). It is a colorless, water-soluble solid.

    Vanadates exhibit a variety of biological activities, in part because they serve as structural mimics of PHOSPHATES. By this mimicking, it acts as a COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR of ATPases, alkaline and acid phosphatases, and protein-phosphotyrosine phosphatases. By this competitive relationship VANADIUM acts as a SIMILIMUM for many disease conditions involving inhibitions of ATPases by various endogenous or exogenous pathogenic molecules having phosphate functional groups or moieties. 

    ATPases  adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, SV40 T-antigen, adenosine 5′-triphosphatase, ATP hydrolase, complex V (mitochondrial electron transport), (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, HCO3−-ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase) etc are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion or the inverse reaction. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life

    Transmembrane ATPases import many of the metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and export toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellular processes.

    All the symptoms described by Boericke and Clarke are actually due to this inhibitory actions of vanadites  upon the various enzymes listed above, which lead to blocking of all biological pathways associated with involvement of PHOSPHATES. 

    Please understand, Vanadium potentized above 12c used in homeopathy will not contain even a single molecule or atom of Vanadium. It contains only MOLECULAR IMPRINTS of vanadium, and hence, will act just opposite to the actions of Molecular or crude forms of Vanadium.  These Molecular imprints actually act by removing the molecular inhibitions caused in the various enzymes by Vanadium or any other pathogenic molecules having functional groups similar to vanadites or phosphates.

     Obviously, Vanadium 30 will not supply oxygen to the tissues as some homeopaths wrongly believe, but may be useful in deactivating harmful reactive oxygen species or ROS generated in the body during the disease processes. 

    Even though Boericke and Clarke talks about use of “Vanadium Vanadate 2-5 mg daily” for therapeutic purposes, as per advanced scientific knowledge, vanadium is not a safe substance for human consumption.

    Vanadium excess can be toxic and detrimental to human health like any other metal. For instance, occupational inhalation exposure to vanadium was found to induce acute respiratory symptoms, DNA damage in blood cells of workers from a vanadium pentoxide factory, and altered neurobehavioral functions. In turn, environmental overexposures to vanadium oxides attached to fine particulate matter were associated with increased risk of respiratory symptoms in children, and a higher risk of cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations of older people. ilRecently, urinary vanadium concentrations during pregnancy were positively associated with impaired fetal growth and preterm or early-term delivery. Association between the high level of trace elements including vanadium in the drinking water and the increased thyroid cancer incidence was suggested. A suicidal death after ingestion of an undetermined amount of ammonium vanadate has also been reported. In addition, laboratory-based studies conducted in animal models or cell cultures found that vanadium exposure can induce a variety of toxic effects such as cardiovascular effects, vascular endothelial dysfunction and arterial hypertension, immune toxicity, damage to the spleen and thymus, neurotoxicity, hippocampal alterations and memory loss, developmental disturbances, increased embryolethality and skeletal defects, and pulmonary toxicity. It should be added that, besides the dose of vanadium and the route of vanadium exposure, many other factors such as the form of vanadium (inorganic versus organic forms) and interactions with other elements such as selenium or magnesium can also influence vanadium toxicity.

    Along with the studies of the toxic effects of vanadium, many investigators have been focused on the examination of potential medical applications of this mineral. These include antidiabetic or insulin-mimetic actions, antiviral effects, and anticarcinogenic activity. Among these effects, the antidiabetic action of vanadium complexes with organic ligands has been very intensively studied, which entered into stage II clinical trials. However, due to kidney problems in some patients, this study as an antidiabetic agent could not progress to the next phase of research. Indeed, the risks associated with vanadium intoxication such as vanadium-induced reactive oxygen species generation, adverse effects on the immune system, and a risk of mutagenesis are listed among the arguments against the antidiabetic application of vanadium. Reviews of the results of past and recent human studies on vanadium in diabetes have concluded that the use of vanadium compounds in oral diabetes therapy is misplaced.

    Vanadium occurs as a natural component of the earth crust in various minerals, coal, and crude oil, and is released to the environment mainly due to human activities. The unique chemical and physical features of vanadium compounds make it an indispensable material in many industries. Its compounds are frequently used in the production of steel and titanium-aluminum alloys, as catalysts in the sulfuric acid manufacture, and in the production of pigments, inks, and varnishes. The latest use of vanadium involves green technologies and the production of vanadium-based redox flow batteries, which can store electricity produced from renewable sources such as wind or sun.  The industrial use of vanadium is on the increase and so is the release of vanadium to the environment.  Vanadium is one of the elements listed on the second drinking water contaminant candidate list that was announced by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2005. This is a list of contaminants that are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems and may require future regulations. Vanadium was reported to contribute to soil pollution.  Heavy oil combustion contributes to the release of vanadium as a component adhering to fine particulate matter observed in large urban and industrial agglomerations. High groundwater concentrations of vanadium of natural geological sources have been noted in volcanic areas.  Vanadium excess can be toxic and detrimental to human health like any other metal. For instance, occupational inhalation exposure to vanadium was found to induce acute respiratory symptoms, DNA damage in blood cells of workers from a vanadium pentoxide factory, and altered neurobehavioral functions. In turn, environmental overexposures to vanadium oxides attached to fine particulate matter were associated with increased risk of respiratory symptoms in children, and a higher risk of cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations of older people. Recently, urinary vanadium concentrations during pregnancy were positively associated with impaired fetal growth and preterm or early-term delivery. Association between the high level of trace elements including vanadium in the drinking water and the increased thyroid cancer incidence was suggested. A suicidal death after ingestion of an undetermined amount of ammonium vanadate has also been reported. In addition, laboratory-based studies conducted in animal models or cell cultures found that vanadium exposure can induce a variety of toxic effects such as cardiovascular effects, vascular endothelial dysfunction and arterial hypertension, immune toxicity, damage to the spleen and thymus, neurotoxicity, hippocampal alterations and memory loss, developmental disturbances, increased embryolethality and skeletal defects, and pulmonary toxicity. It should be added that, besides the dose of vanadium and the route of vanadium exposure, many other factors such as the form of vanadium (inorganic versus organic forms) and interactions with other elements such as selenium or magnesium can also influence vanadium toxicity.

    Along with the studies of the toxic effects of vanadium, many investigators have been focused on the examination of potential medical applications of this mineral. These include antidiabetic or insulin-mimetic actions, antiviral effects, and anticarcinogenic activity. Among these effects, the antidiabetic action of vanadium complexes with organic ligands has been very intensively studied, which entered into stage II clinical trials. However, due to kidney problems in some patients, this study as an antidiabetic agent could not progress to the next phase of research. Indeed, the risks associated with vanadium intoxication such as vanadium-induced reactive oxygen species generation, adverse effects on the immune system, and a risk of mutagenesis are listed among the arguments against the antidiabetic application of vanadium. Reviews of the results of past and recent human studies on vanadium in diabetes have concluded that the use of vanadium compounds in oral diabetes therapy is misplaced. Vanadium compounds have attracted interest of researchers as potential antitumor agents. Vanadium as vanadyl sulfate has been used by weight training athletes as a nutritional supplement that can increase muscle mass. The role of vanadium in muscle development has been emphasized to be associated with its insulin-mimetic properties and anabolic effects. So far, however, human studies have failed to demonstrate significant effects of vanadium on the body composition and performance enhancement, and the use of vanadium as a sport nutrition supplement is not recommended. Vanadium is also a well-known constituent of the most commercialized titanium alloy named Ti-6Al-4V, which has been widely used in the manufacture of biomedical implants such as artificial hip joints, knee joints, and dental implants due to its excellent physical and mechanical properties. Again, however, the potential cytotoxicity of vanadium limits the medical value of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Recently, for example, a case of systemic allergic dermatitis to vanadium has been reported in a patient following placement of a titanium alloy plate in the left foot. Summing up, due to the intensive use of vanadium in industry and the vanadium environmental pollution often related with it as well as the popularity of vanadium-based dietary supplements and medicinal applications of vanadium compounds, increasing numbers of humans are likely to experience the exposure to vanadium compounds in the near future.

    Vanadium enters the human body via the gastrointestinal tract or respiratory system. In the bloodstream, transferrin is the major serum protein of vanadium transport from blood into tissues.  Other serum proteins, i.e., albumin, hemoglobin, and immunoglobulin, and low-molecular ligands, e.g., lactate and citrate, can be involved in the blood transport of vanadium as well. From the blood, vanadium is transferred to different tissues such as the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, brain, and bones. Final excretion of absorbed vanadium occurs through urine. In the human body, vanadium can exist in oxidation state +5 (vanadate ions) or +4 (vanadyl cations). Cellular uptake of vanadium species proceeds via receptor-mediated endocytosis of vanadium-laden proteins (transferrin, albumin), phosphate or sulfate ion channels, or membrane citrate transporters. Reductants, e.g., glutathione, ascorbic acid, or NADH, convert pentavalent vanadium to a tetravalent state, the latter being regarded as a predominant oxidation state of vanadium within the cell. Simultaneously, oxidants such as NAD+, O2, and O22- can oxidize vanadyl back to vanadate.

    Metabolic detoxification of vanadium possibly involves reduction of vanadate to vanadyl by cellular reductants, and  complexation reactions during which vanadyl interacts with cellular agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH), an oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG), L-cysteine, and cystine forming stable, nonharmful complexes. In addition, vanadium accumulates in bones by replacing bone phosphate in apatite Ca5(PO4)OH with vanadate. The storage of vanadium in bones is also recognized as a potent detoxification mechanism of vanadium in animals.

    In contrast to the aforementioned chelating compounds, ascorbic acid was suggested to be a very effective and safe pharmacologic agent for the treatment of vanadium toxicity in humans. Detoxification of vanadium by ascorbic acid mainly relies on ascorbic acid-mediated reduction of vanadate to vanadyl and its high capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, vanadyl was found to interact with oxidation products of ascorbic acid forming stable complexes, which may allow excretion of vanadium from the organism. In addition, the results of studies have shown that pyruvic acid could be another potential antidote for the treatment of vanadium toxicity. The studies showed that this alpha-keto acid protected against vanadium-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in a cell culture model. The mechanism of protection probably involves antioxidative effects of pyruvate, especially its ability to neutralize hydrogen peroxide, but still more research is required to elucidate this issue. 

    It is well known that many edible plants are the main source of natural compounds acting as exogenous antioxidants. Exogenous antioxidants cannot be produced in the body and therefore must be provided through daily nutrition. They reinforce our intrinsic antioxidant system in the protection of the organism against reactive oxygen species-mediated injuries. As shown below in this review, research studies indicate that vanadium toxicity, which is strongly associated with prooxidant mechanisms, can be efficiently reduced or alleviated by dietary and plant-derived antioxidants. 

    Very early studies already explored the efficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate) in the prevention and treatment of vanadm toxicity, and found that vitamin C was effective against acute vanadate and vanadyl intoxication. 

    Some studies focused on the role of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in the treatment of vanadium toxicity, which provided in vivo evidence that vitamin E acetate decreased sodium metavanadate-induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the testes of rats. Furthermore, vitamin E was demonstrated to exhibit protective activity against sodium metavanadate-mediated neurotoxicity in rat pups. In this study, vitamin E increased performance in neurobehavioral tests,  and decreased reactive astrogliosis in brain tissue of vanadium-treated animals. Both vitamins C and E exhibited protective activity against vanadium pentoxide-induced genotoxicity measured using a micronucleus assay in mouse polychromatic erythrocytes.

    In addition, polyphenolic compounds (and other phytochemicals) may prove beneficial for the treatment of vanadium toxicity. 
    In conclusion, although the investigations cited in this review show that supplementation with dietary antioxidants has beneficial effects on vanadium poisoning.


    First of all, let us see what is said in Boericke Materia Medica about Vanadium:


    “Its action is that of an oxygen carrier and a catalyzer, hence its use in wasting diseases. 

    Increases amount of hemoglobin, also combines its oxygen with toxines and destroys their virulence. Also increases and stimulates phagocytes. A remedy in degenerative conditions of the liver and arteries.


    Anorexia and symptoms of gastro intestinal irritation; albumen, casts and blood in urine. Tremors; vertigo; hysteria and melancholia; neuro-retinitis and blindness. Anaemia, emaciation. Cough dry, irritating and paroxysmal, sometimes with haemorrhages. Irritation of nose, eyes and throat. Tuberculosis, chronic rheumatism, diabetes.
    Acts as a tonic to digestive function and in early tuberculosis. Arterio-sclerosis, sensation as if heart was compressed, as if blood had no room in the aorta. Anxious pressure on whole chest. Fatty heart. Degenerative states, has brain softening.  Atheroma of arteries of brain and liver.


    Dose:  6-12 potency. The best form is Vanadiate of Soda, 2 mg daily, by mouth.”


    Clarke’s Dictionary of Materia Medica says about Vanadium as follows : 


    “Addison’s disease. Atheroma. Fatty degeneration.

    Innutrition.Burnett  tells how he came to use Vanadium through reading the result of some experiments on animals in which the Salts of Vanadium produced “true cell destruction, the pigment escaping, the liver being hit hardest.”  Burnett had at the time a case of “fatty liver, atheroma of the arteries, much pain corresponding to the course of the basilar artery, large, deeply pigmented patches on forehead, profound adynamia.” Vanadium restored the patient, who was seventy, and at eighty he was “hale and hearty.” Marc Jousset tells of experiments with salts of Vanadium, chiefly the meta-vanadate of sodium, by Lyonnet and others.  Animals poisoned by intravenous injections rapidly develop Cheyne-Stokes respiration; with little or no action on circulation or blood. These observers gave Vanadates to two hundred patients suffering from tuberculosis, chlorosis, chronic rheumatism, neurasthenia etc, and produced in nearly all cases increased appetite, strength, and weight. The amount of urea was also increased. They regard Vanadium as “an energetic excitant of nutrition,” and probably an oxydent stimulating organic combustion. The dose was 2-5 mgr. in twenty-four hours, and only on three separate days in the week.”


    Obviously, Boericke and Clarke were saying about the use of “2-5 mg of Sodium Vanadate daily”. Not Vanadium 30! It makes a big difference.


    Sodium vanadate is the inorganic compound  with the chemical formula  Na3VO4·2H2O (sodium orthovanadate dihydrate). It is a colorless, water-soluble solid.


    Vanadates exhibit a variety of biological activities, in part because they serve as structural mimics of PHOSPHATES. By this mimicking, it acts as a COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR of ATPases, alkaline and acid phosphatases, and protein-phosphotyrosine phosphatases. 


    All the disease conditions described by Boericke and Clarke are actually due to this inhibitory actions of vanadites upon the various enzymes listed above, which lead to blocking of all biological pathways associated with PHOSPHATES. 


    Please understand, Vanadium potentized above 12c used in homeopathy will not contain even a single molecule or atom of Vanadium. It contains only MOLECULAR IMPRINTS of vanadium, and hence, will act just opposite to the actions of Molecular or crude forms of Vanadium.  These Molecular imprints actually act by removing the molecular inhibitions caused in the various enzymes by Vanadium or any other pathogenic molecules having functional groups similar to vanadites or phosphates. Obviously, Vanadium 30 will not supply oxygen to the tissues as some homeopaths wrongly believe, but may be useful in deactivating harmful reactive oxygen species or ROS generated in the body during the disease processes. 


    Even though Boericke and Clarke talks about use of “Vanadium Vanadate 2-5 mg daily” for therapeutic purposes, as per advanced scientific knowledge, vanadium is not a safe substance for human consumption.


    Vanadium excess can be toxic and detrimental to human health like any other metal. For instance, occupational inhalation exposure to vanadium was found to induce acute respiratory symptoms, DNA damage in blood cells of workers from a vanadium pentoxide factory, and altered neurobehavioral functions. In turn, environmental overexposures to vanadium oxides attached to fine particulate matter were associated with increased risk of respiratory symptoms in children, and a higher risk of cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations of older people. ilRecently, urinary vanadium concentrations during pregnancy were positively associated with impaired fetal growth and preterm or early-term delivery.

    Association between the high level of trace elements including vanadium in the drinking water and the increased thyroid cancer incidence was suggested. A suicidal death after ingestion of an undetermined amount of ammonium vanadate has also been reported. In addition, laboratory-based studies conducted in animal models or cell cultures found that vanadium exposure can induce a variety of toxic effects such as cardiovascular effects, vascular endothelial dysfunction and arterial hypertension, immune toxicity, damage to the spleen and thymus, neurotoxicity, hippocampal alterations and memory loss, developmental disturbances, increased embryolethality and skeletal defects, and pulmonary toxicity. It should be added that, besides the dose of vanadium and the route of vanadium exposure, many other factors such as the form of vanadium (inorganic versus organic forms) and interactions with other elements such as selenium or magnesium can also influence vanadium toxicity.


    Along with the studies of the toxic effects of vanadium, many investigators have been focused on the examination of potential medical applications of this mineral. These include antidiabetic or insulin-mimetic actions, antiviral effects, and anticarcinogenic activity. Among these effects, the antidiabetic action of vanadium complexes with organic ligands has been very intensively studied, which entered into stage II clinical trials. However, due to kidney problems in some patients, this study as an antidiabetic agent could not progress to the next phase of research. Indeed, the risks associated with vanadium intoxication such as vanadium-induced reactive oxygen species generation, adverse effects on the immune system, and a risk of mutagenesis are listed among the arguments against the antidiabetic application of vanadium. Reviews of the results of past and recent human studies on vanadium in diabetes have concluded that the use of vanadium compounds in oral diabetes therapy is misplaced.

  • MIT VIDEOS

  • SIMILIMUM ULTRA SOFTWARE- SALIENT FEATURES AND USERGUIDE

    A Complete Clinical Utility Software Package For Homoeopaths

    Developed and Marketed by:
    Fedarin Mialbs Private Limited,
    Sreekandapuram, 670631
    Kannur, Kerala, India.
    FOR MORE INFO:

    D MUHAMMAD FASIL BHMS

    +91 99953 82854

    CUSTOMER’S HANDBOOK
    Overview of Salient features:
    SIMILIMUM ULTRA is a complete, user-friendly and state-of-the art Clinical Utility Software Package for Homoeopathic Practitioners, visibly outstanding by its simplicity and comprehensiveness among those currently available in the market. It is the final glorious outcome of more than 40 years of unrelenting learning and dedication of its author to the cause of Homoeopathy.
    SIMILIMUM ULTRA is designed with such a flexibility and richness of contents and tools, that it adapts itself to meet the everyday changing requirements of any Homoeopath to set up and run a fully computerized clinical practice.
    SIMILIMUM ULTRA– Sharp-shoot Homoeopathic Software is empowered with following essential practical modules such as :-
    # Embedded Patient Management System:
    # Most User-friendly Patient Management System– Provides a very simple and relaxed working environment, enabling even those homoepaths with minimum computer skills to use it with ease for their day to day clinical management.
    # New Patient Registration is very simple. Only minimum entries required. Start work instantly.
    # Unregistered Cases- Cases can also be worked upon without registering the patient, with options for registering later.
    # Paitient Register is the functional homepage for clinical work. Unlimited in storage capacity
    # Backup and Restore– safe and easily retrievable backups, without any fear of loss of data even if system crashes. Every time you exit the software, you are promptly reminded to make back-ups (optional). In case you re-install the software, all your previous data will be restored by a single mouse-click.
    # Search Patients alphabetically, number-wise, diagnosis-wise or using in-built calender tools.
    # Case Records- Very user-friendly platform for maintaining patient-wise consultation records, prescriptions and follow-up details.
    # Case Taking can be done either in classical schematic format, Key Note Method, Recombinant Method or using scribbling pad.
    # Case Taking Forms- Optional for detailed classical schematic case taking. Print options available for case taking forms.
    # Record Symptoms, without much typing, by extracting exact repertorial rubrics into the consultation window, simultaneous with interrogation of the patient.
    # Case History of a patient may be viewed in a single window, with print options.
    # Consultations– Innovative consultation interface, with separate fields for symptoms and prescriptions on same window. Date-wise, and ‘backward-forward’ tools for navigation between different consultations.
    # Reference Trays- appended to each case record. All works related with a particular patient, such as repertorisation results, materia medica searches, notes etc can be saved in in this handy tray. Print options.
    # Diagnosis– Select and add diagnosis of your patient from list of diseases
    # Prescriptions can be created simply by importing drug names and potencies from your drug list. Directions for use also can be added, without any typing
    # Print options are available for prscriptions, as chits to pharmacist, or detailed prescriptions in the letter-head of the doctor.
    # Drug List- Search and view the drugs and potencies available in your stock, and add to prescriptions. Drug list can be edited and up-dated.
    # 4 major Repertories – Kent, Boenninghaussen, Boericke, Boger- empowered with multiple ‘Rubric Search’ tools. Repertories are displayed as exact ‘scroll-and-read’ text pages of original books. Rubrics can be added to rubric basket and case record, book-marked or exported to reference trays. You will be convinced that it is not the number of repertories, but the tools and the ways they are used, that matter in homeopathic practice. As some body have put it correctly, “if you really know how to take case and repertorize, you can even work out any case successfully with only the ‘mind’ and ‘generalities’ of Kent Repertory. If you have not mastered the real art of case taking and repertorization, no bulky bundles of ‘modern’ repertories and sofisticated costly softwares can save you”. Note this point.
    # Powefull Rubric Search– Any rubric in any repertory can be located within split-seconds, using single or multiple ‘key-word search’. Search results can be saved into special folders for future use, if desired’.
    # Rubric Basket– to collect and display selected rubrics along with their drugs. From here, rubrics can be transferred to Case Record, Work Sheet, or used for QuickPick repertorization. Print options available
    # QuickPick– Simple and flexible Expert Tool inked to Rubric Basket, for instant repertorization during busy practice. Eliminate drugs step by step using selected rubrics, and find your similimum at fingertips within seconds .
    # 25 Customized Repertories- Clinically important selected rubrics from major repertories are customized into special groups. Can be used as specialized repertories.
    # Work Sheet– An innovative platform for for pre-repertorization preparation such as combining and grading and re-arranging of rubrics, for ensuring better output.
    # Combine Similar Rubrics- Advanced options for selecting similar rubrics, even from different repertories and combining to form a single rubric, thereby incorporating all probable drugs, same time avoiding the chances of repitition and over representation. An important tool to minimize errors in repertorization.
    # Combine with Upper Level Rubrics– Lower level particular rubrics can be combined with their upper level general rubrics, and converted into single rubric, while extracting from repertories, to ensure correct repertorization resuts, by avoiding undue over-representation of same drug.
    # Grade Rubrics– Innovative tool for detailed classical grading of rubrics into uncommon, common, generals, mentals, physicals, particulars and so on, to ensure perfect repertorization results. Weightage marks automatically assigned according to the grades of rubrics.
    # Innovative Repertorisation Methods: SIMILIMUM ULTRA offers a very rich and flexible repertorization tool box, containing diverse repertorization strategies and protocols. User can select any or multiples of the following repartorization methods, most appropriate to his taste and the peculiarities of the case in hand.
    # Totality Method: Find similimum by classical totality method, using any of the protocols such as Using all Symptoms, Using Selected Symptoms, Using Uncommon Symptoms, Using Uncommon Mentals, Using Uncommon Physical Generals Etc. Options for adding weightage marks assigned according to grades of symptoms. Result can be displayed and saved as charts, and summary could be exported to Reference Tray of the patient.
    # Elimination Method: Elimination method also can be done using any of the protocols such as Using all Symptoms, Using Selected Symptoms, Using Uncommon Symptoms, Using Uncommon Mentals, Using Uncommon Physical Generals Etc. The most efficient way of reaching a single remedy, through step-by-step elimination of drugs using the selected symptoms.
    # Combined Method: This is a revolutionary innovation from similimum team. Hailed by prominent masters of repertorization. Totality Method and Elimination method are combined into a single strategy, thereby effectively avoiding the inherent weaknesses of both methods. The result will be exact similimum. The art of repertorization is finally evolving into perfection!
    # Compartmental Method: For those who use multiple drugs for their patients. Makes their way of prescribing more systematic and rational. Symptoms can be compartmentalized into different groups, and repertorized that way. Let us have a try!
    # Shoot-out Method: From a comprehensive list of drugs, shoot-out step-by-step, using selected rubrics, until a single drug remain alive. A funny way of finding similimum. Repertorization becomes a real, intelligent game!
    # Punch Card Method: Here is the user-friendly digital version of the time-tested PunchCard repertorization. Select the rubrics, instantly prepare punch cards, and repertorize. See the difference!
    # Brick Column Method: Rubrics are represented by bricks, colored according to grades. Build columns of bricks against each drug, and the most towering column will represent the similimum. Very beautiful graphic interface and handy tools.
    # Reverse Gear Method: A platform for analyzing and comparing the results of different methods of repertorization, for final selection of similimum.
    # Re-combinant Method: Digital version of Bonninhausen’s method of case-taking and repertorization. This platform is by itself, of more worth than this whole software!
    # Repertorisation results can be saved or extracted to Reference Trays. Can be printed as charts.
    # Multiple Repertorisation Protocols- Optional Protocols for all methods of repertorizations
    # Re-combinant strategy- of case taking and finding similimum based on Boenninghaussen’s principles.
    # Materia Medica– 20 important Materia Medica works in full text, in easily readable interfaces, with key word search and bookmarking options. Options to extract selected text into NoteBooks or Reference Trays. (Hahnemann, Kent, Boericke, Boger, Nash, Clarke, H.C.Allen, T.F.Allen, Guernsy, Lippe, Anshutz, Hering, Cowperthwaite Etc., Etc).
    # Synthetic Materia Medica: A wonderful, imaginative and authoritative materia medica study material, synthesized through drug-wise and chapter-wise re-arranging of rubrics of Kent Repartory. This monumental work by itself constitutes more than 20000 thousand printable pages. Tools for comparative study of drugs and rubrics also provided.
    # Book Shelf- Containing a huge bundle of clinically important philosophical and therapeutic Reference Books, with key-word search and book-marking tools. Options to extract selected text into NoteBooks or Reference Trays. (Major works of T.F. Allen, C.M. Boger, John Patterson, J.H. Clarke, D.M. Borland, S. Hahnemann, J.T. Kent, W. A. Dewey, H.R. Arndt, Margerette Tylor, E. B. Nash, H. A. Roberts, Karl Robinson, Stuart M. Close, Hutchison, P. F. Curie, Talcott, T. L. Bradford, G.I. Bidwel Etc.Etc.)
    # Clinical Utilities– Highly helpful in successful day to day clinical work. Following Clinical Utilities are available. May be customized anytime by users, incorporating new data.
    # Normal Clinical values: Normal values of various Body Fluids, Cerebrospinal Fluids, Chemical Constituents of Blood, Function Tests, Metabolic, Endocrine, Renal, Haematologic Values, Stool, Urine, Lipid Profile, Leucocyte Differentials Etc.
    # Height-Weight tables: Detailed Height-Weight table of infants, girls, boys, women and men.
    # Laboratory Tests: Details of Indications, Test methods, Physiology, Normal Range and Interpretation of various laboratory tests belonging to categories such as Biochemistry, Haematology, Immunology, Microbiology, Hormone Tests, Sputum Tests Etc.
    # Clinical Relationships: Table of Clinical Relationships of important homeopathic drugs, such as Complementary, Antagonistic, Durations of action Etc.
    # Constitutional Symptoms of Drugs: Constitutional symptom pictures of major drugs, compiled from major materia medica works. Very useful for constitutional analysis and prescriptions.
    # Diagnostic Tables: Various Diagnostic tables and charts from Practice of Medicine, containing valuable information helpful in the process of disease diagnosis.
    # Prophylactics: Time tested homeopathic prophylactics against various diseases
    # Homoeopathic Specifics: A wonderful tool for successful day to day clinical practice. Specific uses of homeopathic drugs with recommended potencies. Collected from works of great masters of homeopathic therapeutics.
    #;External Applications: External uses of various homeopathic drugs, with detailed guidelines for preparing and using external applications.
    # Mother Tinctures : A reliable practical guide to mother tincture therapeutics in various clinical presentations.
    # Stationaries and Registers-
    # Stock Register of Drugs: Maintain Stock Register of drugs and potencies available in your pharmacy. Instantly verify the availablity of drugs before making a prescription.
    # Purchase Order Forms: Prepare and print purchase orders of drugs with potencies, without typing. Add to purchase list whenever your stock of a particular drug seems to exhaust.
    # Medical Certificates: Form for preparing and printing medical certificates to be issued.
    # Fitness Certificates: Form for preparing and printing fitness certificates for your patients.
    # Letter Pads: Prepare, print or save letters and prescriptions in the user’s letter heads. Select or change fonts and colors of the letters to make them appealing.
    # Bills and Vouchers: Prepare and print vouchers and bills related with your daily transactions.
    # Personal Organizer– A complete, built-in Personal Organizer, with reminders of appointments, to register and manage various day-to-day appoitments during busy practice. Effectively plan and organize not only your clinical practice, but your whole days and years!
    # Analysis of Clinical Performance- Tool for periodically evaluating and comparing patient turn-up in the clinic to identify deficiencies and take remedial actions.
    # Ready Reckoners– 31 wonderful clinical compilations from Boericke Materia Medica, highly helpful in making instant prescriptions for various pathologic conditions.
    # Note Book- An important platform with versatile utility. Selected portions of texts from Materia Medica, Repertories and Reference Books can be exported to NoteBook, edited and saved in special folders. Articles available from internet or other digital media also may be imported and saved here. Print options available. Handy tool to scribble down anything and everything. Its utility is limited only by the horizons of one’s imagination.
    # List of Diseases- Prepare a customized list of diseases. Add diagnosis to each case from this list. Then search and group your patients according to disease category.
    # On-screen Tips- An innovative learning tool. Even while sitting idle in front of your computer, you will be in the process of learning. Selected quotes, texts and clinical tips may be added to this platform, and viewed on the desktop as flash text displays. For an imaginative user, this platform offers a wonderful learning experience.

    HOW TO USE SIMILIMUM ULTRA

    Enter Similimum :
    SIMILIMUMULTRA should be installed on your computer first, directions for which are given on the CD cover of the product. To start working, click ‘Similimum’ icon on desktop. Homepage appears. Click ‘Enter Similimum’ button to open ‘PATIENT REGISTER’. This is the functional homepage for your work. List of Patients will be displayed here. Name of Clinic will be shown at the headline of this page. You can navigate to all other modules and open various platforms and tools from window.
    Registering New Patient:
    Registering a new patient is very simple and less time consuming when compared to ther similar software products. Click ‘New Patient’ icon on the main tool bar. Or, click ‘Show’ on menu bar, and, from the drop-down list, select ‘Patient Registration window’. A Patient Registration window appears. Only ‘Name’ and ‘Age’ are mandatory. Other entries are optional. Patient details can be later edited from ‘Case Record’ window any time. Enter Name, Age, and select ‘Male/Female’. Click ‘OK’. Name of new patient appears displayed at the bottom of ‘Patient List’.
    Un-registered cases:
    To work up on a case without registering first, click ‘ Unregistered case’ button on the main tool bar. Or, click ‘Show’ on menu bar, and from drop down menu, select ‘Repertory’. A window appears, where all the Repertories are displayed, along with tools. You can Search Rubrics, Repertorise and find your similimum here. When exiting, you will be asked to confirm whether to save the case. If you want to save, opt for it. ‘New patient’ Registration window will appear. Make necessary entries, and click ‘OK’. Your patient will be registered into your ‘Patients Register’. Since many tools may not be available in unregistered cases, it is advised to make a habit of registering the patient first.
    Searching Patient Register:
    Patients included in the ‘Patients List’ may be located by using search tools provided at the top of this list. Enter Register Number of the patient in the search box and press ‘ENTER’. Patient will be selected. Pressing ‘ENTER’ once again, you can open the ‘Case Record’ of the selected patient. Patient may be located by typing his name in the search box, or using the inbuilt Calender. Patients may be searched Diagnosis-wise, if you have already entered the diagnosis in prescribed way.
    Refresh’ or ‘Delete’:
    These two buttons are provided at the bottom of ‘Patients List’. To remove the whole records of a particular patient from the ‘Patient Register’, select his name and click ‘Delete’. ‘Refresh’ button can be used to refresh and return to the complete patitent list from the search list.
    Case Records:
    To open Case Record of a particular patient, first locate and select the patient in the ‘Patient register’. Then double click on the name of the patient, or click ‘Case Record’ icon in the toolbar, or press ‘Enter’ button of the key board. Case record of the selected patient appears instantly.
    Name, Register Number and present age of the patient will be displayed on the headline of ‘Case Record’. Please note that the age of the patient is automatically updated periodically.
    Over and above the main tool bar on the top of the window, extra tools are provided on the additional tool bar in the middle line of case record window, for various operations like editing patient details, opening case recording form, opening reference tray, opening existing work sheet, opening rubric basket, Quick Pick Tool, Recombinant Method, open Repertories, search Repertories, open drop-down list of consultations, backward-forward navigation buttons, open Case Hisory, open Drug List, Print Options, Save, Delete etc.
    The main part of case record window is separate bilateral panels for recording ‘Symptoms’ and ‘Prescriptions’ for consultations and follow-ups.
    To return to ‘Patient List’ from case record, click ‘Patient List’ button on toolbar, or, click ‘show’ on menu bar, and from the drop-down list, select ‘Patient List’.
    Editing Patient Details:
    The peraonal details regarding a particular patient can be edited and modified any time using ‘Edit Personal Details’ button on the case record window. After making necessary entries, save and return to Consultation page.
    Case History:
    Case history of the selected patient can be viewed in a single window if desired, by clicking ‘Case history’ button on the additional tool bar of case record. A complete printout of case history can be taken from here, if required.
    Navigating Consultations:
    Navigation buttons, ‘First consultation’, Present consultation’, ‘Backward’, ‘Forward’ etc. are provided to enable navigation thrugh consultation history of the selectd patient. Further, a drop-down list of consultations is provided to enable quick navigation between different consultations.
    Carry Forward:
    To carry forward text from ‘symptoms’ and ‘prescriptions’ panels from a previous consultations to present consultation, select the text to be carried forward. A button ’Carry Forward’ become actvated. Press. The selected text will be transferred to present consultation. This tool may reduce the need for much typing.
    Prescriptions:
    Prescriptions may be created by typing down in the field named ‘Prescriptions’, or, simply by selecting ‘Drug names’ and ‘Potencies’ from ‘Drug list’ provided, as described below.
    Dispensing Directions:
    Customised ‘directions’ for dispensing and using drugs can also be created in the Drug list, and exported when necessary to prescriptions, so as to completely avoid any typing work in prescriptions.
    Drug List:
    List of drugs can be opened by clicking ‘DrugList’ button on the additional toolbar on the case record window. A list of drugs and various potencies are provided here. Options are available to add or delete drugs or potencies from this list. Drug names and potencies can be selected and exported to prescriptions. Specific directions for dispensing may also be created and added to this drug list
    Printing Options:
    If a printer is made available in the Pharmacy, prescriptions can be instantly printed there, using ‘print’ button on the additional tool bar. This may reduce much human labour required in the clinic. If ‘Chit’ option is selected, the printout will be a small chit to the pharmacist, containing only the name and register number of the patient, along with body of prescription. If ‘detailed prescription’ option is selected, print-out will be in the letter head of the clinic, with all necessary details. OP cards, Appointment cards, Medical certificates etc. also can be printed using this tool.

    Save or Delete Consultations:

    Particular onsultation of a patient day can be deleted from his case history, using ‘delete’ button on additioanal tool bar. Use ‘save’ button to save changes while navigating away from the consultation window.
    Interpolating Consultaions:
    Since the maintaining of case records is linked to in-built computer calender, it may be difficult to interpolate consultations in between previously recorded dates. However, in unavoidable special circumstances, change the computer calender from the task bar to a required previous date, re-start similimum ultra, make necessary entries, save, and again change the computer calender to present date.
    Case Taking:
    Case taking can be done in different ways using SIMILIMUMULTRA. This flexibility makes it adaptable to any clinical method followed by the practitioners.
    Classical Method:
    This method is ideal for recording chronic diaseases, especially having large number of complex symptoms involving various regions of the body, and with marked mental and physical generals and modalities. A systematic case recording may be necessary in such cases. If the doctor desires to maintain a case record in the classical schematic model, in patient’s own words, this method will be most suitable. Open ‘Case Recording Form” by clicking the button provided on the ‘CaseRecord’ window. In the ‘Case taking Form’ we can see two panels. Appropriate regions of body can be opened by clicking tabs in the left panel. Type down the Presenting complaints and detailed regional symptoms in patients own words, in this form.
    A Printout can be taken if required. The main draw back of this method is that it involves much typing work.
    Scribbling Method:
    In simple acute cases,where a detailed and systematic case recording and work-out is not essential, we can simply scribble down important symptoms only in the ‘Symptoms’ field provided in the ‘Case Record’ window. In the regular follow ups of existing cases also, this scribbling method is very useful for recording progress reports. Then record your prescriptions on “ prescriptions’ tab.
    Search-and-add Rubric’ Method:
    This is a very simple and efficient way of case recording, especially for busy practitioners, who have no time and inclination to type down complete case history, but desires a full case taking. Typing work is very nominal in this method. Symptoms are recorded not in patients own words, but as exact repertorial rubrics. Much time and labour is saved, without compromising quality and acuuracy of outcome.
    To record cases using this method, open ‘Search Repertory’ tool from ‘Case Record’ window. Select the preferred Repertory from drop-down list. Simultaneous with interrogation of the patient, type down one or more key words that are expected to be part of the repertorial rubric appropriate for the symptom the patient is elaborating. Click ‘Go’ or press ‘Enter’. A list of all rubrics from all chapters of the selected repertory, containing the selected key words will be displayed instantly. Scrolling through this rubric list, select the appropriate rubric for your symptom and click ‘Add to Basket’. Repeat this process for all the important symptoms described by the patient. A fter case taking is over, click “Rubric Basket’ icon above the ‘symptoms’ field to open the ‘Rubric Basket’. A complete list of rubrics already added, along with their drug lists are displayed in the ‘rubric basket’. You can ‘delete’ unwanted rubrics from here. Then click “ Add to Case record’ . All the rubrics are instantly transferred to ‘symptoms’ panel of Case Record.
    Case Taking is now complete! You have not even bothered about opening your Repertories, and looking for chapters and Rubrics!
    Re-Combinant Strategy:
    In this innovative method, case taking and repertorisation are done on an entirely different creative platform called ‘Re-Combinant Method’, available in SIMILIMUMULTRA only. Open ‘Recombinant Method’ by clicking button on the additional tool bar. A new window opens. From this window, go to ‘open repertoy’ or ‘search repertories’, using appropriate buttons on the bottom of this window. Locate the exact rubrics . When adding rubrics, select appropriate categories from the pop-up list. Rubrics will be automatically added to the selected categories under ‘Primary Components’, ‘Secondary Components’ and ‘Tertiary Components’. When a particular ‘symptom complex’ is completely recorded, with its locations, sensations, modalities, concomitants etc, lick ‘Repertorisation’ button. All the added rubrics will be listed for repertorisation. Carefully select the eliminating symptoms one by one from the list, until we get a similimum for that particular symptom complex. Then enter a name for the symptom complex, and click ‘save’. If there is another symptom complex in the same patient to be considered, record the details again in a new window, repertorise and save under an appropriate new name. Later, these different symptom complexes can be opened using the ‘Open’ button, and selecting the name of symptom complex. Remember that we are recording and repertorising the totality of each major symptom complex separately, and we may get more than one similimum. In this innovative method, the cocept of ‘Totality of Symptoms’ means ‘Totality of diverse aspects of Individual Symptom Complexes’, not ‘Totality of all Symptoms’ exhibited by the patient. Try to understand the underlying philosophy and rationale well, before utilising this ‘Recombinant Strategy’.
    The concept of symptom complex has to be explained and understood well here. It is a group of inter-related constituent symptoms. For example, a throbbing headache on right forehead, aggravated during menses, aggravated by exposure to sun, ameliorated by vomiting and sleep, accompanied by frequent yawning is a group of constituent symptoms, forming a symptom complex. In order to repertorise, we have to first deconstruct this symptom complex into following individual constituents:- Throbbing pain (Sensation), Forehead (Location), Menses during (Aggravation), Sun exposure to (Aggravation), Vomiting (Amelioration), Sleep (Amelioration), Yawning ( Concomittant) . A drug that covers these constituent symptoms will be the similimum for that particular case of headache.
    Deconstructing symptom complexes into constituent symptoms, and then re-combining through repertorisational process to find a similimum- this is the fundamental principle of ReCombinant Strategy. This method is most useful in dealing with acute diseases and wellmarked pathologic conditions.
    Key-Note Method:-
    May be called ‘Expert Thumb-index Method’ of finding similimum. Fish out a single, charecteristic ‘Key-Note’ or ‘pivotal’ symptom during interogation of the patient, search for an apprpriate rubric for it in your favourite repertory, using multiple keywords on ‘Search Repertory’ window. From the Listof Rubrics thus displayed, locate and select the exact rubric and click ‘Show in Repertory’. The specific part of repertory is opened instantly, and you will see the selected rubric and its drugs displayed there. Select it, right click, and “ Add to Reference Tray”. Close windows, return to case record. Open ‘Reference Tray’. From a small group of drugs for the particular key-note symptom, it will not be difficult for an expereinced and intelligent doctor to select the exact similimum for his case with in seconds, through a comparison and weeding out process. If desired, copy it from ‘reference tray’ and paste in the ‘symptoms’ field of ‘case record’ for easy viewing and future reference. Work is done!
    Search Repertory Tool:
    ‘Search Repertory’ Tool can be used to search appropriate rubrics from repertories using single or multiple key words. This tool can be opened from tool bar on the repertory page, or clicking ‘Search Repertory’ button in the additional tool bar on the ‘case record’ window. A ‘search repertory window’ window pops up, in which there is a drop-down list of repertories. Select the repertory you want to search. In the ‘search’ text box type down key words or parts of key words, expected to be part of rubric you are looking for. When using multiple key words, they should be separated by single space. If search is to be done using any of the key words, tick the ‘select any ‘ selection box. Click ‘GO’ or press ‘ENTER’.
    All the rubrics in the selected repertory, containing your keywords will be instantly displayed. You can reduce the size of list by using multiple keywords. If you cannot locate the exact rubric you are looking for, refine your search by changing keywords, or selecting another repertory.
    Now locate and select the exact rubric from the displayed list, click ‘add to basket’ button. The selected rubric , along with its list of drugs will be instantly exported to ‘Rubric Basket’, a temporary collection basket for rubrics. This basket may be viewed by clicking the ‘rubric basket’ button on the additional tool bar, or repertory window.
    If you want to view the rubric and its drugs in the repertory itself, click ‘show in repertory’ button. The specfic chapter of the repertory containing selected rubric opens instantly. You can add rubrics to ‘rubric basket’ from this window also. You can save the search results if desired into a separate folder, using ‘save results’ button for using later. Use ‘open’ button to read these saved files.
    Using Repertories:
    Kent, Boericke, Boenninghaussen and Boger are the repertories included in this package. Repertories are given as the exact printed text pages of books. Repertories may be opened from ‘unregistered’ button for unregistered cases, or using ‘open repertory’ button in the additional tool bar of idividual case records. Another way is from menu bar > show > repertory.
    Repertories main window contains a menu bar and a tool bar. Individual repertories and chapters may be opened by clicking appropriate icons on the tool bar, and selecting required chapters from the drop-down list. Chapters are listed in alphabetical order for easy selection.
    Selected chapter of repertory is opened. Repertory pages are displayed in two panels. Left panel contains list of main rubrics in the chapter. ‘plus’ sign indicates a tree structure, from which we can go to the sub rubrics. When any rubric in left panel is selected, its drug list appears on right panel, and is automatically selected. Using ‘add to basket’ button on the lower right corner, the selected rubric and its drug list can be exported to ‘rubric basket’.
    To make locating the appropriate rubrics fast and easy, there is also an additional text box selection tool for ‘main rubric’ and its ‘subrubrics’. While typing text in this text boxes, rubrics will be appearing as drop-down list, from which we can select the rubrics.
    You can see two optional buttons on the bottom of repertory page: ‘add’- ‘selected rubric only’/ ‘rubric with upper level rubrics’. We can use either of the options. If ‘selected rubric only’ option is selected, the selected rubric and its drugs will be exported to ‘rubric basket’. If ‘add with upper levl rubrics’ option is selected, the selected rubric will be combined with its upper level rubrics and converted into a single rubric, while adding to the rubric basket. Remember, this simple tool has a very important role in ensuring a correct repertorisation results. It avoids the chances of over representation of same drug , that may happen if we add both upper and lower level rubrics separately.
    Select a particular portion of text in the repertory, and right-click over it. Using the dropdown options, we can copy the text to a ‘note book’, ‘add to the reference tray’ attached to the case record of particular patient, or ‘book mark’.
    There is button ‘drug list’ on the tool bar of repertory window. It can be used to clear any confusion regarding the real name of drugs, because only abbreviations are provided in the repertories.
    Customized Repertories:
    There are 25 customized repertories in this package, which may be used to locate rubrics belonging to specific groups. These may be opened from menu bar on the repertory window, or using icon on the tool bar. Rubrics can be located and added to referene tray, or rubric basket as required. Using ‘locate in repertory’ button, we can view the selected rubric directly in the repertory page.
    Use the ‘case record’ button on the tool bar to return to ‘case record’, or, ‘show > case record’ from menu bar.
    Rubric Basket:
    Rubric basket is a very important platform for clinical work. It is a temporary collection box, in which selected rubrics and drug lists are stored temporarily. To view rubric basket, click ‘rubric basket’ button on additional tool bar in the ‘case record’ window, or in the main tool bar of ‘Repertory’ window.
    Rubric basket appears as a small pop-up window, with buttons for various important tools. Rubrics already added to it will be listed numberwise, with their drug lists.
    Unwanted rubrics an be selected and deleted from the list using ‘delete’ button. All the contents may be removed using ‘ clear’ button. A printout of the rubric basket can be taken using ‘print’ button.‘Hide’ button can be used to temporarily hide rubric basket to the background.
    Rubrics listed in the rubric basket can be exported to the ‘symptoms’ field of ‘case record’ by clicking ‘ add to case record’ button. This tool is very useful for avoiding typing of symptoms in the case record. It saves much time and labour.
    Use ‘add to work sheet’ button to export the rubrics to a pre-repertorisation preparatory platform. Especaially for cases requiring classical mode of repertorisations, this step is very important. Work sheet appears instantly, which may be closed if you are not repertorising right now. It can be opened later by using ‘ worksheet’ button on the additional tool bar of case record window. This button will be activated only if the work sheet contains some rubrics.
    There is a quick pick button on the rubric basket window. This button will open a very important platform useful in day to day practice. Quick pick tool can be opened from case record window using ‘quick pick button’ provided there.
    Quick Pick:
    Quick Pick is a very useful expert tool to find similimum instantly by elimination method, during busy clinical practice
    Click ‘Quick Pick’ button from ‘rubric basket’ or ‘case record’. A new window pops-up. All the rubrics added to the rubric basket are listed selection boxes in the upper panel with of the new window. Select the most important eliminating rubric first. List of drugs covered by that rubric is displayed in the lower panel. Then select the second eliminating symptom. Now, only the drugs covered by both rubrics are displayed. In this way, eliminate systematically, until we reach a single drug , covered by all eliminating rubrics. This will be the similimum for the case. Utmost care should be employed in the selection of eliminating rubrics and their sequences, to ensure correct output. Never do it mechanically.
    When elimination has given a satisfactory output, click ‘add to reference tray’ button. The result of quick pick method will be saved into the reference tray attached to the case record of the particular patient.
    We can return to ‘Rubric basket’ by clicking ‘view basket’ button whenever necessary.
    Work Sheet:
    Open Work sheet using ‘Worksheet’ button on the additional tool bar of ‘Case record’, or from the tool bar on the repertory window.
    All the rubrics exported to worksheet from rubric basket will be listed in the upper panel of this window.
    Pre-repertorisation preparatory works are done here. Now you can delete any unwanted rubric from the list by selecting it and using ‘delete’ button. If it is felt that a few more additional rubrics are required, go to repertory window using the ‘repertory’ button and add new rubrics through rubric basket.
    Combining Similar Rubrics:
    Combining rubrics is a very important tool that may help to ensure correct repertorisation output. Similar rubrics can be combined into a single rubric using this tool. We can take any number of similar rubrics from same repertory , or different repertories, and combine them. This will help to incorporate maximum number of probable drugs for repertorisation, same time avoiding the possibility of over-representation of same drug. This wil be a major contribution in the process of finding correct similimum.
    Click ‘combine rubric’ button on the tool bar. A new window pops-up, with all rubrics listed with selection boxes. Select the rubrics to be combined and click ‘combine’ . The selected rubrics are combined into a single rubric. If desired, it can be split into original form by clicking ‘split’.
    Then click ‘OK’ to close and return to ‘worksheet’.
    Grading Rubric:
    This is a highly appreciated innovation of SIMILIMUMULTRA. Instead of the subjective assigning of marks or selecting intensity of rubrics seen in other similar softwares, we provide a very scientific, principled and objective method of grading rubrics.
    Select a rubric from the list, click ‘Grade Rubric’ button. A pop-up window appears. Then select whether it is an ‘Uncommon’ symptom or ‘Common symptom’. Then select whether it is a ‘’General’ symptom or ‘Particular’ symptom. If it is a ‘General’ symptom, select whether ‘Mental’ or Physical.’ Grading further downline is optional. Click ‘OK’ . The graded rubric is transferred to the lower panel. Repeat the process with each rubric, until all rubrics are transferred to lower panel. We can modify the grading later, if required.
    After grading is over, click ‘Re-arrange’ button. Now the rubrics will be re-arranged in such a way that uncommon mentals comes at the topmost position, and common particulars comes at the lowest position. Computer assigns weightage marks for each rubric , according to the grade we have selected.
    These Weightage marks can be added to the Repartorisation marks at the time of repertorisation.
    Repertorisation Methods:
    When the grading of rubrics is completed, and rubrics rearranged accordingly, we are ready for repertorisation. Click ‘Repertorise’ button. Repertorisation window appears.
    Tool bar of this window provides tools for various innovative methods of repertorisation.
    Select Protocol:
    When opening various Repertorisation methods, you will see a ‘Select Protocol’ window pop up. This tool provides options to use the particular repertorisation method with different priorities. A Homoeopath can use this tool with great imagination and creative flexibility, to find an exact similimum for his case. Try same repertorisation method with different protocol options and see the difference in output.
    Totality Method:
    Click ‘Totality’ button to repertorise in the classical ‘Totality Method’. Protocol selection window pops up. Select an appropriate protocol from the list. Select ‘ Weightage marks’ option if desired. Click OK. The result appears as a chart. Use ‘Save’ button on the tool bar to save the chart. Abstract of result can be saved in the ‘Reference Tray’. Protocol for repertorisation may be changed using ‘Protocol’ button. In order to use ‘Totality Method’ with maximum flexibility and creativity, it will be ideal to select ‘ With selected Symptoms’ Protocol.
    Elimination Method:
    Click ‘Elimination Method’ button on tool bar. Protocol selection window appears. Select ‘Selected symptoms’ protocol. A window appears with all the selected rubrics displayed in it. Decide the first eliminating rubric and tick inside its check box . List of drugs covered by that rubric will appear. Then tick next eliminating rubric. Repeat this proces until similimum is obtained.
    Remember, if the grading of rubrics was correct, we can safely eliminate in the same order of rubrics showen in the list. Save, and export the abstract into ‘Reference Tray’. Elimination may be tried using other protocols also.
    Combined Method:
    ‘Combined method’ is an innovation of SIMILIMUMULTRA. This method was designed to overcome the deficiencies of ‘Totality Method’ and ‘Elimination Method’. In the Totality method, if the number of coommon symptoms and particulars are high, the result may not be reliable.
    Whereas in the Elimination method, there is no way to verify whether the drug resulting after elimination covers the remaining symptoms also.
    In the ‘Combined Method’, both elimination and totality are done simultaneously in the same window. Hence we can verify rhe totality picture of drugs remaining after elimination. ‘Combined Method’ has been already hailed by the experts in repertorisation as the most scientific and reliable method.
    Compartmental Method:
    Compartmental Method is a novel repertorisation tool introduced by SIMILIMUMULTRA. We are conscious about the chances of being labelled it as a deviation from classical homoeopathy. It is a platform expected to be useful for those who prescribe multiple drugs for their patients. Here, we compartmentalise symptoms into various groups before repertorisation. Each group is repertorised separately, probably leading to different similimum for each group.
    For example, Constitutional Symptoms may be grouped into one group, Head symptoms into another group, and abdominal symptoms into yet another group, thereby prescribing different drugs for each group. The philosophical validity of this method can be questioned, but it may be useful to at least some homoeopaths.
    Click ‘Compartmental’ button on tool bar. A new window popus up, with all rubrics listed in the upper panel. Decide the groups to be made, and which symptoms are to be inctluded in each group. Select a symptom to be included in the first group, and click ‘add’ button. The selected rubric now appears in lower panel. Then click each symptom one by one and add to this group. When all the symptoms belonging to first group ared added, click ‘Save”. Assign a name to this group and click ‘OK’. Then click ‘New’ to create second group. Add rubrics as before, and save. Repeat this process until all groups are created. Now open the drop-down list of groups you have created by clicking on downward the arrow on ‘Compartments’. From this drop-down list, select the group for repertorisation and click ‘OK’. Repertorisation results will appear as a chart. If you want, a ‘Totality Method using selected rubrics’ repertorisation also can be done here. Add the absract to ‘Reference Tray’. Click ‘Compartments’ button to return to ‘Compartments’ page. Select next group, and repertorise. In this way repertorise all groups. Close and return to ‘Case Record’. Consult Reference Tray, and decide the prescription.
    Shoot out Method:
    This method is a reverse variant of ‘Elimination Method’. To open, click ‘Shoot out’ button on tool bar. It will be ideal to select ‘Selected symptoms’ as protocol. Click ‘OK’. A new window opens, with all rubrics in upper panel, and list of probable drugs in lower panel. Then ticking the check box of each rubric, you can shoot out drugs progressively, until a similimum remains. Export to ‘Reference tray’
    Punch Card Method:
    In fact, this is a digital translation of old ‘Punch Card Repertorisation’. To open, click ‘Punch card Method’ button on tool bar. A new window appears, with all rubrics listed. Select ‘all symptoms’ option and click ‘OK’. ‘Select Card’ window opens. Click ‘Selected Symptoms’ option, and select the cards you want to use, by ticking the check boxes. Click ‘Show Punch Cards’. All the selected cards appears, arranged one over other, with holes representing drugs on each card. Each card will have a numbered tag. There is a card holder, into which you can drag cards. You can replace cards by right cilicking the card in the card holder, and dragging over the cards. Names of drugs covering all selected symptoms willl be seen as a bright hole. You can select similimum, exactly the same way you did it using real punch cards.
    Brick Column Method:
    This is another graphic method of repertorisation. Click the appropriate button and select protocol. ‘Selected Symptoms’ protocol will be more ideal, since it provides freedom to experiment. A new window opens, with rubrics listed with serial numbers in the lower panel. ‘Show Grading’ can be used to the grades of each rubric. Now, select the rubrics you want to use for repertorisation, by ticking check boxes. A row of columns of colored and numbered bicks will build up in the upper panel. Each brick represents a particular rubric. Each brick is numbered with the serial number of the rubric it represents. Color of brick shows shows the mark assigned for each drug in the repertories. Red color represents 3 marks, blue color 2 morks, and black color 1 mark. Total marks obtained for each drug will be shown below the name of drug. This platform can be used to experiment with repertorisation process and find a similimum. Save results to ‘Reference Tray’ and ‘Close’.
    Reverse Gear Verification:
    In real sense of word, this not an independent repertorisation method, but a tool to compare and evaluate results obtained by other methods of repertorisation. Hence, this should be done only after other methods are done and results saved.
    Click ‘Reverse gear’ icon on the tool bar of repertorisation window. A new window opens. Select the ‘Repertorisation Method’ you want to analyse result. The list of drugs obtained from repertorisation will be listed there. Select the name of drug from this list. The list of rubrics covered by that drug will be shown in upper panel, and not covered in the lower panel. This will help for a final comaritive study, before deciding the final choice.
    To return from ‘Repertorisation window’ to ‘Case Record’ window, click ‘WorkSheet’ icon on tool bar, and then click ‘Case Record’ icon. Case record window appears.
    Reference Tray
    We haved saved the abstracts of all repertorisation results to ‘Reference Tray’. To view this platform, click ‘Referece Tray’ tab on the ‘Case Record’ window. ‘Reference tray’ opens. All data we have saved regarding this particular patient can be viewed here. Options are available for editing these data. Print option also available.
    We can export any selected text from Repertories, Reference books or Matera Medica to Reference Tray. This helps build up a complete collection of information we have collected during the case study of the patient, which may be grately useful as a quick reference base during future consultaions, saving much time and labour in clinical work.
    Materia Medica:
    20 Materia Medica works are included in this packagefor clinical refence of drugs. To open Materia Medica, click the downward arrow of ‘Materia Medica’ icon on main tool bar, and select from drop-down list of books. If clicked on directly on the icon, a list o Materia Medica works will appear. Materia Medica may be opened from main menu also.
    Materia Medica opens in a new window, with list of drugs in left panel, and materia medica text in the right panel. There is also a drop-down list of drugs to select from. Selecting the name of drug in left panel, its materia medica may be viewd in right panel.
    Search Materia Medica:
    To search in the materia medica, click ‘search’ tool on tool bar, and type appropriate key words in the text box. Click ’OK”.
    In Boericke Materia Medica, which is widely used by homoeopaths during consultations, search tool is more powerfull. Multiple key words can be used here. The result of search is displayed as list of drugs along with the rubric containing the key words. To read the materia medica, select the rubric and click’ show’ button. The specific part of materia medica, containing that selected rubric will open instantly.
    Bookmark, Create notes, add to reference tray:
    Right click selected portion of text in the materia medica. Using the dropdown menu, we can Bookmark the selected ortion, export it a the Reference tray, or send to the Notebook to make notes and save. These tools highly enhances the utility of materia medica in SIMILIMUMULTRA.
    Synthetic Materia Medica:
    This is a much appreciated innovation incorporated in SIMILIMUMULTRA. It can be opened from list of Materia Medica’ works.
    This is a special kind of Materia Medica prepared by SIMILIMUM team. Contents of Kent Repertory is here re-arranged in a reverse order, converting that great repertory into a powerful materia medica work. Thus we get a very usefull materia medica for day-to-day work, with main rubrics listed in alphabetical order, and sub-rubrics in tree structure, under each chapter, for each drug. More over, rubrics having three marks in Kent repertory are coloured here in red, two marks in blue, and one mark in black.
    Utility value of this work is further enhanced by providing a special tool for comparison of drugs. After selecting a rubric and viewing its drugs in the main panel, click ‘Compare’ button.
    Instantly, a full list of dugs covered by that rubric appears in right panel.
    Book Shelf:
    ‘Book Shelf’ is a library of reference books. Books that are presumed to be necessary on consultation table of a homoeopath are included. We can read, search, bookmark, create notes, and add to reference tray from these reference books.
    To open, click ‘BookShelf’ icon on main tool bar. Or, from ‘Show > reference Books’ from Main Menu.
    Clinical Values:
    Normal laboratory values for clinical tests are given. Open using ‘Clinical Utilities icon on main tool bar, or from the drop-down list on main menu bar.Clinical Values window opens. Select the name of test in left panel, and read the normal values on rught panel. It may also be viewed by scrolling down. Search may be done by typing keywords in the search tool. Tools for exporting selected portions of text to Reference tray, Note books, or book marking are available.
    New tests and values can be added at any time, using ‘Customize’ tool given at the lower part of the left panel.
    Height weight tables:
    Height-weight tables are given in the same window, below clinical values. Tools for exporting selected portions of text to Reference tray, Note books, or book marking are available here also.
    Laboratory Tests:
    To open, click ‘Clinical Tests’ icon on the tool bar of ‘Clinical Utilities’ window. Detais of clinially important laboratory tests under various categories such as Biochemistry, Haematology, Immunology, Microbiology, Endocrinology, DNA tests, Sputum Tests etc. are given in this module. All aspects of Indications, Physilogy, Test Method, Normal values and Interpretations of tests are provided. Search option is also available. Practitioner can further enrich this platform by constantly upgrading with new information available time to time, using ‘Customize’ tool. Tools for exporting selected portions of text to Reference tray, Note books, or book marking are available here also.
    Drug Relationships:
    Clinical relationship of Homoeopathic drugs are provided here. Open from main menu > Clinical Utilities > relationships . Or, main toolbar > Clinical Utilities > Relationships. Search tool is also provided on ‘Rlationships’ window. Tools for exporting selected portions of text to Reference tray, Note books, or book marking are available.
    Diagnostic Tables:
    A few important diagnostic tables and information are given here. May be useful in differential diagnosis of cliniacl cases. May be also used as a learning tool for beginers. To open, go to main toolbar > Clinical Utilities > Diagnostics. Or, main menu > Clinical Utilities > Diagnostics. You can add new tables using ‘Customize’ tool. ‘Serch‘ option also given. Tools for exporting selected portions of text to Reference tray, Note books, or book marking are available here also.
    Constitutionals:
    Constitutional Symptoms of all major drugs are given here. May be usefull as a learning tool. It may be also used to select prescriptions based on constitutional make up of the patient. To open, go to main toolbar > Clinical Utilities > Constitutional Symptoms. Or, from main menu > Clinical Utilities > Constitutional Symptoms. Search tool is available. Text may be selected and exported to refeence tray, Note books, or book marked.
    Specifics:
    This is a very much appreciated and usefull part of SIMILIMUMULTRA package. Homoeopathic Specific treatment is seen by many as a less time consuming practical way of successful day-today clinical management. Specific indications of dugs proven recorded by great masters in the field of homoeopathy are compiled here. Tools for exporting selected portions of text to reference tray, Note books, or book marking are available here also. ‘Customization’ tool also available. To open, go to Main toolbar > Clinical Utilities > Specifics. Or, from Main menu > Clinical Utilities > Specifics.
    Prophylactics:
    This platform contains Homoeopathic Preventive medicines. Tools for exporting selected portions of text to reference tray, Note books, or book marking are available here also. To open, go to Main toolbar > Clinical Utilities > Prophylactics. Or, from Main menu > Clinical Utilities > Prophylactics. ‘Customize’ and Search tools available.
    External Applications:
    Clinically well-proven external uses of Homoeopathic drugs, with mode preparation and use are provided here, compiled from clinical records of eminent prescribers of yesterdays. Tools for exporting selected portions of text to reference tray, Note books, or book marking are available here also. ‘Customise’ and ‘search’ tools alao provided. To open, go to Main toolbar > Clinical Utilities > Externals. Or, from Main menu > Clinical Utilities > Externals.
    Mother Tinctures:
    Information regarding use of mother tinctures in diverse clinical conditions are given here. Tools for exporting selected portions of text to Reference tray, Note books, or book marking are also available. This section also can be customized and enriched by user by adding new information. Serach is also provided.
    Stock Register of Drugs:
    Stock Register of Drugs is a very usefull addition to the package, making SIMILIMUM ULTRA a real friend of practitioners. While making a prescription, he can instantly verify the availability if a particular potency of drug in his stock, by a smple mouse-click. Stock Register can be prepared and kept up-dated with out any typing. To open, go to Main menu > Registers > Stock Register. Or, click ‘Registers’ icon on Main Toolbar and select ‘Stock Register’.
    Stock Register window opens. It will be a blank page while opening first. Click ‘Add/Edit’ button at the right lower corner. A Drug List with edit options appears. From the list of drugs, select the Name of drug to be added to the stock register. Then tick the check boxes of Potencies of that drug available in your Pharmacy. Then move to select next drug. Instantly, the selected drug and potencies appears listed in the stock register.
    If the name of drug or specific potency you want to bring to the stock register is not seen in the default drug list, the drug list and potency list may be revised using ‘Add New Drug/ Potency’ buttons. Even Patent drugs can be listed in this way. Later, to search the availability of a particular drug in your stock register, use the Search tool provided.
    Create Purchase Orders:
    Purchase orders of drugs can be prepared without typing, using the tool provided. This tool can be opened from the toolbar on stock register, or, directly from Main toolbar > Registers > Purchase List.
    Opening first time the window will be an empty table, with columns titled Drugs, Poteny and Quantity. To prepare list, click on the empty cell below Drugs column. A list of drugs will drop down, from which you can select the drug you want to add to the list. Then click on the empty cell under Potency. From the drop-down list, select Potency. Then move to the empty cell under Quantity. Here type the quantity you want to order. In this way you can build up a complete Purchase List, and take Printout. Printout will be in the title of your Clinic and its Address, which can be diectly sent to your drug vendor.
    Personal Organizer:
    Personal Organizer is a very useful application incorporated into the SIMILIMUM ULTRA package. To open this utility, go to Menu bar > Registers > Appointments. Or, Click ‘Registers’ icon on tool bar and select ‘Appointments’ from drop-down list. Personal Organizer Window with built in calener appears. To record an appointment, select date from calender, select time, and type down details of appointment in ‘appointments’ and ‘descriptions’ columns. Click OK. The appointment appears on the right panel of the window. To view the appointments later, open it and select the date.
    More than a clinical tool, Personal Organizer can be used for all personal appointments and reminders of day –to-day activities, as part of your digital life.
    Evaluate Clinical Turn-up:
    This is a tool to periodically evaluate and compare patient turn-up at your clinic. Total number of new cases registerd, follow up consultations total turn up etc can be evaluated, and viewed on a graphic interface. To open this tool, go to Main Menu > Registers > Analysis of Consultations. Or, click ‘Registers’ on Main toolbar, and select ‘Analysis’ from the drop-down list. In the new window, click ‘options’ button. Select ‘Period’, ‘Performance’ and ‘Chart type’ and click OK. View the displayed result.
    Ready Reckoners:
    Ready Reckoners, compiled through extensive search from Boericke Materia Medica provides a handy tool to find out instant prescriptions for various disease entities. Open ‘Ready Reckoners’ from the ‘Case Record’ window by clicking the icon on main tool bar, and selecting the disease entity from the drop down list. Or, go to Menu bar > Ready Reckoners > Dropdown list.
    Ready Reckoner for a selected disease entity opens in a new window. List of Drugs are given in left panel, and differential indications in right panel. Selected portion may be exported to ‘Reference Tray’, using the button provided.
    Note Books:
    Note Book is a versatile tool. We can export any selected text from Repertories, Materia Medica, Reference books and various Clinical Utilities to Note Book, and prepare notes. These notes may be edited and saved in special folders for future use. NoteBook also may be used as a Scribbling pad, no note down any thing, like name and phone number of a caller etc. Print outs of notes can be taken instantly. More over, any usefull article you receive from internet or any other digital media can be collected in NoteBook and saved. Thus, we can even build up a large additional library inside SIMILIMUM ULTRA.
    Note Book may be opened by clicking icon on main toolbar.
    Edit User info:
    User Info such as name of clinic, name of owner and address is entered at the time of installing the software itself. In case the customer wants to change or edit the details later, click ‘Options’ button on main toolbar and select ‘Edit User Info’. User Info appears, where you can make required changes.
    Create and use Diagnosis List:
    To build up a list of diseases to select diagnosis from, click ‘Options’ button on main tool bar and select ‘Diagnosis’. ‘Diagnosis Options’ window pops up. Enter name of diasease in ‘Add’ text box, and click OK. Name of Disease will appear in the list on left panel. Add new names as you like. Close. In this way, slowly build up an exhautive list of known diseases. To select a diagnosis for your patient, open ‘Personal Details’ from Case Record window. Click drop down arrow in the diagnosis tab. The list of diseases you have built in will appear as a drop down list. Name appropriate name of disease for the diagnosis of the patient. ‘Save’ and return to ‘Case Record’.
    As already described, there is an option in ‘Patient Register’, to search patients by diagnosis. Click the downward arrow here. You will see your in built list of diseases as a dropdown list. Select the daisease of the patient you are searching for. All the names of patients having that particular diagnosis will appear. You can select your patient from this disease. This tool will help to make comaritive studies of patients with same diagnosis, and thereby evolve a common strategy in such cases.
    On-screen Tips:
    Essentially, this is a learning tool. Selected texts and quotes from Repertories, Materia Medica and Reference books can be added to this paltform and viewed as flash text displays on desktop. Philosophical Quotes, Clinical Tips, Repertorial Rubrics, Specifics etc. can be learne well in this way.
    To customises settings and edit onscreen tips, click ‘TipsBox settings’ from ‘Onscreen Tips’ button on the main tool bar. Settings window appears. To add new Tips, click ‘Add’ button, and Type or paste tips in textbox. Select font size, Font color etc. Click OK. New Tip will appear in List of Tips. Existing Tips can be edited using ‘edit’ button, or deleted using ‘delete’ button. Select the tips to be displayed from the list, select interval, and select display options. Click OK and close settings.
    If the display option is set as ‘at start up’, Tips Box will appear the moment SIMILIMUMULTRA opens. Otherwise, click ‘Show Tips box’ from main tool bar. The size and shape of Tips box can be resized, and placed anywhere on desktop. To close tips box, rightclick on tips box, and select ‘ close tips box’.
    Medical Certificates, Fitness Certficates, Letters, Vouchers, Bills:
    Click on the downward arrow of ‘Stationeries’ button on main tool bar to select forms for Medical Certificates, Fitness Certificates, Vouchers, Letters, Bills etc. Make necessary entries and take printout.
    Similimum Online Updates:
    A link to our website is provided in SIMILIMUMULTRA. We intend to provide regular online backups and customercare solutions.
    Similimum User Guide:
    There is in inbuilt Userguide in SIMILIMUMULTRA . Go to help in main menubar and open userguide
    Advisory Panel:
    Our Advisory Panel consists of eminenet Homoeopaths: Dr S G Biu (Changanassery), Dr. K B Dileepkumar (Thrissur), Dr P K Renjeev (Thaliparamba), Dr. Sanath kumar (Bangalore) and Dr. T G Manojkumar (Kannur). We are deeply indebted to them for overseeing our project and providing guidance and regular advices.
    Back-up Options:
    To avoid any remote chance of lossing precious clinical data in case of system crashes, we have introduced a very powerful back up tool. You will be asked to create backup every time you exit SIMILIMUMULTRA. If this backup dialogue box does not appear during exit, click ‘options’ button on main tool bar and select ‘Backup Options’ A small popup window appears. Ensure the check box is selected there. ‘Close’. Back up option will be activated during next exit.
    Back up, Restore:
    Never forget to create regular backups of your data. We strongly advise to do it at least once in a day. While exiting from SIMILIMUM ULTRA, a dialogue box “ Do you want to create a back up of your data?” appears. Click ‘Later’ if you do not want to create backup just now. To create backup, click ‘Yes”. A Back up/ Restore window appears. Select ‘ Back Up ‘ option on top. Click ‘Select All’ under left panel. In the right panel, select a drive on which you want to save the back up. ‘Create a new Folder’ assigning a folder name. Always select this particular folder to create backup. Then click ‘Backup’ button. ‘ Backup created successfully’ dialoge appears. Click OK and Exit.
    The contents of your back up folder should be copied and kept secured on a flash drive or rewritable CD at least once a week, preferably daily. Open ‘ My Computer’, select the drive, select your backup folder, and open. Back up files with date and time of back up will be seen there. Copy the latest backup file to your external medium, and keep secured. You can restore your data from this file, any time your system crashes and SIMILIMUMULTRA is re installed. In such an event, after re-installing SIMILIMUMULTRA, open it and exit. Click ‘yes’ when back up dailogue appears. Backup/ Restore window appear. Select ‘Restore’ option at the top. Insert your backup medium, and browse to open the latest backup file you have saved. Click ‘Restore’ . ‘Restored successfully’ dialogue appears. Close and exit. Then re-open SIMILIMUMULTRA. and verify whether the contents of Patient Register is restored.
    HOW TO INSTALL SIMILIMUM
    Similimum Ultra Sharp shoot Homeopathy Software is compatible with all versions of WINDOWS Operating System.
    If you have already installed SIMILIMUM ULTRA on this computer earlier, and it is not working properly, uninstall it FIRST, using “Add-Remove program” tool of Windows.
    After completing uninstall, explore your computer directories, and find the SIMILIMUM folder. DELETE it.
    INSTALLATION STEPS:
    STEP 1: Insert cd 1. Explore the files, double click ‘similimum’. Installation begins. Proceed.
    When the ‘select directory’ dialogue appear, type it as ‘c:\users\public\similimum’.
    Complete the installation of cd1 as per screen dialogues.
    STEP 2:
    Then take cd 1 out, and insert cd2.
    Open cd2. Copy ‘configure’ folder and paste it on desk top.
    Take cd2 out. Insert cd1 again
    Open ‘configure’ from desktop
    Click ‘keymaker’. Select ‘vista’. Click ‘create’. It will turn ‘complete’. Close.
    Then open ‘vista’ folder in the ‘configure’ folder. Open ‘set up’. A popup window appears. Select ‘c’ on left panel. Double click ‘users’ on right panel. Double click ‘public’. Double click ‘similimum’.
    If you have done it right, the complete path will be displayed below the popup window as ‘c:\users\public\similimum’. Click ‘ok’. ‘Set up complete’ message appears’. Close all windows.
    Then click ‘similimum’ shortcut icon on desktop. Key1 and key 2 will appear. Send those keys without any mistake over WHATSAPP to phone number 9446520252 or similimum@gmail.com.
    You will get product key by WHATSAPP MESSAGE You can also use software without key, by clicking ‘register later’. If you follow this steps rightly, everything will be ok.

    FOR MORE INFO:

    DR MUHAMMAD FASIL BHMS

    +91 99953 82854
  • Two Important Scientific Studies That Validate the Possibility of Molecular Imprinting in Homeopathic Potentization

    As per the scientific explanation of homeopathy proposed by MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics, potentized medicines contain MOLECULAR IMPRINTS or hydrogen bonded supra-molecular clusters of water/ethyl alcohol carrying the conformational imprints of drug molecules, which act artificial binding sites for pathogenic molecules and thereby removing the pathological molecular inhibitions.

    One of the important predictions put forward to be verified for proving MIT was that supramolecular structure of potentized drugs will be different from that of unpotentized water-alcohol mixture, even though both contain same chemical molecules, which should be proved by tools and techniques of scientific methods.

    I think the two remarkable works discussed below, one by Dr Tanmoy Maity, and the other by by Louis Rey, provide crucial support as very strong scientific proofs for this important prediction, thereby validating the MIT explanation of scientific homeopathy.

    First study is one done by Tanmoy Maity (Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India), D. Ghosh & C.R. Mahata (Department of Electrical Engineering, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India), regarding effect of dielectric dispersion on potentised homeopathic medicines, which indicates a “rearrangement of vehicle molecules” in potentized drugs.

    This report is available on
    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1475491609001258

    Second is one conducted by Louis Rey on thermo-luminescence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride, and published in December 2002, which is available in its full form at: http://www.janscholten.com/janscholten/Evidence_files/Rey.thermoluminescence.pdf E-mail address: ouis.rey@bluewin.ch (L. Rey).

    STUDY I:

    SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE FOR RE-ARRANGEMENT OF VEHICLE MOLECULES DURING POTENTIATION :

    This paper reports dielectric dispersion occurring in potentised homeopathic medicines subjected to variable frequency electric field using an instrumentation method developed by the authors. Oscillations occur in the direction of electric field, and are usually termed longitudinal/acoustic-mode vibrations.

    The test material was lactose soaked with homeopathic medicine. Multiple resonance frequencies, forming a frequency-set, were observed repeatedly for each medicine.

    The team reports experimental results for three potencies of Cuprum metallicum (Cuprum met) in the frequency range of 100 kHz–1 MHz. Each exhibits a set of resonance frequencies, which may be termed as its characteristic set. As the frequency-set of each medicine is different from those of others, each medicine may, therefore, be identified by its characteristic frequency-set. This suggests that potentised homeopathic medicines, which are chemically identical with the vehicle, differ from one another in the arrangement of vehicle molecules.

    According to them, these “experiments show that potentised homeopathic medicines, which are chemically identical with the vehicle, differ from one another in the arrangement of vehicle molecules”.

    “Difference in arrangement of vehicle molecules” strongly indicates the presence of “supra-molecular clusters of water and ethyl alcohol, into which the three-dimensional configuration of drug molecules are imprinted as nanocavities” as proposed by the hypothesis proposed by MIT.

    The observation that “the resonance frequencies frequency-set of each medicine is different from those of others” strongly indicates clusters of water-ethyl alcohol molecules specifically rearranged in accordance with the shapes of constituent molecules of drug substance used for potentization.

    Such a re-arrangement of vehicle molecules strongly indicates the process of ‘molecular imprinting’ happening during homeopathic potentization. Present work is a decisive step in the scientific understanding of homeopathy proposed by MIT.

    STUDY II:

    SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE FOR SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN POTENTIZING MEDIUM HAPPENING BY THE PROCESS OF POTENTIZATION:

    As per the reported work, ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride (10−30g cm−3) have been irradiated by X- and gamma rays at 77 K, then progressively re-warmed to room temperature. During that phase, their thermo-luminance has been studied and it was found that, despite their dilution beyond the Avogadro number, the emitted light was specific of the original salts dissolved initially.

    This wonderful observation that high dilutions of salts very much above avogadro number retains the specific thermo-luminance patterns reminding of of original salts seems to be very crucial. This phenomenon could be well explained only in terms of supramolecular nanostructures of water carrying the imprints of exact ‘conformations’ of ‘individual’ molecules of salts, as explained by MIT concepts.

    Thermo-luminance studies have been developed and utilized so far as a “tool to study the structure of solids, mainly ordered crystals”. In the present study, the researchers successfully utilized it in ultra-high aqueous dilutions, which demonstrates the short range ‘crystalline’ character of water as well as high dilution preparations.

    Actually, the researchers took up this work to ‘challenge’ the ‘water memory’ theory, but proved it otherwise. They confess in their report: “we thought that it would be of interest to challenge the theory according which preexistent ‘structures’ in the original liquid, developed around some added chemicals, could survive a great number of successive dilutions when done under vigorous mechanical stirring”.

    Another important point to be noted is that the researchers did not use ‘commercial samples’ as most ‘researches’ do, but prepared themselves 15c dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride under the guidance of boiron labs. This fact provides more scientific credence to this study.

    The study “showed quite clearly that the initial addition of a solute (NaCl and LiCl) in the original D2O leaves a permanent effect even when, by successive dilutions made under strong vibration, all traces of solute have disappeared.” The results were reproduced in several repeated experiments, “beyond any ambiguity”.

    Thermally stimulated luminance—often called thermo-luminance—is a well known phenomenon amongst the thermally stimulated processes (thermally stimulated conductivity—thermally stimulated electron emission—thermogravimetry—differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, etc.). Its theory and applications have been fully developed inter alia by McKeever, Chen and Visocekas and it proved to be a most interesting tool to study the structure of solids, mainly ordered crystals. To that end, the studied material is “activated” at low-temperature, usually by radiant energy (UV, X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, or neutrons) which most generally creates electrons–holes pairs which become separately “trapped” at different energy levels. Then, when the irradiated material is warmed up, the heating serves as a trigger to release the initially accumulated energy and the trapped electrons and holes move and recombine. A characteristic glow is emitted most often under the shape of different successive peaks according to the depths of the initial traps. As a general rule this phenomenon is observed in ordered crystals though it can be equally seen in disordered materials such as glasses. In that mechanism, imperfections in the lattice play a major role and are considered to be the place where luminance centres appear. Thus, thermoluminance is a good tool to study these imperfections and understand how they appear in the crystal.

    This is exactly along those lines that the researchers carried our first investigations, starting, this time, from liquids which were turned into stable solids by low-temperature cooling.

    Working essentially with water—mainly deuterium oxide—they have shown that the thermoluminance glow of irradiated hexagonal ice consisted in two major peak areas—Peak 1 near 120 K and Peak 2 near 166 K having well-defined emission spectra the D2O samples giving a much higher signal than the H2O ones.

    In both cases, un-irradiated samples gave no signals whatsoever. For both D2O and H2O it was shown that the relative intensity of the thermoluminance glow was a function of the irradiation dose and, that at least for Peak 2, it did show a maximum between 1 and 10 kGy .

    As a first hypothesis on the nature of the emission itself it has been suggested by Teixeira that Peak 2 could be connected to the hydrogen-bond network within the ice which, in turn, could result from the structure of the original liquid sample, whilst Peak 1 looked to be closely related to the molecule. This strengthens the views on the involvement of hydrogen bonds in this mechanism.

    To develop this concept further, the researchers did select to study the effect of lithium chloride on the thermoluminescence of irradiated D2O ice since this particular substance is known to suppress hydrogen bonds. The result, indeed, is spectacular and, at the relatively low concentration of 0:1M, Peak 2 is totally erased whereas the basic emission of Peak 1 remains almost unchanged.

    At that point the researchers thought that it would be of interest to challenge the theory according which pre-existent “structures” in the original liquid, developed around some added chemicals, could survive a great number of successive dilutions when done under vigorous mechanical stirring.

    To that end they prepared, courtesy of the BOIRON LABORATORIES, ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride by successive dilutions to the hundredths, all done under vigorous mechanical stirring (initially 1 g in 100 cm3, then 1 cm3 of this solution in 99 cm3 of pure D2O … and so on) until they reached— theoretically—at the 15th dilution, a “concentration” of10−30 g cm−3. A reference sample of D2O alone was also prepared according to this technique, still keeping vigorous agitation (150 strokes=7:5 s at each successive “dilution” step).

    They did proceed, then, to the “activation” of these materials by irradiation according the following experimental protocol.

    One cubic centimeter of each solution is placed in aluminium test cavities of 20 mm diameter and 2 mm depth and frozen to −20◦C on a cold metallic block. The frozen systems are kept 24 h at −20◦C to achieve stability into their crystallization patternand they are immersed into liquid nitrogen and kept at −196◦C for 24 h.

    In a first set of experiments the frozen ice disks are irradiated at 77 K with 100 kV X-rays to achieve a dose of 0:4 kGy (30 min). Previous determinations were done to check that the disks having identical positions in the field did receive the same dose (dosimetry has been done using Harwell, FWT, and alanine dosimeters).

    After irradiation, all the “activated” samples are transferred into a liquid nitrogen container and kept, there, for a week-time, to even out whatever small differences could exist between them.

    Finally, all samples are placed in the thermoluminance equipment and their respective glow recorded—with both a photo-multiplier and a CCD camera connected to a spectrograph—in the course of rewarming (3=min) between 77 and 13 K, as has been done in our previous published experiments.

    Much to their surprise, the experimental results do show—without any ambiguity— that for an X-ray dose of 0:4 kGy the thermoluminescence glows of the three systems were substantially different. These findings did prove to be reproducible in the course of many different identical experiments.

    To compare the curves between them the researchers normalized the emitted light readings taking Peak 1 as the reference. In doing so, we obtain for Peak 2 the different curves presented which show quite clearly that the initial addition of a solute (NaCl and LiCl) in the original D2O leaves a permanent effect even when, by successive dilutions made under strong vibration, all traces of solute have disappeared. More remarkable were the fact that, by far, lithium chloride demonstrates a stronger hydrogen bond suppressing “ghost” effect which could be related to the larger size of the lithium ion.

    A second set of experiments done with gamma rays (courtesy of CELESTIN Reactor, COGEMA, Marcoule), at a higher dose (19 kGy) did confirm these findings

    It appears, therefore, that the structural state of a solution made in D2O can be modified by the addition of selected solutes like LiCl and NaCl. This modification remains even when the initial molecules have disappeared and the effect is the same at different irradiation doses (0.4 –19 kGy) and for different radiant sources (X-rays, gamma rays). As a working hypothesis, the researchers propose that this phenomenon results from a marked structural change in the hydrogen bond network initiated at the onset by the presence of the dissolved ions and maintained in the course of the dilution process, probably thanks to the successive vigorous mechanical stirrings.

    Researchers had no any idea of Molecular Imprinting. They proposes the following hypothesis for explaining their observation:

    “As a working hypothesis, we propose that this phenomenon results from a marked structural change in the hydrogen bond network initiated at the onset by the presence of the dissolved ions and maintained in the course of the dilution process, probably thanks to the successive vigorous mechanical stirrings.”

    See, this hypothesis comes very close to the concept of Molecular Imprinting!

    If we fail to explain the observations of this monumental research in terms of Molecular Imprinting, there remains the danger that it will be hijacked by ‘energy medicine’ theoreticians, by interpreting in terms of ‘essence of drugs’, ‘information’, ‘vibrations’ and the like. Actually, Jan Scholten has already done such an exercise, by saying ‘information’ of drugs imprinted in water are the cause of thermoluminance observed by the researchers. Then he very cleverly fits this thermoluminance into his energy medicine frame work of ‘bioluminance’, vibrations, vital force, resonance and other pseudoscientific theories.

    To be specific, precise and fitting to modern scientific knowledge system and its accepted paradigms, it is better to say ‘molecular imprints’ of original drug molecules are the cause of similarity of thermoluminance the researchers could observe. Such an explanation will clearly demonstrate that we are talking about the ‘complementary’ shape of drug molecules imprinted into nanostructures of water, which produce therapeutic effects by acting as ‘artificial binding sites’ for pathogenic molecules.

  • MIT EXPLAINS MIASMS IN CORRECT SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE

    While introducing the concept of MIASMS, Hahnemann was actually trying to explain the role of residual effects of acute INFECTIOUS DISEASES in precipitating chronic disease conditions. His main focus was on infectious ITCH/LEPROSY, SYPHILIS and HPV-GONORRHOEA complex, which were most widespread around his place during his time.

    Hahnemann, from his practical experience of applying ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’, came to the conclusion that complete cure is not possible using SIMILIMUM only, if such a similimum is selected using totality of currently existing symptoms only, without considering the MIASMS or residual effects of previous acute infectious diseases.

    Even though Hahnemann could rightly observe the role of MIASMS or residual effects of infectious diseases in the causation as well as the curative process of chronic diseases, he could not explain the exact biological mechanism by which this phenomenon works. This failure was due to the primitive state scientific knowledge available during his period, which later led to various kinds unscientific and “dynamic” interpretations by his “disciples” and “followers” which continue till the present day.

    Using the scientific knowledge already available now, I have been trying to explore the exact molecular mechanism by which residual effects of acute INFECTIOUS diseases contribute to the development of chronic disease conditions, which Hahnemann called MIASMS.

    It is common knowledge that ANTIBODIES are generated in our body against infectious agents or proteins that are alien to our genetic codes. Even after infectious disease is over, these antibodies remain in our body for long periods, even for whole life in certain cases.

    Since ANTIBODIES are native globulin PROTEINS that have undergone misfolding by interacting with alien proteins or infectious agents, they can themselves behave as aliens in the organism and produce pathological inhibitions by binding to various OFF-TARGET biological molecules. Such molecular inhibitions caused by ANTIBODIES are the real molecular level villains playing behind various chronic diseases such as AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, PROTEINOPATHIES, AMYLOID DISEASES AND PRION DISEASES.

    Hahnemann called these chronic residual effects of ANTIBODIES as MIASMS.

    See, how Hahnemann’s concept of CHRONIC DISEASES relating it with INFECTIOUS MIASMS, paves the way for a SCIENTIFIC understanding of a whole class of grave diseases, and developing of a whole new range of therapeutic agents and techniques to combat them.

    Hahnemann’s observations of CHRONIC DISEASES, relating it with INFECTIOUS DISEASES, would have been a revolutionary event in medical history, had anybody- be it hahnemann himself, his followers or scientists- taken up the task of explaining it in scientific terms.

    Had anybody asked the question how an infectious disease can cause life-long RESIDUAL EFFECTS in the organism even after the infection is over, everything would have been clear. It would have been obvious that infectious agents can produce life-long RESIDUAL EFFECTS in the form of CHRONIC DISEASES only through ANTIBODIES generated in the body against infectious agents.

    Such a realization would have helped medical as well as scientific community to view ANTIBODIES from a different perspective- as CAUSATIVE AGENTS of diverse types of CHRONIC DISEASES- over and above their role as DEFENSE molecules.

    It was hahnemann, who for the first time proposed that diverse types of CHRONIC DISEASES could be produced in the long run by INFECTIOUS agents, which he called MIASMS.

    I have been trying to explain in scientific terms, how CHRONIC DISEASES could be produced by infectious agents, even after the infections are over. This led me into the realization that INFECTIOUS AGENTS can produce life-long chronic disease dispositions only through OFF-TARGET actions of ANTIBODIES generated in the body against them.

  • MODERN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MIT EXPLANATION OF SCIENTIFIC HOMEOPATHY

    By Chandran Nambiar KC
    Redefining Homeopathy
    Whatsapp 9446520252

    Without acquiring a baseline knowledge of CHEMISTRY OF LIFE, you cannot follow the MIT explanation regarding biological mechanism of homeopathic cure.

    By the term ‘living organism’, we indicate a highly organized complex material system with a specific quantity, quality, structure and functions of its own, which is capable of self-controlled growth and reproduction of its progeny, through an interaction involving constant exchange of matter and energy with its environment.

    The phenomenon we call ‘life’ exists through a continuous chain of highly complex biochemical interactions which control each other known as METABOLIC PATHWAYS, which depend up on each other and are determined by each other.

    A ‘living organism’ represents a much higher and advanced level of organized existence of the same elements of matter we meet in the inorganic world, different only in its structural organization and functional complexity. The universal phenomenon of material motion we find as part of primary existence of matter itself, attains the wonderful qualities of life, due to this complex structural organization.

    In fact, phenomenon of ‘life’ was the result of a continuous evolutionary process of primary matter in this universe through millions of years, attaining different levels of organizational and functional forms. Primary forces, sub-atomic particles, elementary atoms, simple chemical molecules, complex inorganic molecules, carbon containing organic molecules, bio-molecules, complex bio-polymers, RNA-DNA-Protein structures, organelles, unicellular organisms, multi-cellular organisms, diverse species of plants and animals, and ultimately Homo Sapiens- these are the prominent milestones in the known evolutionary ladder on earth, panning through millions and millions of years. Human beings represent the highest form of this material evolutionary history on earth, as far as it is known to us.

    Parallel to this biological evolution, we can perceive a systematic evolution and perfection of the nervous system also. Simple forms of conditioned reflexes that existed in primitive organisms, gradually evolved into nerve cells, neural networks and ultimately into a well organized nervous system in higher animals. In higher forms of life such as humans, this nervous system has attained such a structural and functional perfection that human brain and its diverse faculties have begun playing a decisive role even in the existence and development of that species and even life on earth itself. Of course, collective labor, language and social relations also played a major role in this evolutionary process.

    A living organism can exist only through a continuous interaction and material exchange with its environment. There is an unceasing flow of matter and energy in both directions, between internal and external environments of the organism. Metabolism, or ‘life process’ is the term used to describe the sum total of this bidirectional flow. The moment this bi-directional flow of matter and energy ceases, the organism can no longer exist.

    A living organism is distinguished from other non-living forms of matter by certain fundamental features such as: high level of structural organization, the ability to convert and utilize energy, continuous material exchange with environment, self regulation of chemical transformations, and, reproduction or transfer of hereditary information. A state of disease may ensue when any of the biochemical pathways governing these fundamental factors of life are disturbed. Obviously, it is impossible to make a scientific study of pathology and therapeutics without an understanding of these subjects.

    Complex bio-molecules which participate in the diverse chemical processes of life are broadly classified into four major groups: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids. These are polymers of simple chemical components or sub units, called monomers. The monomers of proteins are amino acids, and those of carbohydrates are monosaccharides. Lipids are polymers of fatty acids. The monomers of Nucleic acids are known as nulcleotides. These bio-molecules are considered to be the building blocks of life on earth, and are never seen in the non-living world. These bio-molecules, with their highly complex structure and organization, interact each other in the organism through hundreds of bio-chemic pathways, collectively called ‘vital processes’.

    Scientific explanation of Homeopathy should be based on a proper understanding of the the complex dynamics of bio-molecular interactions involved in vital processes, especially protein biochemistry.

    Understanding PROTEIN CHEMISTRY and PROTEIN DYNAMICS is an essential part of understanding LIFE, DISEASE and CURE:

    Proteins are a class of highly complex nitrogen-containing bio-molecules, functioning as the primary carriers of all the biochemical processes underlying the phenomenon of life. There exist millions of protein molecules belonging to thousands of protein types in a living organism.

    Each protein molecule is formed by the polymerization of monomers called amino acids, in different proportions and sequences. Each protein type has its own specific role in the biochemical interactions in an organism. Most of the amino acids necessary for the synthesis of proteins are themselves synthesized from their molecular precursors inside the body. A few types of amino acids cannot be synthesized inside the body, and have to be made available through food. These are called essential aminoacids.

    There are specific protein molecules assigned for each biochemical process that take place in the body. Various proteins play different types of roles, such as biological catalysts or enzymes, receptors, transport molecules, hormones, antibodies etc. Some proteins function as specialized molecular switches, systematically switching on and off of specific biochemical pathways.

    Proteins are synthesized from amino acids, in conformity with the neucleotide sequences of concerned genes, with the help of enzymes, which are themselves proteins.

    ‘Protein synthesis’ and ‘genetic expression’ are very important part of vital process. It may be said that genes are molecular moulds for synthesizing proteins of specific conformations. There are specific genes, bearing appropriate molecular codes of information necessary for synthesizing each type of protein molecule. Even the synthesis of these genes happens with the help of various enzymes, which are protein molecules. There is no any single bio-molecular process in the living organism, which does not require an active participation of a protein molecule of any kind.

    The most important factor we have to understand while discussing proteins is the role of their three-dimensional spacial organization evolving from peculiar disulphide bonds and hydrogen bonds. Water plays a vital role in maintaining the three dimensional organization of proteins intact, thereby keeping them efficient to participate in the diverse biochemical processes.

    Proteins exhibits different levels of molecular organization: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. It is this peculiar three dimensional structure that decides the specific biochemical role of a given protein molecule. More over, co-enzymes and co-factors such as metal ions and vitamins play an important role in keeping up this three-dimensional structure of protein molecules intact, thereby activating them for their specific functions. Buffering properties of body fluids also are decisive in maintaining the specific conformations of proteins and keeping them reactive.

    Whenever any kind of error occurs in the particular three-dimensional structure of a given protein molecule, it obviously fails to interact with other biomolecules to accomplish the specific functions it is intended to play in the concerned biochemical processes. Such a failure leads to further harmful deviations in several biochemical processes in the organism, that require the participation of this particular protein, ultimately resulting in a cascading of multitude of molecular errors. This is the fundamental molecular mechanism of pathology, which we perceive as disease of some or other category.

    These deviations in biochemical pathways are expressed as various groups of subjective and objective symptoms of disease. The organic system exhibits a certain degree of ability and flexibility to overcome or self repair such molecular deviations and preserve the state of homeostasis required to maintain life. Anyhow, if these deviations happen in any of the vitally decisive biochemical pathways, or, if these are irreversible, the bio-chemical processes ultimately stop and death happens.

    Disease is a state of derangement in biochemical interactions so as to disrupt the normal pathways of vital processes of the organism

    Derangement in normal biochemical interactions amounting to a state of disease may happen due to diverse reasons.

    1. GENETIC FACTORS: Defects in genetic codes arising from heredity or acquired by mutations result in the absence of certain proteins (enzymes, receptors, antibodies etc) that are essential for normal biochemical interactions.defective genes may also synthesis faulty proteins with wrong conformation, which can act as endogenous pathogenic agents by binding to various biological targets.

    2. EPIGENETIC FACTORS: Defects of enzymes involved in genetic expressions and post synthetic translations and modifications of protein molecules act as epigenetic factors of diseases.

    3. NUTRITIONAL FACTORS: Nutritional deficiencies of essential building blocks and precursors of biological molecules, such as amino acids and other monomers, vitamins, co-factors, elements, metal ions, minerals etc may disrupt the normal biochemical interactions. Any shortage in the availability of various amino acids and their precursers may lead to non- production of essential proteins in the organism. In some cases, it may also result in the production of defective proteins.

    4. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: Biochemical interactions happen only if an appropriate pH level and temperature is maintained in the body fluids. Any physical influence that may derange these physical parameters will act as pathogenic factors by deactivating protein molecules. Temperature, magnetic field, electromagnetic radiations, vibrations and various other physical influences can affect the normal biochemical processes. Physical influences actually act as pathogenic agents by producing derangement in protein conformations, which are deactivated or converted to pathogenic molecules.

    5. EXOGENOUS MOLECULAR FACTORS: Chemical molecules released by infectious agents invading the organism, drugs, toxins, food articles, environmental pollutants alien proteins entering the body act as EXOGENOUS factors of disease by binding to various biological molecules such as enzymes and receptors and producing molecular inhibitions.

    6. ENDOGENOUS MOLECULAR FACTORS: Antibodies, hormones, neuro-mediators, neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors, super-oxides, enzymes and various biological molecules of endogenous origin may cause molecular inhibitions of proteins such as enzymes and receptors, thereby acting as pathogenic agents.

    It is obvious that almost all conditions of pathology we normally confront, including those resulting from genetic origin, are involved with some or other errors or absence of some protein molecules that are essential for concerned biochemical processes.

    Moreover, most of such molecular errors other than of nutritional deficiencies or genetic origin, arise due to binding of some exogenous or endogenous foreign molecules or ions on the active, binding or allosteric sites of protein molecules, effecting changes in their three-dimensional conformations. A host of diseases originating from viral-bacterial infections, allergies, poisoning, drugs, food articles etc, belong to this category. Chronic diseases caused by antibodies, which are considered in homeopathy as miasmatic diseases and modern medicine as auto-immune diseases, also belong to this class. Diseases caused by emotional factors, hormones, neuro-mediators, neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors, super-oxides, enzymes and various biological molecules also include in this group.

    KEY-LOCK MECHANISM: The most important factor we have to bear in mind when talking about kinetics of proteins in general, and enzymes in particular is their highly defined, peculiar specificity. Each type of protein molecules, or some times even some part of a single protein molecule, is designed in such a way that it can bind only with a specific class of molecules, and hence participate in a specific type of bio-chemic interaction only. This functional specificity is ensured through the peculiar three-dimensional configuration of the protein molecules, exhibited through their characteristic folding and spacial arrangement. Reactive chemical groups known as active sites, binding sites, and regulatory sites are distributed at specific locations on this three dimensional formations of protein molecules. These chemical groups can interact only with molecules and ions having appropriate spacial configurations that fits to their shape. This phenomenon can be compared with the relationship existing between a lock and its appropriate key. Just as a key with an exactly fitting three dimensional shape alone can enter the key hole of a lock and open it, molecules with exactly fitting three dimensional structure alone can establish contact and indulge in chemical activities with specific protein molecules. This key-lock relationship with substrates defines all biochemical interactions involving proteins, ensuring their optimum specificity. Obviously, any deviation in the three dimensional configuration of either lock or key makes their interaction impossible.

    It has been already explained that the primary basis of any state of pathology is some deviations occurring in the biochemical processes at the molecular level. Endogenic or exogenic foreign molecules or ions having any configurational similarity to certain biochemical substrates can mimic as original substrates to attach themselves on the regulatory or the active sites of proteins, effecting changes in their native 3-D configuration, thereby making them unable to discharge their specific biochemical role. This situation is called a molecular inhibition, which leads to pathological molecular errors. It is comparable with the ability of objects having some similarity in shape with that of key, to enter the key hole of a lock and obstructing its function. As a result of this inhibition, the real substrates are prevented from interacting with the appropriate protein molecules, leading to a break in the normal biochemical channels. This type of molecular errors are called competitive inhibitions. It is in this way that many types of drugs, pesticides and poisons interfere in the biochemical processes, creating pathologic situations. Such substances are known as anti-melabolities.

  • Homeopathic “Immune Boosters”- Homeopaths Need to Learn Basics of Biochemistry of IMMUNITY

    To understand the ridiculous foolishness involved in the claims regarding distribution of homeopathic medicine Arsenic Album 30 as  IMMUNE BOOSTERS against covid 19, we should first of all learn what is IMMUNITY. Most disappointing thing is that most of our homeopaths are not bothered about such a learning.

    In a scientifically conscious and watchful community, we cannot talk about IMMUNE BOOSTING using homeopathic medicines without explaining the biological mechanism by which such a phenomenon works. We have to be ready to face obvious hard questions.

    From the ongoing discussions below, you will understand that you cannot produce IMMUNITY against particular disease without inducucing production of ANTIBODIES against the specific pathogens. It is a matter of basic scientific knowledge that production of antibodies will happen only if we introduce into the body some  protein molecules that are ALIEN to the genetic blueprint of the organism. Everybody knows ASENICUM ALBUM 30 does not contain any such molecules having antigenic properties, and as such, claiming to boost immunity using that preparation is totally baseless.

    What we call IMMUNITY is actually a complex biological system functioning  in living organisms, endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the SELF, and to recognize and reject
    what is non-self or ALIEN to its genetic blueprint.

    IMMUNITY is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist harmful microorganisms invading our body. Immunity involves both specific and nonspecific components. The NONSPECIFIC components act as barriers or eliminators of a wide range of pathogens irrespective of their antigenic make-up. SPECIFIC components of the immune system adapt themselves to each new disease encountered and can generate pathogen-specific immunity.

    The immune system has two components: innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immunity is present in all animals, while the adaptive immunity occurs only in vertebrates.

    The innate system involves the biological mechanism for recognition of certain ALIEN molecules and stimulating of two types of innate immune responses against them, such as inflammatory responses and phagocytosis.

    The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is composed of more advanced lymphatic cells that are programmed to distinguish between specific “non-self” or alien substances in the presence of “self”. The reaction to foreign substances is etymologically described as inflammation, meaning to set on fire.

    Actually, IMMUNITY is the ‘non-reaction’ or ‘exemption’ towards “self” substances.

    These innate and adaptive components of the immune system create a dynamic biological environment where “health” can be seen as a physical state where the self is immunologically spared, and what is foreign is inflammatorily and immunologically eliminated.

    A state of “disease” can arise when our immune system fails to eliminate ‘alien’ substances, or spare what is ‘self’.

    Innate immunity, also known as native immunity, is a semi-specific form of immunity, considered as the first line of defense against pathogens, representing a critical systemic response to prevent infection and maintain homeostasis, and contributing to the activation of an adaptive immune response.

    Innate immune system does not adapt to specific external stimulus or a prior infection, but relies on genetically encoded recognition of particular molecular patterns.

    Adaptive immunity is also known as acquired immunity. It is the active component of the host immune response, and is mediated by antigen-specific lymphocytes.

    Unlike the innate immunity, the acquired immunity is highly specific to a particular pathogen, including the development of immunological memory. Similar the innate system, the acquired system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.

    Adaptive immunity can be acquired either ‘naturally’ by infection, or ‘artificially’ through deliberate actions such as vaccination.  it is associated with molecular memory of the pathogen.

    Adaptive immunity is classified as ‘active’ or ‘passive’.

    Active immunity is acquired through the exposure to a pathogen, which triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system.

    Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells derived from an immune host either artificially or through the placenta; it is short-lived, requiring booster doses for continued immunity.

  • AN MIT PERSPECTIVE OF CONSTITUTIONAL MEDICINE

    A drug substance becomes CONSTITUTIONAL MEDICINE of an individual, if it contains one or more types of chemical molecules which can “compete” with the pathogenic molecules that have produced molecular inhibitions in diverse types of biological targets causing errors in various important biochemical pathways, that are expressed through diverse trains of symptoms that belong to the classes considered to be ‘physical’ and ‘mental’ generals.

    In post-avogadro dilutions, this CONSTITUTIONAL MEDICINE will contain molecular imprints of the chemical molecules contained in them, which can act as artificial binding pockets for the pathogenic molecules due to their conformational affinity, deactivate them, and remove the pathological molecular inhibitions they have produced in the body.

    CONSTITUTIONAL SYMPTOMS are the expressions of disruptions in METABOLIC PATHWAYS- both anabolic as well as catabolic. These disruptions happen mainly due to inhibitions of enzymes involved in the biochemical processes in metabolic pathways caused by binding with diverse types of exogenous or endogenous pathogenic molecules. Metabolic pathways may also be disrupted due to reasons such as nutritional non-availability of essential molecules and metabolites, scarcity or over expressions of signalling molecules such as hormones and cytokines etc, which are also related with inhitions of related with their genetic expressions.

    METABOLIC PATHWAYS

    A metabolic pathway is a series of interdependent biochemical reactions controlled by enzymes occurring within a cell. The reactants, products, and intermediates of an enzymatic reaction are known as metabolites, which are modified by a sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes. In most cases of a metabolic pathway, the product of one chemical reaction catalyzed by a particular enzyme acts as the substrate for the next. These enzymes often require dietary minerals, vitamins, and other cofactors to function. Side products of these reactions are considered waste, and normally removed from the cell.

    Different metabolic pathways take place based on the position within a eukaryotic cell and the significance of the pathway in the given compartment of the cell. For instance, the, metabolic pathways such as electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation etc take place in the mitochondrial membrane. Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis etc occur in the cytosol of a cell.

    There are two types of metabolic pathways:

    ANABOLIC pathways are characterized by their ability to either synthesize molecules with the utilization of energy.

    CATABOLIC pathways are involved with break down of complex molecules by releasing energy in the process.

    The two pathways complement each other in that the energy released from one is used up by the other. The degradative process of a catabolic pathway provides the energy required to conduct a biosynthesis of an anabolic pathway. In addition to the two distinct metabolic pathways there is the amphibolic pathway, which can be either catabolic or anabolic based on the need for or the availability of energy.

    Metabolic pathways are required for the maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS within an organism, and the flux of metabolites through a pathway is regulated depending on the needs of the cell and the availability of the substrate.

    The end product of a metabolic pathway may be used immediately, initiate another metabolic pathway or be stored for later use. The metabolism of a cell consists of an elaborate network of interconnected pathways that enable the synthesis and breakdown of molecules.

    Each metabolic pathway consists of a series of biochemical reactions that are connected by their intermediates. The products of one reaction are the substrates for subsequent reactions, and so on. Metabolic pathways are often considered to flow in one direction. Although all chemical reactions are technically reversible, conditions in the cell are often such that it is thermodynamically more favorable for flux to proceed in one direction of a reaction. For example, one pathway may be responsible for the synthesis of a particular amino acid, but the breakdown of that amino acid may occur via a separate and distinct pathway.

    Glycolysis was the first metabolic pathway discovered. As glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated by ATP to glucose 6-phosphate in the irreversible first step. In times of excess lipid or protein energy sources, certain reactions in the glycolysis pathway may run in reverse to produce glucose 6-phosphate, which is then used for storage as glycogen or starch.

    Metabolic pathways are often regulated by feedback inhibition.

    Some metabolic pathways flow in a ‘cycle’ wherein each component of the cycle is a substrate for the subsequent reaction in the cycle, such as in the Krebs Cycle.

    Anabolic and catabolic pathways in eukaryotes often occur independently of each other, separated either physically by compartmentalization within organelles or separated biochemically by the requirement of different enzymes and co-factors.

    A CATABOLIC PATHWAY is a series of reactions that bring about a net release of energy in the form of a high energy phosphate bond formed with the energy carriers adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), respectively. The net reaction is, therefore, thermodynamically favorable, for it results in a lower free energy for the final products. A catabolic pathway is an exergonic system that produces chemical energy in the form of ATP, GTP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2, etc. from energy containing sources such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The end products are often carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia. Coupled with an endergonic reaction of anabolism, the cell can synthesize new macromolecules using the original precursors of the anabolic pathway. An example of a coupled reaction is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form the intermediate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP in the pathway of glycolysis. The resulting chemical reaction within the metabolic pathway is highly thermodynamically favorable and, as a result, irreversible in the cell.

    Cellular respiration is a core set of energy-producing catabolic pathways occuring within all living organisms in some form. These pathways transfer the energy released by breakdown of nutrients into ATP and other small molecules used for energy (e.g. GTP, NADPH, FADH). All cells can perform anaerobic respiration by glycolysis.

    Additionally, most organisms can perform more efficient aerobic respiration through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally plants, algae and cyanobacteria are able to use sunlight to anabolically synthesize compounds from non-living matter by photosynthesis.

    In contrast to catabolic pathways, ANABOLIC PATHWAYS require an energy input to construct macromolecules such as polypeptides, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. The isolated reaction of anabolism is unfavorable in a cell. Thus, an input of chemical energy through a coupling with an exergonic reaction is necessary. The coupled reaction of the catabolic pathway affects the thermodynamics of the reaction by lowering the overall activation energy of an anabolic pathway and allowing the reaction to take place. Otherwise, an endergonic reaction is non-spontaneous.

    An anabolic pathway is a biosynthetic pathway, meaning that it combines smaller molecules to form larger and more complex ones. An example is the reversed pathway of glycolysis, otherwise known as gluconeogenesis, which occurs in the liver and sometimes in the kidney to maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood and supply the brain and muscle tissues with adequate amount of glucose. Although gluconeogenesis is similar to the reverse pathway of glycolysis, it contains three distinct enzymes from glycolysis that allow the pathway to occur spontaneously.

  • Some important feedback from homeopaths regarding their experience with MIT FORMULATIONS

    1. Feedback from Dr. Suresh S Patel. Om Shree clinic, opp: Gawara tower, Mochiwad Road, Khambhat. Gujarat.388620, Ph: 9879062647,  regarding his experience with MIT formulation CEPHAMIT in the treatment of chronic MIGRAINE:

    “A female patient, Age: 38 yrs. Migraine type headache since last 3yrs. Every 15 to 20 days repeats the attack. Pain in one side of skull, with vomiting & feeling of nausea. Has been taking painkillers & anti-migraine tabs & Tranquilizers,  but only temporarily relief. Gave Nat.Mur 1M  one dose, and
    MIGROMIT 10drops  tid .  2 bottles of migromit completed,  till date no occurrence of headache. Patient feel very well. Thanks MIT formulation.”

    2. Feedback from Dr.Pulkit Gupta,  Homoepathic clinic,  Aghwanpur,  moradabad, Uttarpradesh,
    +91 96544 99884, regarding his experience with MIT formulation
    BRONCHOMIT:

    “Patient a child of aged 6 years of  age,  suffering from broncho spasmodic cough with vomiting since 2-3 days.  I started with BRONCHOMIT 10 drops 3 times a day with indicated  remedy.  All the cough symptoms was no more. Child started playing as usual which he used to. Thanks to MIT.”

    3. MIT IN PERSISTENT COUGH:

    Feedback from Dr Arshad pathan,  Life Care Clinic, Bus stand,  Ambua,  Alirajpur,  Madhya pradesh, Ph 7869230555, regarding his experience with MIT formulation BRONCHOMIT in a case of persistent COUGH.

    “Male patient, age 53 years, suffering from cough since 5-6 months.  Taken treatment from various doctors ( including chest physician). All investigations where normal,  includind x ray.

    Patient came to me. Chest was clear and no any abnormal sounds. I started with BRONCHOMIT 5 drops tds  then in just 4 days there is no cough…”

    4. MIT IN LUMBOSACRAL SPONDYLOSIS

    A feedback from Dr Manisha Deshmukh, Pune, Maharashtra, Ph: 98221 18479, regarding her experience with MIT formulations in a case of LUMBOSACRAL SPONDYLOSIS:

    “A 62 yrs old female patient, suffering from Cervical and Lumbosacral spondylosis since 2 years

    Had visited my hospital on 20th Jan 2020. Was given Spinomit and spondomit 10 drops bd for 2 months

    Later she visited us on 10th Apr 20 informing all symptoms cleared.

    On 1st Sep 20, patient reported for mild pain in left leg and pain in Lt knee joint
    She was prescribed Spinomit, Arthromit and Gerimit 10 drops bd  for 15 days, after she is fine till date with no complaints”

    5. Feedback from Dr Arshad pathan,  Life Care Clinic, Bus stand,  Ambua,  Alirajpur,  Madhya pradesh, Ph 7869230555, regarding his experience with MIT formulations GYNOMIT and AMENMIT in a case of AMENORRHEA:

    “Female patient, age 40, came to me with c/o amenorrhea since 6 months.  All investigations were normal ( usg,  blood reports and harmonal reports).  Also taken treatment from many gynecologists. But there is no any result.

    I started with with GYNOMIT and AMENMIT.  Within just  1 month normal mentrual cycle came…”

    6. Feedback from Dr.Pulkit Gupta,  Homoepathic clinic,  Aghwanpur,  moradabad, Uttarpradesh,
    +91 96544 99884, regarding his experience with MIT formulation ARTHROMIT:

    “Female patient aged 48 years was complaining of joint pain since 2-3 years. I started with ARTHROMIT, 10 drops 3 times a day for 2 weeks.  Joint pain was no more, thanks to MIT protocol.

    I have also tried PYROMIT, DYSMENMIT etc in other cases, and  all worked well. Thankyou sir.”

    7. A feedback from Dr Manisha Deshmukh, Pune, Maharashtra, Ph: 98221 18479, regarding her experience with MIT formulations ALLERMIT and RHINMIT:

    “A lawyer aged 28 yrs, was suffering from allergic rhinitis since August 2019, reported in my clinic on 18th November 2020.

    Allermit and Rhinimit 10 drops bd was dispensed.

    Surprisingly she has called me on 21st November, informing me about all symptoms of allergic rhinitis gone.

     Thank you Chandran Nambiar sir,  for introducing me to this wonderful system of medicine in a scientific way.
    Looking forward for more such patients to be getting cured in our clinic.”

    8. Here is a great feedback from Dr.G.Madhu sudhan Bsc.BHMS, Balaji clinic, Hoskote, Bangalore, 9980509963, regarding his experience with MIT formulation CEPHAMIT in chronic headache:

    “CEPHAMIT has excellent result in headache.

    A Lady aged 39 years consulted me for her complaint of headache. Headache since 2 to 3 years. Took treatment for the same…she tried allopathy..ayurveda…even homeopathy…but no permanent relief. She was fedup with all these things..she relied on croc in..anacin..or paracetamol like analgesics..

    She came to me without much confidence… first I ruled out   is there any sinus problem & then I send her for eye testing..nothing wrong in that..and checked for BP to rule out hypertension & blood check up for hormonal changes…everything is alright..she is from well settled family..no financial burden..no anxiety…no sleeping problems.(.sleep disturbance is there because of headache..once if she takes analgesics that is also ok).

    I simply prescribed CEPHAMIT 10drops BD. She got relief within 8days. Suggested to continue for one month. In between that frequency of episodes of her headache reduced, and having sound sleep also. From last 2 months she had not took single analgesic. Really CEPHAMIT is an excellent remedy for headache.  Thank you sir.”

    9. Dr Manojkumar Chajjed, Nashik, Maharastra ph- 7588037280 writes about his experience with MIT formulation CEPHAMIT :

    “A Female 20 year old ,  43kg,  had severe Head pain during lockdown time April. She can’t sleep. She cunsulted Physician but not get relief. I give CEPHAMIT 10 drops tds.  Within 10 day she got relief.

    She has till now no any complaint about head pain in routine working.

    Really MIT FORMULATIONS work wonderful. Thank you Sir ”

    10. Feedback from Dr.Redage Sumit B.
    BHMS, Nashik, Maharashtra, Ph- +91 95273 74951, regarding his experience with MIT formulation ARTHROMIT in a case of OSTEOARTHRITIS:

    “A 30 years old lady having c/o joint pain treated with Arthromit. #Promising Result with Scientific Homoeopathy

    Patient Testimonial:-
    “I have been suffering from joint pain for the last 1 year. Even taking a lot of pain Killers didn’t alleviate the problem. It also made it difficult for me to do my daily chores. Finally I took Homoeopathic treatment from Dr.Redage Sir. Within 4 days of starting medication I started to feel better. Now I can manage my pain without a single painkiller. Now I can also do my daily work. Thank you Doctor.”

    Dx,
    Osteoarthritis

    Treatment Given:-

    Rx,
    Arthromit 5 drops (in tsp water) × TDS for 15 days

    Contact Details:-
    Dr.Redage Sumit B.
    BHMS(MUHS,Nashik)
    Reg.No.72347
    Email Id:- sumitredge@gmail.com
    Mob.No.:- +91 95273 74951
    Address :- Vasmat road, Parbhani(Maharashtra)
    Pin code:-431401

    11. A feedback from Dr Partha Ghosh, Siliguri,West Bengal, ph- 8250487994, regarding his experience with MIT formulations BRONCHOMIT in a chronic BRONCHITIS patient: “Male retired Govt employee,  age 61, male.  Service time was smoker. Bronchitis patient. Tremendous problem of breathing asthama
    After BRONCHOMIT, he is now totally ok, where allopathy plus hospitalized conditions occurred earlier. Now no complaints.  Excellent MIT!”

    Patients around West Bengal may contact Dr Partha Ghosh over 8250487994  for expert treatment according to MIT PROTOCOL.

    He has got a good stock of MIT FORMULATIONS. Doctors can contact him for knowing more about their use and buying them.

    12. A feedback from Dr Partha Ghosh, Siliguri,West Bengal, ph- 8250487994, regarding his experience with MIT formulations BRONCHOMIT in a chronic BRONCHITIS patient:

    “Male retired Govt employee,  age 61, male.  Service time was smoker. Bronchitis patient. Tremendous problem of breathing asthama
    After BRONCHOMIT, he is now totally ok, where allopathy plus hospitalized conditions occurred earlier. Now no complaints.  Excellent MIT!”

    13. A feedback from Dr Dattaraj, Goa,  97645 99530, regarding his experience with MIT formulations BRONCHOMIT and PULMOMIT in relieving a case of acute ASTHMA: “Hello Sir, I did a home visit of 55yrs old female. Presented with severe wheezing since yesterday night. Spo2 80% , RS- B/L Rhonchi.  I had given BRONCHOMIT 10drops with PULMOMIT 10drops every 15mins. Plus steam inhalation by adding 10 drops of both. Pt improved drastically. Spo2 from 80% came to 94% within 1/2hour.”

    14. Dr Alokesh Bhattacharya, Hooghly, West Bengal, Ph- 91 93309 49695, has shared a feedback regarding his experience with MIT FORMULATIONS:

    “Good morning sir.  I would like to share an outstanding successful case of dysmenorrhoea treatment wit MIT FORMULATIONS.

    Patient was suffering from dysmenorrhoea since her menerche. Now she is 24 yrs. Unmarried . She has tremendous maddening pain from 1st day  of period to 5th day.

    She was always taking diclofenac 
    for this complaint, though she was taking constitutional  homoepathic medicine as well as palliative homoeopathic medicine during pain without any effect. And she was  bound to take analgesics.

    But this time she took ALGIMIT AND DYSMENMIT alternately for 5days during her period, and she required no analgesic. Its great success.

    I have also got good results from ALLERMIT, ALGIMIT and PYROMIT in different cases”.

    15. Feedback from Dr Partha Ghosh, Siliguri, West Bengal,  Ph- 8250487994, regarding his experience with the MIT formulation SPONDOMIT:

    “Spondomit
    Tremendous result.

    Patient a female house wife. Cervical spondilysis last 20 years,  after birth of her first male child. Stiffness of neck associated with back pain, hand pain and vertigo. They were regular symptoms. Gave ALGIMIT and SPONDOMIT. Within 2 days no pain. Regular work. Now she is coming to me with old songs in singing, that I am completely fine.”

    Great mit formulations!”

    16. Dr Pravin Prajapati , Mehsana, Gujarat, phone +91 97233 95545, writes about his experience with MIT FORMULATIONS :

    “A Female 50 year old , diabetes, over  weight,  90 kg,  had severe lumbar pain during lockdown time April. She can’t sleep. She cunsulted two orthopaedic Doctors within 10 day but no relief. Then  I have gave her SPINOMIT and ALGIMIT. She got a relief from pain within 2 days.  10 drop 6 time. After 2 day 4 time 10 drop. To 15 day.

    She has till now no any complaint about lumbar pain in routine working.

    I HAVE GOT WONDERFUL RESULTS IN COLD , FEVER  FROM ‘CORYMIT’ AND ‘PYROMIT’ during this VIRAL SEASON
    in many patients.

    I have also got results in allergic respiratory complaints from ALERMIT in  MANY PATIENTS.

    Really MIT FORMULATIONS work wonderfully.”

    17. Feedback from Dr Sandeep Selvinus MD, Andhrapradesh, ph- 99488 41285,  regarding his experience with IBSMIT in the treatment of IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME:

    “I am Grateful to you for providing such a good combination. A patient of mine suffering from IBS problem since 2 yrs got her problem recovered 80% within 1month after I prescribed “IBSMIT” alone only .

    Thank you sir,
    Regards
    Dr.sandeep selvinus, M.D
    ANDHRA PRADESH.”

  • SOME OPEN QUESTIONS TO OUR RESPECTED “HOMEOPATHY RESEARCHERS”

    A lot of SCIENTIFIC SEMINARS are being conducted all over the world. A lot of “scientific papers” and “lectures” are presented by “eminient homeopaths” and “homeopathy researchers”.

    I have some simple questions to them:

    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing regarding the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES they contain?

    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing in what “form and quantity” the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES are contained in the doses you administer, how they are absorbed and transported inside the body, which are their molecular targets, and what is the molecular mechanism by which they interact with the biological targets to produce a therapeutic effect?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing the DIFFERENCE between “molecular” forms and “potentized” forms of our drugs?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing regarding what actually happens at molecular level during the process of potentization?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs , without discussing regarding what is Avogadro number, and how the number of molecules in a given quantity of substance is limited by Avogadro number?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing the fact that there will not remain even a single molecule of original drug substances when diluted above Avogadro number?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing that Avogadro limit is crossed by diluting above 12C?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing that 12C is a dilution of 1part in 6023 followed by 22 zeros, and 30C is a dilution of 1 part in 6023 followed by 58 zeros?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing the physical, chemical and supramolecular properties of water and ethyl alcohol?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing difference between potentized drugs as well as unpotentized water-alcohol mixture?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing how the medicinal properties of a medicinal substance could be transmitted to a water-alcohol mixture, without retaining even a single molecule of original substance?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing the scientific fact that the covalent bonds holding the atoms together in a chemical molecule could not be broken by the simple mechanical energy involved in the process in potentization?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing the fact that molecules could not be divided into atoms, atoms into subatomic particles, or subatomic particles into ENERGY by the simple mechanical energy involved in potentization?

    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing the scientific fact that medicinal properties of a drug is due to the chemical properties of the complex chemical molecules contained in a drug substance, and that the medicinal properties could not be retained once molecules are divided into atoms or converted into energy?

    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing the scientific knowledge available regarding the biomolecular mechanism of pathology and therapeutics, and fitting your explanation with it?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without clearly explaining the biological mechanism of cure involved in SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR?
    How can you discuss “MODUS OPERANDI” of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, without discussing and making your stand clear regarding the concepts of VITAL FORCE and DYNAMIC DRUG ENERGY you were taught as the essential FUNDAMENTALS of homeopathy?
    Dear “Homeopathic Researcher”, I would expect specific answers to the above questions, not sweeping comments or personal attacks. These questions are not at all personal, but scientific. I think we cannot establish homeopathy as a medical science, without providing rational answers to these questions. Please do not take it personal, and don’t make it an issue of ego!

    Please understand, we can easily fool our followers, or keep a majority of homeopathic community confused for some time with our half-cooked researches, but there is a vigilant scientific community keeping an eye on everything happening here! They will not spare any opportunity that could be utilized to belittle, ridicule and humiliate homeopathy!

    I would agree with the layman argument that a driver is not bound answer “how the engine works”, as far as he confines himself to duty of driving the car, and not making his own theories about “how engine works”. A practitioner of medicine is not essentially expected to answer the above questions, as far as he confines to his role of “practitioner”, not a “theoretician”. Problem arises when we make our own fanciful theories about “modus operandi” of homeopathic drugs, and broadcast them to the public. Scientific community will surely intervene, if you are taking things that go against basic scientific knowledge. Homeopaths can “practice” homeopathy using their knowledge and beliefs, and produce whatever “results” you can, whether placebo effect or not. Problem arises when homeopaths start weaving “theories” even without any idea regarding the fundamentals of science. We should be bold enough to say “I don’t know”, when we actually “do not know” some thing.

  • Is Water a Polymer?

    MIT or MOLECULAR IMPRINTS THERAPEUTICS is a scientific hypothesis trying to explain homeopathy.

    As per this hypothesis, potentization involves a process of Molecular Imprinting in water-alcohol supra-molecular matrix using drug molecules as templates, by which nanocavities or molecular imprints bearing the spacial conformations of drug molecules in a negative orientation are produced. Drugs potentized above avogadro limit contain these MOLECULAR IMPRINTS as their active principles, which can act as artificial binding pockets for the pathogenic molecules.

    One of the main criticisms against this hypothesis was that molecular imprinting could be done only in POLYMERS, and since water is not a polymer, molecular imprinting could not be done in water-alcohol matrix. Even though I had scientifically explained why water is considered a polymer-like substance, many people were reluctant to accept my explanations. Now comes a great research work that has scientifically proved that “Liquid water is a dynamic polydisperse branched polymer. This work done by a team led by William A. Goddard III and Saber Naserifar is a great breakthrough in water research, which will of course be of course a decisive help in establishing THE concept MOLECULAR IMPRINTING involved in homeopathic potentization as hypothesised by MIT.

    According to the researchers, they have proved through quantum mechanics force field molecular simulations that Liquid water is a dynamic polydisperse branched polymer. They have showed that when ice undergoes melting, the number of SHBs (strong hydrogen bonds) drops quickly to two in liquid water. These two SHBs couple into chains containing over 150 water molecules, resembling a branched polymer, where polymer branches evolve dynamically. Authors expect that this dynamics-branched polymer paradigm may explain long-standing puzzles of water, and may explain the observed angular correlations in water.

    You can read the research paper on this link: .https://www.pnas.org/content/116/6/1998

  • A COVID-19 HOMEOPATHY “RESEARCH PAPER” PUBLISHED FROM KERALA

    I have before me a research paper titled “covid-19 research Homoeopathy- Efficacy of Arsenicum Alb 30c for upregulating immunological markers among residents of covid-19 related hot spot areas in Pathanamthitta, Kerala”, recently published by Dr M V Thomas and coworkers, including some of the senior homeopaths from kerala.

    As usual, homeopathic community is enthusiastically sharing and broadcasting this “research” as a valuable proof for their claims regarding homeopathic prevention of covid 19. The truth is that most of those homeopaths never read or try to understand what is written in the article, but simply broadcast it! I am very much sure they will vehemently oppose me even without readin what I am writing here, as “who said it” is more important and decisive for them than “what is said in it”! Their herd psychology is such that they cannot tolerate anything that criticizes their bosses or goes against their beliefs!
    At the very onset, I want to express my happiness to note that the authors, in spite of their claim to be “classical homeopaths”, agree with the modern scientific view that “the causative organism of Covid 19 is a virus belonging to Coronaviridae family”. Normally, most classical homeopaths are seen to declare that “viruses are not causative agents of diseases”, and “virus theory” is a scam created big pharma conspracy! We have been recently hearing some “big homeopaths” theorizing that “viruses are not infectious”, “they do not come from outside the body”, and “viruses are fragments of our genetic substances that have undergone disintegratation due to the disturbances in the electromagnetic field of earth”! In such a context, this is a welcome change from the part of our present authors who talk about “covid 19 as an infectious pandemic produced by viruses”!
    Once you go through the paper, you will see that this “research” has actually nothing to do with covid 19, even though the title claims it to be a “covid 19 research”! This work reminds us about the funny story of a clever student who was asked to write an essay about elephant, and made the essay by describing about the coconut tree to which the elephant was fastened to!
    This study has nothing to do with homeopathic prophylaxis of Covid 19, even though the authors claim to be so. You will see that this is only a very poorly designed and executed study regarding the THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS of Arsenic Alb 30 on people diagnosed as “psychologically stressed”. The “rope” by which they fasten it to covid 19 is that the study was done in a “covid 19 hotspot area”!
    Hypothesis is that people in “covid 19 hotspot areas will be psychologically stressed, this psychological stress will cause reduction in immunity, and the covid viruses will easily infect them”. It is also hypothetized that we can prevent covid if we could raise the immunity level by any means! In their study, homeopathic medicine Arsenic Alb 30 is found to raise the immune markers in the selected colunteers, and as such it is concluded that Arsenic Alb 30 can prevent covid 19!
    Authors say:
    ” In the current episode of COVID-19 pandemic, the homoeopathic medicine Arsenicum alb 30C is selected as the genus epidemicus after an extensive review. It was hypothesised that, Arsenicum alb 30C will upregulate the immune markers of the individuals. The immune profile was explained by the serum absolute counts of CD4, CD3, CD8 and Lymphocyte.”
    Hypothesis is that “Arsenicum alb 30C will upregulate the immune markers of the individuals”. But the study done was to find out whether Arsenicum alb 30C will upregulate the immune markers of the individuals having “deficiency of immune markers due to psychological stress”! The study did not prove any relationship between “immune markers” and Arsenic Alb 30 and healthy individuals. Nobody ever proved that covid 19 will affect only those whose “immune markers are low”! If it was proved to be so, it would have been easy for health workers to evolve a strategy of covid prevention by checking the “immune markers” of all individuals in the community and isolating those who have low levels of “immune markers”! It is a foolish idea indeed.
    Theory of widespread “psychological stress in covid 19 hotspot areas” is ruled out by the authors themselves through their survey. It is stated in the paper itself that they interviewed 1151 individuals in the area, but could identify only 61 persons to be “psychologically stressed”. It means “psychological stress” could be detected only in a very minute percentage of people in the area. According to the theory proposed by authors, only these people will be vulnerable to covid 19 infection! More over, is there any evidence to prove that covid 19 affects only those who are psychologically stressed due to fear of covid 19? It is utter nonsense to correlate covid 19 infection with FEAR OF COVID! Many people who got covid 19 were common people totally unaware of covid!
    From the 61 persons found to be “psychologically stressed”, only 16 persons were identified to be having “low immune profile”, and they were recruited for final study. Obviously, authors are indirectly proving that “psychological stress” produced lowered immune profile in a very small percentage of people- only 16 out of 61. It is 16 out of 1151 individuals they interviewed in a “hotspot area”! As such, whether or not Arsenic Alb 30 upregulated the immune profile of 16 persons is of no consequence as a “covid 19 research”!
    Authors say:
    “There were 61 participants diagnosed as having subjective distress due to COVID-19 form 1151 individuals studied. The individuals with low immunity profile was selected as the participants of the study. The low immune profile was identified by those with absolute CD4 count below normal.”
    “Thus 16 participants identified as having low immune profile such as CD4, CD3, CD8, CD4:CD8 ratio and absolute lymphocyte count. The Arsenicum album 30C was given to the participants and post-test was taken after 5 days. The post-test revealed that, there were significant pre-post difference reported among all the immunological markers”.
    What does it mean that only 61 persons among 1151 individuals were “psychologically stressed”, and only 16 among them were found to be having “low immune profile”? Out of 61 persons identified to be having “psychological stress” from a group of 1151 , 35 persons did not show “low immunity profile”! It totally disproves the hypothesis that relates covid 19 infection with “lowered immunity” due to “psychological stress” !
    Here comes another wonderful statement:
    “It also found that, COVID-19 pandemic has created different levels of subjective distress as a result of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at residents of hot spot areas in Kerala.”
    Is it “post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)” or “anticipatory psychological stress” the authors are talking about? Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined in psychology as a mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a TRAUMATIC event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic accidents, child abuse or such severe threats in a person’s life. How this discussion of PTSD become relevant here? It is obvious that the authors are ignorant about the difference between “post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)” and “anticipatory psychological stress”.
    Then comes the next stage of the study. All the 16 persons found to be having “lowered immune profile” are given the homeopathic remedy Arsenic Album 30. Post-test of immune profile was taken after 5 days. “The post-test revealed that, there were significant pre-post difference reported among all the immunological markers”.
    This is the actual study. And by this “research”, they claim to have proved that “Arsenic Alb 30 is effective in preventing covid 19? Wonderful “scientific” conclusion indeed, isn’t it”
    What about controls? Most important drawback of this study is that there are no CONTROLS. All the 16 persons recruited were given Ars Alb 30. How can we say the upregulating of biological markers was caused by arsenic Alb, as far as there is no a control group kept on placebo to compare with? A control group kept on placebo is most essential in this kind of a study which involves psychological factors, in order to ensure that the upregulatiion of biomarkers were caused by Arsenic Alb itself.
    How can we say the “psychological stress” of the selected individuals was not relieved by placebo effects? How can we say a biological effect produced by “psychological stress” could not be reversed by the “psychological effects” of placebo? See the instructions the researchers had given to the volunteers:
    “The following instructions were given to the participants before the oral administration of Arsenicum album 30C.
    1. Stay home, do not go out unless it is inevitable.
    2. Eat good diet including vegetables.
    3. Sleep 6-8 hours in a day”.
    “Eating good diet”, “staying at home and taking good rest”, and “sleeping 6-8 hours in a day” are common measures that psychologists advice to reduce mental stress. You can imagine what actually happened to the volunteers here!
    Another important draw back of this research is that there is no BLINDING at all, and as such, we cannot rule out the biases and prejudices of researchers in deciding the outcome, especially in a study involving psychological factors as major ingredient.
    Even if the findings of the study are taken seriously, what did it actually prove? It proved that Arsenic Alb 30 can upregulate the immune markers in PAITENTS who are “psychologically stressed”. It is all about treatment of psychological stress. Nothing to do with “prevention of covid 19”!
    All other remaining massive texts panning through hundreds of pages of this “research paper” are mere copy-paste, which were intended only to make the paper appear bulky, scholarly and serious. They are totally irrelevant as far as the hypothesis and research methodology are fundamentally flawed! As such, I am avoiding the discussion of those parts involving the “modus operandi of potentized drugs”, which are actually a bundle of wild fancies and imaginations interspersed with scientific terms. No where they even try to address the fundamental questions such as what are the active principles of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs, and what is the biological mechanism by which they produce therapeutic effects. They quote a lot of things about biological actions of ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, as if arsenic Album 30 they used is containing molecular forms of arsenic trioxide. No where they mentioned about avogadro number, where as any scientific discussions of homeopathy drugs should involve a mention to avogadro number! Without explaining how and in what form medicinal properties of drug substances could be retained in dilutions much above avogadro limit, any scientific explanation of homeopathy is impossible.
    Read this statement: “It was hypothesised that, the disease prevention in homoeopathy carried out by enhancing immunity status of the individual. There were many studies reported with immunological studies with homoeopathy.”
    Listen to the following references to prove this claim of “disease prevention in homoeopathy carried out by enhancing immunity status of the individual” :
    “Ullman (23) reported that, the homoeopathic medicines made statistically significant pretest and post-test values of CD4 among the subjects with stage III AIDS. It also maintained the values of CD8 count among these patients. Charan, Shinde, Manchanda, Khurana & Taneja (24) revealed that, in HIV patients the homoeopathic medicines improved the CD4 count and CD4/CD8 ratio. The homoeopathic drugs in various potencies can influence mice, bone marrow
    cells, macrophages and PMN cells (25). Bonamin et al., (26) conducted a study and analysed the immune modulation mechanism of Thymulin 5CH in a granuloma experimental model. The study was conducted among mice models and reported that, there were increase in the CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in the local lymph node. “
    The first two studies in the above reference were about the THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS of homeopathic medicines in HIV PATIENTS. Third study is regarding GRANULOMA. These studies proved nothing about “disease prevention in homoeopathy carried out by enhancing immunity status”. Either the authors could not understand the above studies, or they are intentionally trying to mislead the readers.
    Most wonderful part of this “research paper” is regarding “modus operandi” of Arsenic Alb 30 in upregulatiing immune markers”. Please listen:
    “The modus operandi of homoeopathic medicine is not completely revealed. The action of Arsenicum album 30C is also not different. An extensive review on the subject explains a hypothesis. Arsenicum album. is a well-established drug for clinical management of diseases with presenting symptoms similar to COVID-19. As2O3 is widely used in modern medicine as well as nanomedicine trials for improving immunity and reduce inflammation caused by immunocompromised
    diseases (42-52). In homoeopathic pharmacopeia of India, the preparation of
    Arsenicum album. is reported and approved by CDSCO. Arsenicum album 30C is considered as an established drug derived from mineral sources which can deliver therapeutic action at nanomaterial doses (52-57). More importantly As2O3 and its various formulations have a significant role in PML isoforms and these PML gene regulations have crucial role in generating antiviral defense mechanism (54). In the context of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, As2O3 based homoeopathic prophylaxis will help the human body to experience an immunological learning from artificial
    immune challenge raised through Arsenicum album.”
    What is the “moduus operandi”? Did you understand anything? Did they say anything meaningful, except playing with some words?
    “As2O3 is widely used in modern medicine as well as nanomedicine trials for improving immunity and reduce inflammation caused by immunocompromised
    Diseases. Arsenic Trioxide and its various formulations have a significant role in PML isoforms and these PML gene regulations have crucial role in generating antiviral defense mechanism”.
    So what? Tell clearly whether Arsenic Trioxide is present in Arsenic 30, which is a actually a dilution of 1 in 6023 followed by 60 zeros! Do you know how much it is above Avogadro limit? Please tell in WHAT FORM and WHAT QUANTITY Arsenic Trioxide will be present in such a dilution. Without mentioning anything about it, authors are trying to hide themselves behind a smoke screen of words about “how Arsenic Trioxide is used in modern medicine for immunity”!
    Here is another wonderful piece of example for the vanity or ignorance the authors are trying to distribute to the homeopaths in the label of “scientific research” . Read this:
    “Glycerin present in Arsenicum album. Elevates the blood plasma osmolality thereby extracting water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma, which in turn helps the associated As2O3 to perforate through the cell membranes. Thus, the Arsenicum album. entered into the cellular environment will create an immunological stress(57-61).”
    Glycerine present in Arsenic Alb 30 pills? Wherefrom this glycerine comes in Ars Alb 30 pills in such a quantity to “elevates the blood plasma osmolality thereby extracting water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma, which in turn helps the associated As2O3 to perforate through the cell membranes”! All of us know that a small quantity of glycerine is added to dissolve Arsenic Trioxide during trituration stage of potentization. But how could you imagine that glycerine to stay there without undergoing any change even after undergoing the dilution process upto 30c stage? That too in a quantity to “elevate the blood plasma osmolarity”, and “extracting water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma”! There should be a limit even for talking nonsense!
  • “NANOPARTICLE THEORY OF HOMEOPATHY” AND AVOGADRO NUMBER

    What the IIT-B researchers said was that they could detect some nanoparticles of original drug substances “floating in the 1% top layer of potentized homeopathic drugs”. But what the homeopaths understood from that statement is that “potentized drugs contain nanoparticles”! And they started weaving fanciful theories about “nanoparticle” homeopathy to make it appear scientific!
    Some of them even started writing books on “NANODYNAMICS” and “NANOPHARMACOLOGY” of homeopathy.
    They never stopped a second to ponder how the particles detected to be “floating on 1%top layer of solutions” could work as active principles of the whole volume of the solutions! They forgot the simple fact that we use not only the “top 1%layer”, but even the last split drop of the solution, and we are getting expected therapeutic results. The most celebrated “nanoparticle theory” is obviously wrong.
    Even if you argue that it is not the “top 1%layer” only, but the whole volume will be filled with nanoparticles, you will have to answer a few more questions. Where from this unlimited supply of nanoparticles comes in a dilution thousands of times above avogadro limit? Since the number of particles contained in a given quantity of substance by avogadro number, the particles present in a dilution will diminish by each successive dilution, and by crossing avogadro limit, it will be practically zero. Will you argue that new particles are generated by the process of potentization?
    At this point, a prominent section of “nanoparticle homeopaths” start questioning the validity of avogadro number itself. They seem to think that it is their duty to ‘prove’ Avogadro number ‘wrong’, in order to prove that ‘homeopathy is not placebo’! They seem to fear that their whole justification of homeopathy would collapse if Avogadro is allowed to exist!
    They ask: “Have you got ‘scientific evidence’ of avogadro’s constant?
    Jean Perrin got nobel prize in physics in 1926 for his exhaustive work on avogadro constant. It was this French Physicist who in 1909 proposed naming the constant in honor of Avogadro. Perrin won the Nobel Prize for his monumental works in determining the Avogadro constant by several different methods.
    The Avogadro constant is named after the early nineteenth-century Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro, who, in 1811, first proposed that the volume of a gas (at a given pressure and temperature) is proportional to the number of atoms or molecules regardless of the nature of the gas.
    In chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant is defined as the ratio of the number of constituent particles (usually atoms or molecules) in a sample to the amount of substance n (unit mole) . Thus, it is the proportionality factor that relates the molar mass of an entity, i.e., the mass per amount of substance, to the mass of said entity. The Avogadro constant expresses the number of elementary entities per mole of substance and it has the value 6.02214129(27)×10^23 mol. Changes in the SI units are proposed that will change Avogadro’s constant to to exactly 6.02214X×10^23 when it is expressed in the unit mol.
    Avogadro number is used to calculate the number of molecules or atoms in a given quantity of any substance. It is defined that 1 gram mol of any substance will contain 6.022×10^23 numbers of its molecules. 1 gram mol is the molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams. Since molecular mass of hydrogen is 2, 2 grams of hydrogen constitutes 1 gram mol of hydrogen, and it will contrain 6.022×10^23 number of hydrogen nolecules. Molecular mass of oxygen is 32, and hence 32 gms of oxygen will contain 6.022×10^23 oxygen molecules. Molecular mass of water is 18, and hence 18 gms of water will contain 6.022×10^23 h2o molecules.
    Molecular mass of carbon is 12, and hence 12 gms of carbon will contain 6.022×10^23 carbon molecules. In other words, 2 gms of hydrogen, 32 gms of oxygen, 18 gms of water and 12 gams of carbon will contain EQUAL NUMBER of molecules, which is a fixed number 6.022×10^23. It is obvious that number of molecules in equal quantities of different substances will be different depending upon their molecular mass. Larger the molecular mass, the lesser will be the number of molecules in a given quantity.
    Whole scientific world utilizes this Avogadro constant in all calculations in physics and chemistry, and it is found correct.
    But our ‘nanoparticle homeopaths’ will not believe in avogadro constant without ‘scientific evidence’! They think the swedish academy was mistaken by wrongly awarding nobel prize to Jean Perrin without enough ‘scientific evidence’ for his works on avogadro constant! I can only pity for these people calling themselves ‘physicians’, for their ignorance or closed mindedness, whatever it may be.
    Most funny thing is, these people are never bothered about the ‘scientific evidences’ for those aphorisms in organon! They never ask for ‘scientific evidence’ for ‘miasms’ or ‘vital force’ or ‘similia similibus curentur’. They never ask for ‘scientific evidence’ for all those nonsense theories preached as part of homeopathy. They never ask for ‘scientific evidence’ for all those occult practices done by so-called homeopaths in the name of CAM!
    But they want ‘scientific evidence’ for Avogadro’s Theory! They want ‘scientific evidence’ only when some body talks about some scientific ideas. They instantly will jump in to prove ‘science is unscientific’, and that ‘homeopathy is ultimate science’! They want ‘scientific evidence’ only to establish the ‘unscientificness of science’!
    According to these ‘nanoparticle homeopaths’, If something is said in ‘organon’, or uttered by the ‘master’ or ‘stalwarts’, it should be accepted by all homeopaths as ‘ultimate science’- no ‘evidence’ needed! These are the people who represent homeopathy before the world. Most of the influential section of homeopathy try to propagate homeopathy that way. That is the reason why the scientific community perceive homeopathy as quackery and placebo.
    It is a sheer waste of time to discuss science with this class of people. Nobody can convince them anything. But the sad thing is, we cannot ignore these intellectual morons, since they represent homeopathy before the general community and making it a subject of unending mockery.
  • “Dynamic Energy” Reflects the Limitations of Scientific Knowledge Available to Hahnemann!

    HAHNEMANN UTILIZED THE CONCEPT OF “DYNAMIC ENERGY” DUE TO HIS “INABILITY” TO EXPLAIN CERTAIN PHENOMENA HE OBSERVED “BY ANY OTHER MANNER”!

    Read Hahnemann saying in Organon : Aphorism 11 : Sixth Edition: Foot Note:

    “Is it then so utterly impossible for our age celebrated for its wealth in clear thinkers to think of dynamic energy as something non-corporeal, since we see daily phenomena which cannot be explained in any other manner?”

    It obviously means, he would not have thought about the concept of ‘dynamic energy’, if it was possible for him to explain these “daily phenomena” “in any other manner”!

    Hahnemann was compelled to ‘think’ about ‘dynamic energy’, only because he saw many daily phenomena which he could not explain in “any other manner”‘. It amounts to a humble confession by the master:

    Which were those “daily phenomena” Hahnemann observed, “which cannot be explained in any other manner” that prompted him to think about a “dynamic energy” that is something “non-corporeal”?

    Further he gives in the same footnote a list of “daily phenomena” which he could not explain by any other manner other than “dynamic energy” as follows:

    “If one looks upon something nauseous and becomes inclined to vomit, did a material emetic come into his stomach which compels him to this anti-peristaltic movement? Was it not solely the dynamic effect of the nauseating aspect upon his imagination?”

    “if one raises his arm, does it occur through a material visible instrument? a lever? Is it not solely the conceptual dynamic energy of his will which raises it?”

    “Our earth, by virtue of a hidden invisible energy, carries the moon around her in twenty-eight days and several hours, and the moon alternately, in definite fixed hours (deducting certain differences which occur with the full and new moon) raises our northern seas to flood tide and again correspondingly lowers them to ebb. Apparently this takes place not through material agencies, not through mechanical contrivances”

    “we see numerous other events about us as results of the action of one substance on another substance without being able to recognize a sensible connection between cause and effect”

    “dynamic effect of the sick-making influences upon healthy man, as well as the dynamic energy of the medicines upon the principle of life in the restoration of health is nothing else than infection and so not in any way material, not in any way mechanical”

    “Just as the energy of a magnet attracting a piece of iron or steel is not material, not mechanical”

    “One sees that the piece of iron is attracted by one pole of the magnet, but how it is done is not seen.”

    “This invisible energy of the magnet does not require mechanical (material) auxiliary means, hook or lever, to attract the iron. The magnet draws to itself and this acts upon the piece of iron or upon a steel needle by means of a purely immaterial invisible, conceptual, inherent energy, that is, dynamically, and communicates to the steel needle the magnetic energy equally invisibly (dynamically).”

    “The steel needle becomes itself magnetic, even at a distance when the magnet does not touch it, and magnetises other steel needles with the same magnetic property (dynamically) with which it had been endowered previously by the magnetic rod”

    “a child with small-pox or measles communicates to a near, untouched healthy child in an invisible manner (dynamically) the small-pox or measles, that is, infects it at a distance without anything material from the infective child going or capable of going to the one to be infected”

    “A purely specific conceptual influence communicated to the near child small-pox or measles in the same way as the magnet communicated to the near needle the magnetic property.”

    These were the “daily phenomena” which he could not explain by “any other means”, and compelled him to explain using the concepts of “dynamic energy”.

    1. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain how limbs are raised at will- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    2. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain why people get nauseated by seeing others vomit- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    3. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain how measles and chicken pox are transmitted- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    4. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain why earth revolves around sun- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    5. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain the phenomena of high and low ebbsl- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    6. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain how a magnet attracts an iron needle- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    7. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain how a steel needle gets magnetized in the vicinity of a magnet – and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    8. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain the phenomenon of life – and hence, he explained it using vital force and dynamic energy.

    9. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain disease and cure- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    10. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain symptoms and drug proving- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    11. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain how substances get medicinal property- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    12. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain how potentization really worksl- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

    13. Hahnemann could not scientifically explain how potentized drugs act- and hence, he explained it using dynamic energy.

  • “QUANTUM PHYSICS” IN HOMEOPATHY- JUST ANOTHER NONSENSE!

    Some homeopaths think that therapeutic actions of post-avogadro diluted homeopathic medicines could be explained using the concepts of QUANTUM PHYSICS.

    They should bear in mind that Quantum physics is a branch modern science that deals with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale. It attempts to describe and account for the properties of molecules and atoms and their constituents—electrons, protons, neutrons, and other more esoteric particles such as quarks and gluons.

    Attempts of explaining homeopathy using QUANTUM PHYSICS comes from the idea that drug substances are converted to SUBATOMIC PARTICLES and ENERGY during the process of homeopathic potentization.

    The funny thing is that those who now comes with QUANTUM THEORIES of homeopathy were so far talking about NANOPARTICLE research in homeopathy!

    They should understand, NANOPARTICLES has nothing to do with QUANTUM PHYSICS. Science of nanoparticles deas with the study of SUPRA-MOLECULAR and SUPRA-ATOMIC FORMATIONS of matter, where as quantum physics deals with the study of SUB-ATOMIC particles and forces. First of all you have to decide whether it is “subatomic particles” or “nanoparticles” you are talking about.

    Anybody with high school level knowledge of science is aware that complex chemical molecules contained in drug substances cannot be converted to subatomic particles or energy particles by the process of potentization. With the minimal mechanical energy involved in “shaking”, you cannot break the very strong covalent bonds that hold atoms together in a chemical molecule.

    What a ridiculous nonsense it will be if anybody says he can split a simple water molecule into oxygen and hydrogen atoms by “shaking” it? It is wonderful to see that our homeopathy “scientists” are imagining about converting matter into energy by the simple mechanical process of shaking involved in potentization! To convert drug substance into energy, they have split molecules into atoms, atoms into subatomic particles, and then subatomic particles into energy particles. One have to be an idiot to believe that it is happening during potentization!

    Even if somebody could split drug molecules into atoms and subatomic particles, how can those particles retain the medicinal properties of complex drug molecules? Medicinal properties of drug molecules are due to their peculiar structure and chemical properties. How can an individual atom or subatomic particle retain the chemical properties of complex drug molecules?

    Once the complex molecules are divided into constituent atoms, their molecular level properties are lost. Once the atoms are split into subatomic particles, their atomic level properties are lost. When matter is converted into energy, it will be ENERGY only. There cannot be a NUX VOMICA energy or SULPHUR energy once they are converted to energy form!

    Same way as our SCIENCE-STARVED homeopaths swallowed the nonsense “nanoparticle theory” without asking a single question, they will swallow this QUANTUM PHYSICS THEORY OF HOMEOPATHY also! Especially when BIG scientists are talking it!

  • My Social Media Notes On Homoeopathic Prophylaxis

    I have many times explained my view regarding homeopathy prophylaxis very well. We cannot produce IMMUNITY by homeopathic drugs, be it SINGLE or COMBINATION. 
    Reason is, molecular imprints contained in potentized drugs act ONLY on pathogenic molecules if  present. In the absence of pathogenic molecules, molecular imprints do not produce any action in the body.
    That means, if potentized drugs are used DURING the time of entry of virus into body, our medinces can prevent virus from producing a disease condition. Actually, it is nothing but CURING AT THE ONSET of disease.
    That is why I repeatedly say, medicines should be used continuously till pandemic is OVER. Since we cannot ensure all the molecular imprints required by all individuals and in all stages of disease by a so-called SINGLE drug, we have to make a COMBINATION of all indicated drugs for a mass application protocol. Such a well prepared combination will obviously act as curative remedy also.
    Dosage of medicines should be decided with a view that MOLECULAR IMPRINTS have to be made available in the body in enough quantities, and that there is no harm even if molecular imprints are supplied in excess than required. 
    WHAT I AM  RECOMMENDING IS, MAKE A COMBINATION OF ALL INDICATED DRUGS IN 30C POTENCY, AND ADMINISTER IT 5-10 DROPS DIRECTLY ON TONGUE BDS UNTIL PANDEMIC IS OVER.
    #
    I do not agree with the current campaign for mass distribution of Arsenic Alb 30  as “immune booster”, being conducted by a section of homeopaths with the official support of AYUSH authorities. I have sufficient reasons for this disagreement. 
    I am not “against” the use of Arsenic Alb or any other particular drug suggested by anybody. Why should I oppose or support any particular medicine? What I opposed was the mass distribution of Ars Alb 30, wrongly claiming it as “immune booster”, that too in inappropriate dosage and for inappropriate duration. I also disagree with the totally inappropriate way Ars Alb was determined as the ONLY medicine. I have written about the importance of administering Ars Alb 30 for preventing the COMPLICATIONS arising from covid in individuals having high arsenic levels in blood. I have clearly explained the scientific basis of this idea. 
    It is wrong to think that any SINGLE medicine can offer protection against COVID 19, since molecular mechanism involved in the process of infection of this disease is very complex, and multiple molecular pathways are involved in the expressions and complications of this disease. For prevention and treatment of COVID 19, we have to formulate an appropriate COMBINATION of various drugs that will , and administer it UNTIL EPIDEMIC is over. Ars Alb 30 is of course a constituent of combination I propose.
    PROPHYLAXIS against viral infections using indicated homeopathic medicines in 30c potency is possible DURING acute epidemics. Calling it IMMUNE BOOSTER is totally wrong and misleading. Such a stance will make homeopathy defenseless before the critics, as there no any scientific evidence to prove that homeopathy medicines can BOOST immunity. That word by itself indicates a lack of scientific understanding regarding the biological mechanism involved in the phenomenon we call IMMUNITY. There is no even a concept called IMMUNE BOOSTER in scientific medicine. That word is commonly used by unscientific CAM practitioners and charlatans only.
    What I explained here do not justify the mass administration of Ars Alb 30 as “immune booster”. It Only justifies the role of Ars Alb 30 in prevention of complications happening due to covid disease in people having high arsenic levels in their body. Please don’t ignore the difference 

    Call it HOMEOPATHIC PROPHYLACTIC. It is the appropriate expression.

    Post-avogadro homeopathic medicines contain molecular imprints of constituent molecules as their active principles. These molecular imprints act as ARTIFICIAL BINDING POCKETS for pathogenic molecules such as viral glycoproteins. They do not act upon our biological molecules or produce any effect unless pathological molecules having conformational affinity are present. Obviously, our medinces act ONLY if pathogenic molecules are present in our body. Molecular imprints fight viral infections by preventing from binding to our cells, not by enhancing IMMUNITY. That is why I say homeopathy medicines can prevent a viral disease only if taken continuously until epidemic is over.

    #
    Failure in understanding the difference between PRE-AVOGADRO or “molecular forms” of drugs and POST-AVOGADRO or “molecular imprinted forms” of drugs is one of the a major causes of confusions among homeopaths. It should be clearly understood that they belong to entirely different classes of drugs, which are different and mutually opposite regarding their molecular constitution, chemical properties, biological properties, therapeutic properties as well as molecular mechanism of actions. 
    PRE-AVOGADRO means dilutions and crude forms below avogadro limit, which is approximately below 12c. They will contain the constituent chemical molecules of original drug substances. They will have the same chemical and biological properties of original drugs. If they are triturated, they may become more soluble and chemically more reactive, since trituration may break the intermolecular bonds and make the molecules more or less free and exposed. PRE-AVOGADRO drugs are MOLECULAR drugs commonly used in all medical systems. Whether labelled as homeopathic, allopathic, ayurvedic, unani, herbal or by any other name, those drugs will act by same biological mechanism if introduced into the body. 
    PRE-AVOGADRO or MOLECULAR forms of drugs act as therapeutic agents by the CHEMICAL properties of their constituent molecules. They chemically interact with the various biological molecules as well as the pathogenic molecules, and produce chemical changes in them. When these chemical molecules bind to biological molecules of protein structures, their actions will be inhibited, leading to diverse kinds of molecular errors cascading in associated biochemical pathways. Thse molecular errors are expressed through specific groups and trains of subjective and objective symptoms. This is called the disease-causing properties of MOLECULAR drugs. This is what actually happens during homeopathic DRUG PROVING. 
    When MOLECULAR forms of drugs are used for treating diseases, they produce cures by their chemical properties. But the problem is, they can act upon unexpected molecular targets also, and produce unexpected harmful molecular inhibitions. This is what we call side effects of drugs. Capability of producing unexpected and unwanted molecular inhibitions is a drawback of PRE-AVOGADRO or molecular forms of drugs. 
    Homeopathic drugs potentized above 12c belong to the class of POST-AVOGADRO or MOLECULAR IMPRINTED drugs. 
    #
    My earnest appeal to CCRH as well as AYUSH-

    COVID 19 is spreading very fast, and is almost going out of control in many states. Lives of people are in danger.

    Please reconsider your earlier advice of distributing Arsenic Album 30 as preventive. It is not sufficient for mass prevention. 

    A disease-specific COMBINATION of all indicated homeopathic drugs in 30c potencies is essential to ensure protection on mass scale.

    Dosage as well as frequency also have to be reconsidered. My suggestion is drop doses twice daily directly on tongueue until epidemic is over.

    #
    Calling our medicines as IMMUNE BOOSTERS
    is an insult to HOMEOPATHY!

    Nobody ever proved or can prove post-avogadro homeopathic medicines could induce production of immune bodies or initiate an immune process.!

    Only way the molecular imprints contained in post-avogadro diluted homeopathic medicines act is to bind to the pathogenic molecules, deactivate them, and remove the pathological molecular inhibitions they produced.

    In the absence of pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, molecular imprints have no any action in the body.

    Molecular imprints cannot interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands.

    They cannot produce any positive or negative changes in the body. They cannot make us more healthy or more diseased, when there are no pathological molecules available for binding.

    You can realize the folly involved in calling homeopathy medicines as IMMUNE BOOSTERS, only if you understand the biological mechanism by which post-avogadro drugs act.

    #
    When you claim a particular drug in post-avogadro dilution can work as “preventive” or “immune booster” against COVID 19, as per scientific method, you are bound to answer some specific questions:

    1. Does that drug  in 30c dilution actually contains the original drug ?

    2. If “yes”, in what form original drug substance exists in  30c dilution? As molecules, atoms, nanoparticles, electrons, protons, subatomic particles or any other material form? Or does it exists in the form of some “dynamic energy”, “vial force”, “vibrations” or any other “immaterial form?

    3. What is the biological mechanism by which the drug in 30c dilution produces immune boosting, prophylactic or therapeutic effects?

    4. When answering these questions, please do not forget, 30c is a dilution of 1 in 1 and 60 zeros, much above avogadro limit. Above avogadro limit, there is no any chance for even a single particle of original substance to exist. 

    5. If you say Arsenic Alb 30 contains NANOPARTICLES of original drug, you will have to explain where from this unlimited supply of nanoparticles come, to be present in each and every split drop of the preparation even in such high dilutions! That will be possible only if new matter particles are generated from nothingness during the process of potentization! 

    6. Do you think the complex chemical molecules, chemical properties of which decide the medicinal properties of the substance, could be split into elemental atoms during potentization? Do you think the mechanical energy of shaking a few times will generate the huge energy required to break the covalent bonds that hold the atoms together in a molecule? If you think it is possible, can you split a simple water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen by SHAKING? 

    Dear sir, you cannot evade these important questions by simply quoting the aphorisms of the master, or abusing and ridiculing me for asking these kinds of uncomfortable questions! 

    #
    AS with any other VIRAL DISEASE, homeopathy should be capable of preventing and curing covid-19. I have no least doubt the efficacy of homeopathy. But it should be established not by broadcasting bogus claims propagated by some irresponsible persons. That is my point. 
    Before raising claims, it should be proved by conducting systematic and well monitored trials, using appropriate prescriptions, appropriate medicines, appropriate potencies, appropriate doses and appropriate frequencies. You cannot prove the efficacy of homeopathy by giving some medicines “along with allopathic medicines” as some people are trying to do now. 
    #
    From my 50 years of experience with homeopathy, I KNOW HOMEOPATHY REALLY 
    WORKS. But we cannot evade these questions! 
    When you claim Ars Alb 30 can work as “preventive” or “immune booster” against COVID 19, as per scientific method, you are bound to answer some specific questions:

    1. Does Arsenic Alb 30 actually contains Arsenic Trioxide?

    2. If “yes”, in what form Arsenic Trioxide exists in Arsenic Alb 30? As molecules, atoms, nanoparticles, electrons, protons, subatomic particles or any other material form? Or does it exists in the form of some “dynamic energy”, “vial force”, “vibrations” or any other “immaterial form?

    3. What is the biological mechanism by which Arsenic Alb 30 produces, immune boosting, prophylactic or therapeutic please?

    4. When answering these questions, please do not forget, 30c is a dilution of 1 in 1 and 60 zeros, much above avogadro limit. Above avogadro limit, there is no any chance for even a single particle of original substance to exist. 

    5. If you say Arsenic Alb 30 contains NANOPARTICLES of arsenic, you will have to explain where from this unlimited supply of nanoparticles come, to be present in each and every split drop of the preparation even in such high dilutions! That will be possible only if new matter particles are generated from nothingness during the process of potentization! 
    6. Do you think the complex chemical molecules, chemical properties of which decide the medicinal properties of the substance, could be split into elemental atoms during potentization? Do you think the mechanical energy of shaking a few times will generate the huge energy required to break the covalent bonds that hold the atoms together in a molecule? If you think it is possible, can you split a simple water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen by SHAKING? 
    Dear sirs, you cannot evade these important questions by simply quoting the aphorisms of the master, or abusing and ridiculing me for asking these kinds of uncomfortable questions! 
    #
    Stage is all set that at the end of the story our homeopaths will come with a wonderful claim that all those millions of people who did not get covid 19 in India were actually protected by taking Ars Alb 30 five pills once daily for three days they distributed!

    And of course another sect of them will claim it was sepia 200 two drops spray that did the work! Just like the claim going around that covid 19 is being prevented in some states by drinking cow urine!

    Next generation homeopathy students will naturally be taught in colleges that it was homeopathy that defeated COVID 19 outbreak of 2020! 

    #
    Some people claim they protected thousands of people by spraying sepia 200 two drops around their houses!

    Some people claim they protected thousands by giving “holy ashes” brought from Himalaya! Some others claim they protected people using holy water from Ganges!

    Millions are claimed to be protected by drinking cow urine! They might have consumed cow dung also! 

    One swamiji claims he can prevent corona by pranayama or breathing exercises!

    Some people conduct pujas to prevent corona! Clapping hands and ringing bells on roads to eradicate covid were also performed all over the country!

    Millions are also claimed to be protected by the mysterious vibrations emanating from homeopathic pills they distributed!

    The truth is that spread of covid 19 was contained at least to this level by massive governmental vigilance, quaretines, isolations, lockdowns, social distancing, handwashing, sanitizers, masks etc! And every charlatans are claiming credits for it!

    Had the whole world gone crazy by covid fear?

    #
    It is a big lie that homeopathy defeated covid 19 in kerala. The truth is that people who received homeopathic “preventives” were never even exposed to get infected, due to the successful containment programme implemented by official health care system.

    All the infected ones were identified in time, strictly quatentined, their root maps were published, primary and secondary contacts were identified and isolated, a massive “break the chain” campaign was implemented with active cooperation of public, lockdown was brought much before it came at national level, all of which ultimately prevented the spread of covid in the state.

    Homeopaths please do not make homeopathy ridiculed and humiliated by making bogus claims!

    AS with any other VIRAL DISEASE, homeopathy should be capable of preventing and curing covid-19. I have no least doubt the efficacy of homeopathy. But it should be established not by broadcasting bogus claims propagated by some irresponsible persons. That is my point. 

    Before raising claims, it should be proved by conducting systematic and well monitored trials, using appropriate prescriptions, appropriate medicines, appropriate potencies, appropriate doses and appropriate frequencies. You cannot prove the efficacy of homeopathy by giving some medicines “along with allopathic medicines” as some people are trying to do now. 

    Mass distribution of Ars Alb 30 four pills for 3 days as “immune booster” is only a public fooling campaign and a SCAM, designed by some clever people to prove that homeopathy also exists here, knowing well that it is not going to “boost the immunity” of anybody!
    All homeopaths know well that there is no such a thing called IMMUNE BOOSTER in homeopathy. Of course Ars Alb 30 can cure the disease, ONLY IF  the individual is infected, and if the medicine is indicated for his condition!
    #
    Dear homeopath, do you agree with the the “theory” of Dr Vijaykar that covid 19 virus do not come from outside the body, but from inside of the person himself, due to the fragility and breaking of his DNA and RNA into particles due to the harmful effects  of disturbances in the electromagnetic field of earth? 
    Remember, you are living in an era of scientific enlightenment, and the world is always listening to you. You can say any foolish ideas in front of your “dedicated followers” in a closed room, but when you say such things in public spaces, you will be subjected to criticism and scrutiny. Don’t expect immunity to criticism. When you say something that goes against existing well proved scientific knowledge system, a lot of questions will be naturally asked, and you will have to answer them. 

    You cannot evade from scientific questions by simply abusing the person who raises questions, and raising counter questions about his qualifications for questions. No special qualifications are necessary to question unscientific, superstitious and nonsense ideas that may harm the community. Mind it. 

    If you have any scientifically viable argument that “fragility and breaking  of human genomes due to the disturbance of earth’s electromagnetic field” is the FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE of covid-19, prove it by scientific methods before broadcasting it to the community. 

    Existing scientific knowledge do not agree with your theory that “viruses do not come from outside, but from inside of individuals”. 

    Especially in this time global pandemic of covid-19, your arguments have a lot of dangerous implications. Need for lock downs, shutting of flights, isolation, quarantine, handwashes, social distancing, face masks, sanitization, and every preventive measures WHO and Govt have advised and globally practiced to prevent spread of COVID-19 will be irrelevant and unnecessary if your theory is right. 

    Please understand, you are questioning the rationale of ongoing fight against COVID 19, and you are bound to attract legal actions for violation of provisions of epidemics act currently in force. 

    In the current grave circumstances, you are not authorised to broadcast all your whims and fancies that may weakn the social preventive measures against COVID. 

    It will be very dangerous situation for the whole society around him, if someone belonging to the class of your “blind followers” dare to defy the directives of health officials, believing your words that covid is not spread from person to person, but come from his own “inside”. 

    Please think about the dangerous situation that may be created if people start believing your theory that covid could be cured and prevented by correcting the “vibrations” by applying some sepia 200 on his toes, and putting same medicines around the house! 

    Dear sir, please understand, by broadcasting this kind of dangerous ideas about corona virus infection in the current circumstances , you have actually done a big crime against humanity as a whole. Kindly withdraw your video and disown it as early as possible, as it is being widely propagated and broadcasted by your foolish followers who failed to realize it’s dangerous social and legal implications. 

    #
    Dear homeopaths, when you celebrate mass distribution of Arsenic Alb 30 as “immune booster” in a bid of proving your existence rather than preventing covid 19, did anybody among you think in WHAT “form and quantity” arsenic trioxide may be present in the  “dose of 4 pills taken once daily for three days”, and WHAT may be the biological mechanism by which it produces immune boosting, prophylactic or curative effects?

    I know you do not like this kind of questions. And most of you will say those who ask this kind of questions are “enemies” of homeopathy. But for me, these questions arise from my love and concern for homeopathy, and from my desire to make it scientific! I know, your intolerance to scientific questions actually come from your realization that you are incapable of providing answers to them. Whether you like it or not, I will go on asking questions until I get satisfactory answers. 

    And remember, homeopathy will get recognized as a medical science only when you are capable of answering these questions in a way fitting to the modern scientific knowledge system!

    #
    What I am trying to convince the homeopathic fraternity through my repeated posts is that scientifically valid and acceptable Systematic Random Controlled double blind homeopathic drug trials for prevention and treatment of COVID 19 could be  successfully done only by using DISEASE-SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS of post-avogadro dilutions.

    Engaging in inappropriately designed and inaccurately conducted TRIALS based on blind beliefs and overenthusiasm about the “infallibility” of so-called “fundamental principles”, without any scientific idea regarding the active principles and biological mechanism of actions of homeopathic drugs may lead to failures of your trials. Ultimately, it will be doing big damages to the future of homeopathy.

    #
    ARSENIC ALB 30 and BRYONIA 30 will surely work, if they are indicated. But they will not work if given “4 pills for 3 days” as preventive for a pandemic, or “1 drop diluted in 100 ml water” for curative purpose. If selection of of potency, dosage, frequency, repetitions and duration of medication are not appropriate, even well selected SIMILIMUM is bound to fail.
    Problem with our so-called “classical” homeopaths is that they consider potentized drugs as some thing IMMATERIAL, that contain some sort of DYNAMIC DRUG ENERGY that act DYNAMICALLY upon an IMMATERIAL vital force and produce cure or boost immunity, DYNAMICALLY! They have no any scientific idea regarding what exactly happens during potentization, what are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of potentized drugs, or what is the BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM of their actions. Due to this IGNORANCE, every thing is DYNAMIC and IMMATERIAL for them. They don’t like people who talk science!
    #
    Since all other MIT FORMULATIONS are working well as expected when used as per indications, I am taking VIROMIT myself regularly with the hope that it will protect me from infection. I have distributed it to my family members, friends and neighbours also.
    I am looking forward to collaborate with some research organisations abroad for conducting  a systematic double blind clinical trial, not as an ANCILLARY or ADJUVANT therapy, but as an independent homeopathic treatment protocol. 
    #
    Until you understand what are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of potentized drugs you use, and HOW they really work, you cannot make a rational prescription. You cannot decide which is the right potency to be used, right quantity to be used or right frequency to be used. That is why most homeopaths fail to make results, even though they know well how to select the right remedy. Even well selected remedies will fail, if not given in right potency, right quantity and right frequency.
     Most homeopaths believe in the totally unscientific idea that potentized medicines contain some “immaterial energy” that acts “dynamically” upon an “immaterial vital force”. This idea of dynamic energy and vital force belongs to a 200 year old primitive state of scientific knowledge that existed during hahnemann’s period, which has to be modified and updated in accordance with modern scientific knowledge.
    To be scientific physicians, homeopaths  have to study what exactly happens during potentization, and what are the active principles of potentized drugs. We have to study the vital processes in terms of biochemical interactions involved it, and understand the biochemistry of life, health and disease. We have to study drug substances in terms of their constituent chemical molecules and their pharmacological actions. We have to study the molecular dynamics of drug actions and cure.
    Once you understand homeopathic potentization as a process of molecular imprinting, and active principles of potentized drugs as Molecular Imprints, and realize how molecular imprints act as artificial binding pockets for pathogenic molecules, your whole perspective towards theory and practice will undergo a revolutionary change. You will have rational and scientific answers for any question anybody ask about homeopathy.
    By acquiring this knowledge, you will become capable of selecting not only the right remedy, but right potency, right combinations, right doses and right frequency of drug administration. 
    #
    My main concern with the distribution of homeopathic prophylactic medicines for covid 19 is not regarding what medicines you select, but regarding the inappropriate and insufficient doses and frequencies in which you administer them. 
    More over, it is wrong to expect a SINGLE drug to work as protective for every individual, and it will be more desirable to use combinations of indicated drugs in 30 c potencies for COMMUNITY PROPHYLAXIS.
    MOLECULAR IMPRINTS contained in post-avogadro homeopathic drugs act by binding to and inhibiting the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity. They cannot interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands.
    As such, potentized drugs cannot produce any deviation in a healthy body, as far as conforming pathogenic molecules are not present. It is obvious that they cannot produce any IMMUNE BOOSTING.
     Potentized medicines can act as prophylactic only if they are taken while pathogenic molecules attack the body. That means, we cannot produce advance prophylaxis or long term prophylaxis using potentized drugs.
    To protect from a infectious disease, we have to take medicines during exposure, and continue medication until the threat of infection is over.
    My appeal to homeopaths is that they should not forget this simple fact while talking about homeopathic prophylaxis.
    To realize the importance of this message, first of all one should be capable of understanding the scientific facts involved in it.
    #
    I am not against homeopathy. But I am against nonsense things done in the name of homeopathy. I am questioning unscientific theories and practice of homeopathy, only because I want homeopathy to be SCIENTIFIC and RATIONAL. 
    It is very funny to see our CLASSICAL homeopaths justify their mass distribution of medicines as preventive for COVID 19. Sorry, they do not use the term “preventive”, but “immune booster”. Cheating starts from this. In the first notification of AYUSH, it was very clearly said that CCRH has recommended Arsenic Album 30 as PREVENTIVE for COVID 19. Everybody knows what happened thereafter. It was pointed out that such claims of preventing or curative remedies for COVID 19 are against the provisions of government notifications under Indian epidemic act. It was evident that anybody raising such claims will have to be prosecuted as per law. It was at this point that somebody coined the term  IMMUNE BOOSTER, in an attempt to evade the law. Obviously it amounts to cheating the public as well as the law of the country. 
    Homeopaths always claim to be CLASSICAL, so as to mean that every thing they do is based on the advices of MASTER and his ORGANON. Will anybody tell me, where in organon master tells about IMMUNE BOOSTERS that could distributed to a whole society? Did hahnemann or homeopathy ever say that a SINGLE medicine can be used to BOOST the immunity of every individual? Where are your “individualization”, “totality of symptoms” , “similimum” , “constitutional medicine” and all those things? How can a potentized medicine BOOST IMMUNITY, if it is not SIMILIMUM to HIM? If you are going to defend your act by using the GENUS EPIDEMICUS concept of hahnemann, it again proves that you do not even know what is GENUS EPIDEMICUS. Did master ever say GENUS EPIDEMICUS will act as general IMMUNE BOOSTER to an individual or a whole society? By this IMMUNE BOOSTER theory that aims only some petty commercial gains, you have negated all the basic concepts that were claimed to be the FUNDAMENTAL principles of homeopathy. By this act, homeopaths have lost their rights to claim as CLASSICAL homeopaths for ever. Here after, there is no meaning in talking about ADVICE of master and quoting frequently from aphorisms of organon! 
    If a SINGLE medicine can work as IMMUNE BOOSTER in a whole society, how can you say a SINGLE medicine cannot work curatively in all individuals having a particular disease? 
    Do you mean Ars Alb 30 will BOOST the general immunity of individuals against all diseases, or is it only against COVID 19? Can we continue this mass distribution of Arsenic Album 30 even after covid 19 is over, for boosting immunity against all types of infectious diseases? 
    There is no meaning in repeating the questions “in what form and quantity Arsenic Trioxide is contained in 4 pills of Ars Alb 30”, and “what is the biological mechanism by which it boosts immunity”. I know, you will immediately ask me to go and study aphorism 1! But remember, you cannot evade these questions for long in a scientifically conscious community. They will one day make you answer the scientific questions, if you continue to exist here!
    Calling our medicines as IMMUNE BOOSTERS
    is an insult to HOMEOPATHY!
    Nobody ever proved or can prove post-avogadro homeopathic medicines could induce production of immune bodies or initiate an immune process.!
    Only way the molecular imprints contained in post-avogadro diluted homeopathic medicines act is to bind to the pathogenic molecules, deactivate them, and remove the pathological molecular inhibitions they produced.
    In the absence of pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, molecular imprints have no any action in the body.
     Molecular imprints cannot interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands.
    They cannot produce any positive or negative changes in the body. They cannot make us more healthy or more diseased, when there are no pathological molecules available for binding.
    You can realize the folly involved in calling homeopathy medicines as IMMUNE BOOSTERS, only if you understand the biological mechanism by which post-avogadro drugs act.
    #
    Even if we hope to succeed in curing covid 19 with Ars Alb 30 or any other homeopathic drug in post avogadro dilutions, how can we explain to and convince scientific people how Ars Alb 30 really works, as far as we have no any idea regarding what are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES contained in Ars Alb 30?

    As far as scientific people are concerned, Ars Alb 30 is nothing but a mixture of water and alcohol without any drug molecule in it. We will have to explain a lot! 

    Do you think your theories of “vital force and dynamic energy” will be enough? 
    #
    Thanks to the compulsions of corona epidemic, the term Homeopathic PROPHYLAXIS is now displaced by a new term IMMUNE BOOSTER in the vocabulary of of homeopaths. Homeopaths themselves have already accepted the new term very enthusiastically, as if they consider it gives to a new higher STATUS to homeopathy! They are not much bothered about the meaning of “immune boosting”, what is the biological mechanism of immune boosting, or HOW homeopathic medicines boost immunity. It is a nice and appealing term, that is enough for them to rejoice! 
    Now comes another term and another STATUS for homeopathy – ANCILLARY MEDICINE. Homeopathy is now raised to a NEW status of ANCILLARY MEDICINE, instead of the erstwhile status of ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE! This new status is the contribution of OUR HOMEOPATHIC CORONA RESEARCHERS. 
    The title given to a “homeopathic drug trial” conducted by a team of leading homeopaths was 
    “Effectiveness of Homeopathy as an ancillary mode of treatment and management in combating corona virus infection”. 
    Going to the details of that “RESEARCH” it is found that homeopathic medicines were used along with “drugs of modern medicine according to standard treatment protocol”! 
    In modern medicine, the word ANCILLARY is clearly defined. 
    Ancillary services in modern medicine is classified into three categories:
    diagnostic
    therapeutic
    custodial
    Diagnostic services include laboratory tests, radiology, genetic testing, diagnostic imaging, and more.
    Therapeutic services range from rehabilitation to physical and occupational therapy, as well as massage, chiropractic services, and speech therapy.
    Custodial services include everything from hospice care and long-term acute care to nursing facilities and urgent care.
    Ancillary services are medical services or supplies that are not provided by acute care hospitals, doctors or health care professionals. Examples of ancillary services include:
    Ambulance services
    Ambulatory surgery center (ASC) services
    Audiology services
    Behavioral health services (inpatient and outpatient)
    Cardiac monitoring
    Dialysis services
    Durable medical equipment (DME)
    Hearing services
    Home health care services
    Home infusion therapy services
    Hospice care services
    Laboratory services
    Medical day care (adult and pediatric)
    Mobile diagnostic services
    Orthotics and prosthetics
    Personal care assistant services
    Private duty nursing
    Radiology/diagnostic imaging
    Rehabilitation services (inpatient and outpatient)
    Skilled nursing services
    Sleep laboratory services
    Speech services
    Substance-abuse services (inpatient and outpatient)
    Ventilator services
    Wound-care services
    By earning a status that is ANCILLARY to modern medicine, what advancement we have to expect for homeopathy? By REDEFINING HOMEOPATHY as Molecular Imprints Therapeutics, we were trying to establish that homeopathy is actually a scientifically more advanced stage of modern medicine. Using the corona researchers, modern medicine has very successfully pulled down homeopathy to the status of their ANCILLARY system, even from the current status of ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE ! Do homeopaths think ANCILLARY status is more desirable and prestigious that ALTERNATIVE status? Why do you fail to think about at least a PARALLEL status? 
    Why should homeopaths do research to establish homeopathy as an ANCILLARY of modern medicine? What you are actually trying to prove by giving homeopathy medicines along with “drugs of modern medicine according to standard treatment protocol”! Is it not the real MIXOPATHY or MIXING OF MEDICAL SYSTEMS you are so MUCH abhorrent about? Even if our medicines acted in such cases, do you expect scientific will accept your research as a proof for effectiveness of homeopathy?
    Homeopaths are averse to give TWO medicines together in potentized form, as it is against the “words of maser”! But they have no aversion to give homeopathic medicines ALONG WITH allopathic medicines to same patient, if it is given by another doctor! Is it not ridiculous? Where did master permit you to use potentized homeopathic medicines to a patient along with allopathic medicines? 
    #
    Since more than 50% of covid-19 patients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, and since only such patients are entrusted to homeopaths for applying their medicines, all “trials” will be reporting positive results, whatever be the medicines used.

    Some “researchers” will say they cured covid with camphor, some others with sepia, some others with Justicia, some others with zincum, some with Ars Alb, some with “multiple drugs”, and some other drug in material medica, depending upon their tastes and fancies!

    Since there are no controls or blinding, this kind of trials are not going to be accepted by scientific community as valid proofs for anything.

    What will remain at the end will be enough stuff for homeopaths to celebrate, and for skeptics to ridicule homeopathy!

    ONE THING IS SURE. IT WILL BE GOING TO INFLICT MORE INJURIES TO THE SCIENTIFIC CREDIBILITY OF HOMEOPATHY!

    You are bound to fail, if you think you can convince the skeptics regarding the efficacy of potentized homeopathic drugs by conducting conventional types of ‘clinical trials’ or RCTs as they demand for.

    You can never expect ‘individual-based’ homeopathic drugs to be proved using the protocols of testing drugs in ‘disease-based’ modern medicine. Asking to ‘prove’ homeopathic drugs using protocols of allopathic drug trials is like trying to measure ‘length’ using units of ‘mass’.

    Allopathic methods of ‘drug trials’ are applicable to ‘molecular forms’ of drugs only. But potentized homeopathic drugs, different from allopathic drugs, contain only ‘molecular imprints’, which can act only up on pathogenic molecules having specific conformational affinity. That means, potentized drugs can act only if indicated by similarity of symptoms.

    You cannot ignore this peculiarity of homeopathy in  matters of active principles as well as mechanism of drug actions while designing ‘drug trials’ for homeopathy.

    In homeopathy, you cannot ‘verify’ action of a particular drug on a particular disease- you have to ‘verify’ action of ‘indicated drugs’ up on indicated individual patients, since different people with same disease may need different drugs.

    Same time, disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions could be subjected to Random Controlled Trials in the same way as allopathic drugs. This is the most effective way to prove that potentized homeopathy drugs are not placebo, fraud, or “mere water”, but they really work. 

    As far as skeptics as well as homeopaths  hesitate to accept this peculiarity of potentized homeopathic drugs and agree to design the ‘trials’ of disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions, there is no way  to convince the scientists that  ‘homeopathy’ works’.

    I WANT TO REPEAT: WE CAN PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOMEOPATHY THROUGH  RANDOM CONTROLLED TRIALS ONLY BY USING DISEASE-SPECIFIC  COMBINATIONS OF POST-AVOGADRO DILUTIONS.

    #
    Do Not Make it a Child’s Play with “COVID 19 TRIALS ” of Homeopathic Drugs! 
    Since more than 50% of covid-19 patients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, and since only such patients are entrusted to homeopaths for applying their medicines, all “trials” will be reporting positive results, whatever be the medicines used.

    Some “researchers” will say they cured covid with camphor, some others with sepia, some others with Justicia, some others with zincum, some with Ars Alb, some with “multiple drugs”, and some other drug in material medica, depending upon their tastes and fancies!

    Since there are no controls or blinding, this kind of trials are not going to be accepted by scientific community as valid proofs for anything.

    What will remain at the end will be enough stuff for homeopaths to celebrate, and for skeptics to ridicule homeopathy!

    ONE THING IS SURE. IT WILL BE GOING TO INFLICT MORE INJURIES TO THE SCIENTIFIC CREDIBILITY OF HOMEOPATHY!

    You are bound to fail, if you think you can convince the skeptics regarding the efficacy of potentized homeopathic drugs by conducting conventional types of ‘clinical trials’ or RCTs as they demand for.

    You can never expect ‘individual-based’ homeopathic drugs to be proved using the protocols of testing drugs in ‘disease-based’ modern medicine. Asking to ‘prove’ homeopathic drugs using protocols of allopathic drug trials is like trying to measure ‘length’ using units of ‘mass’.

    Allopathic methods of ‘drug trials’ are applicable to ‘molecular forms’ of drugs only. But potentized homeopathic drugs, different from allopathic drugs, contain only ‘molecular imprints’, which can act only up on pathogenic molecules having specific conformational affinity. That means, potentized drugs can act only if indicated by similarity of symptoms.

    You cannot ignore this peculiarity of homeopathy in  matters of active principles as well as mechanism of drug actions while designing ‘drug trials’ for homeopathy.

    In homeopathy, you cannot ‘verify’ action of a particular drug on a particular disease- you have to ‘verify’ action of ‘indicated drugs’ up on indicated individual patients, since different people with same disease may need different drugs.

    Same time, disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions could be subjected to Random Controlled Trials in the same way as allopathic drugs. This is the most effective way to prove that potentized homeopathy drugs are not placebo, fraud, or “mere water”, but they really work. 

    As far as skeptics as well as homeopaths  hesitate to accept this peculiarity of potentized homeopathic drugs and agree to design the ‘trials’ of disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions, there is no way  to convince the scientists that  ‘homeopathy’ works’.

    I WANT TO REPEAT: WE CAN PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOMEOPATHY THROUGH  RANDOM CONTROLLED TRIALS ONLY BY USING DISEASE-SPECIFIC  COMBINATIONS OF POST-AVOGADRO DILUTIONS.

    #
    To be factually reliable and methodologically acceptable to scientific community, it is essential that drug trials should be RANDOM as well as BLINDED. 
    BLINDING is an important tool of the scientific method, and is used in many fields of research. In some fields, such as medicine TRIALS, it is considered essential. In clinical research, a trial that is not a blinded trial is called an open trials. Open trials are not generally accepted as valid proofs in drug trials. 
    In a blind or blinded experiment, information which may influence the participants of the experiment is withheld (masked or blinded) until after the experiment is complete. Good blinding can reduce or eliminate experimental biases that arise from a participants’ expectations, observer effects, observer bias, confirmation bias, and other sources. To be really valid and acceptable, BLINDING should be imposed on all participants of an experiment, including subjects, researchers, technicians, data analysts, and evaluators. A good clinical protocolensures that blinding is as effective as possible within ethical and practical constraints.
    In SINGLE BLIND studies,  in which only the subjects are blinded, the researcher doing the study knows which treatment or intervention the SUBJECT is receiving. Prejudices and biases of researcher will affect the outcome in this kind of studies. 

    During the course of an experiment, a participant becomes unblinded if they deduce or otherwise obtain information that has been masked to them. Unblinding that occurs before the conclusion of a study is a source of experimental error, as the bias that was eliminated by blinding is re-introduced. Unblinding is common in blind experiments, and must be measured and reported. Meta research has revealed high levels of unblinding in pharmacological trials. The reporting guidelines recommend that all studies assess and report unblinding. In practice, very few studies assess unblinding.
    A number of biases are present when a study is insufficiently blinded. Patient-reported outcomes can be different if the patient is not blinded to their treatment. Likewise, failure to blind researchers results in observer bias . Unblinded data analysts may favor an analysis that supports their existing BELIEFS known as confirmation bias . These biases are typically the result of subconscious influences, and are present even when study participants believe they are not influenced by them.
    Homeopaths engaging in homeopathic drug trials for COVID 19 should be careful to ensure that proper BLINDING protocols are applied, so as to ensure that the outcomes of these studies provide no scope for controversies. 
    #
    Permission to conduct “homeopathic drug trials for Covid-19” will be of no use to homeopathy, if homeopaths  are compelled to conduct trials in modern hospitals under the control and monitoring of modern medical doctors (who actually want to disprove homeopathy) , and by administering homeopathy medicines “ONLY along with other treatments prescribed by modern medical doctors”. 

    At the end, only things remaining for homeopathy will be some bogus unconvincing claims from homeopaths, and lot of ridicules from the other side!

    Even a few drops of  “holy water” will be enough to make a CLAIM of cure  in a disease more than 80% of which is resolved without any medication at all, when you are not expected to explain HOW IT ACTS!

    #
    I am very much disappointed that I could not convince CCRH and other authorities of homeopathy regarding the relevance of MIT explanations of scientific homeopathy in this critical moment. 
    Had I succeeded in convincing them regarding the scientific perspective of homeopathy proposed by MIT, they would not have come on TV interviews and explain homeopathy using the most unscientific and irrational theories of vital force and dynamic energy, and still more absurd theory of “nanoparticles”, and get ridiculed by scientific community. 
    Had they understood the MIT  concepts of “molecular imprints” as the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions, and the biological mechanism of their therapeutic actions, 
    they would not have come with an advice of “Ars Alb 30 four pills for 3 days” as “immune booster”, which led homeopaths all over India into a spree of mass distribution campaigns of Ars Alb 30, followed by bogus claims. Had they understood the scientific explanations of homeopathy provided by MIT, they could have realized that “Ars Alb 30 four pills for 3 days” was an inappropriate suggestion, regarding remedy selection, dosage and course of administration. 
    Had they understood MIT, they could have realized the scientific logic, rationale and  importance of using an  appropriate post-avogadro COMBINATION of remedies for prevention and treatment of COVID 19. 
    Such a well-composed disease-specific post-avogadro combination could have successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of homeopathy in managing this global pandemic. Any number of double blind random controlled trials could have been conducted successfully, and undeniable proof for validity of homeopathy presented to the scientific community. 
    Yes, it is my failure. It was my duty to make them  convince. I failed to communicate in proper ways. I recognise it with utter disappointment and frustration!
    #
    See how  the selection of ARS ALB 30 for corona is justified in the AYUSH order:

    “Scientific Advisory Board  considered that the same medicine has been advised for prevention of Influenza like illnesses. As one of the constituents of a formulation , Arsenicum Album has been shown to affect the HT-29 cells and human macrophages”. It reduced the expression of reporter gene GFP in transfect HT 29 cells, and reduced TNF-alfa release in macrophages.  Moreover, Arsenic Album is a common prescription in the cases of respiratory infections in day to day practice.”

    If we examine the above reasoning, it contains THREE points:

    1. ” the same medicine has been advised for prevention of Influenza like illnesses”.

    2.  “As one of the constituents of a formulation, Arsenicum Album has been shown to affect the HT-29 cells and human macrophages”.

    3. It reduced the expression of reporter gene GFP in transfect HT 29 cells, and reduced TNF-alfa release in macrophages.”

    4. “Arsenic Album is a common prescription in the cases of respiratory infections in day to day practice.”

    Point 1 and 4 are obviously of no relevance as a scientific reasoning, other than quoting hearsays.  How could anybody recommend Ars Alb or any other medicine for Covid 19, on the simple reasons that “same medicine has been advised for prevention of Influenza like illnesses”, or “it is a common prescription in the cases of respiratory infections in day to day practice”? It is totally unscientific and illogical. 

    Coming to POINT 2, See on Wikipedia what is HT-29 cells: “HT-29 is a human colon cancer cell line used extensively in biological and cancer research.  HT-29 cells form a tight monolayer while exhibiting similarity to enterocytes from the small intestine. HT-29 cells overproduce the p53 tumor antigen, but have a mutation in the p53 gene at position 273, resulting in a histidine replacing an arginine. The cells proliferate rapidly in media containing suramin, with corresponding high expression of the c-myc oncogene. However, c-myc is deregulated, but may have a relation with the growth factor requirements of HT-29 cells”.

    Even if Arsenicum Album has been proved to act upon HT 29 cells, what is its relevance in covid 19 treatment? Has anybody proved that HT 29 cells are anyway involved in pathology of corona? Any argument or any evidence? Nothing!

    Another thing is, the paper shown in the reference actually is regarding a study regarding action of MOLECULAR forms of Arsenic Trioxide on HT 29 cells. Does our ARSENIC ALB 30 contain any molecules of Arsenic Trioxide?

    Coming to POINT 3, see what WIKIPEDIA says: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues (26.9 kDa) that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range. In cell and molecular biology, the GFP gene is frequently used as a reporter of expression.[5] It has been used in modified forms to make biosensors, and many animals have been created that express GFP, which demonstrates a proof of concept that a gene can be expressed throughout a given organism, in selected organs, or in cells of interest. GFP can be introduced into animals or other species through transgenic techniques, and maintained in their genome and that of their offspring. To date, GFP has been expressed in many species, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, fish and mammals, including in human cells”.

    How the “reduced the expression of reporter gene GFP in transfect HT 29 cells” by the action of MOLECULAR forms of Arsenic Trioxide becomes relevant in the treatment of covid 19?

    Regarding the reference to “reduced TNF-alfa release in macrophages” by the action of molecular forms of Arsenic Trioxide, somebody has to explain how it justifies the use of ARS ALB 30 in covid 19. It is well known that TNF alfa plays a role in induction of inflammations and antiviral responses. But it is Arsenic Trioxide in MOLECULAR FORM. Our Arsenic alb 30 is a 1/1and 60 zeros dilution of Arsenic Trioxide. Can anybody say Arsenic Trioxide molecules will be retained in a dilution 3 times above Avogadro limit? If not, in what form Arsenic Trioxide will be available in Ars Alb 30, and what will be the biological mechanism by which it acts? Without getting answers to this question, do you expect scientific community to recognize homeopathy as a medical system?

    #
    You are bound to fail, if you think you can convince the skeptics regarding the efficacy of potentized homeopathic drugs by conducting conventional types of ‘clinical trials’ or RCTs as they demand for.

    You can never expect ‘individual-based’ homeopathic drugs to be proved using the protocols of testing drugs in ‘disease-based’ modern medicine. Asking to ‘prove’ homeopathic drugs using protocols of allopathic drug trials is like trying to measure ‘length’ using units of ‘mass’.

    Allopathic methods of ‘drug trials’ are applicable to ‘molecular forms’ of drugs only. But potentized homeopathic drugs, different from allopathic drugs, contain only ‘molecular imprints’, which can act only up on pathogenic molecules having specific conformational affinity. That means, potentized drugs can act only if indicated by similarity of symptoms.

    You cannot ignore this peculiarity of homeopathy in  matters of active principles as well as mechanism of drug actions while designing ‘drug trials’ for homeopathy.

    In homeopathy, you cannot ‘verify’ action of a particular drug on a particular disease- you have to ‘verify’ action of ‘indicated drugs’ up on indicated individual patients, since different people with same disease may need different drugs.

    Same time, disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions could be subjected to Random Controlled Trials in the same way as allopathic drugs. This is the most effective way to prove that potentized homeopathy drugs are not placebo, fraud, or “mere water”, but they really work. 

    As far as skeptics as well as homeopaths  hesitate to accept this peculiarity of potentized homeopathic drugs and agree to design the ‘trials’ of disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions, there is no way  to convince the scientists that  ‘homeopathy’ works’.

    I WANT TO REPEAT: WE CAN PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOMEOPATHY THROUGH  RANDOM CONTROLLED TRIALS ONLY BY USING DISEASE-SPECIFIC  COMBINATIONS OF POST-AVOGADRO DILUTIONS. 

    #
    CONSTITUTION of an individual is his PHENOTYPE, or the sum total of expressions of his genetic substance that decide the general features.
    We can observe the PHENOTYPE of the individual through the totality of  GENERAL physical and mental symptoms he express.
    Since genetic substance is expressed through PROTEIN SYNTHESIS mediated by thousands of different enzymes involved in its various stages, errors in any one of these important enzyme activities may result in faulty genetic expressions, faulty protein synthesis and faulty PHENOTYPE. These errors in PHENOTYPE will be expressed in the form of abnormal physical general symptoms and abnormal mental symptoms.
    Errors in the enzymes related with genetic expressions could be produced by diverse reasons. Most important reasons are the INHIBITIONS of enzymes produced by binding of some or other exogenous or endogenous molecules to them. Exogenous molecules may come from various food articles, environment, infections, vaccinations etc, where as endogenous molecules may come from metabolic byproducts, hormones, antibodies, disease products, cytokines, neuro-mediators, deformed proteins etc etc. 
    When trying to find out the CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDY of an individual, we are actually looking for a medicine that will supply the molecular imprints required to deactivate the endogenous and exogenous molecules that have inhibited the enzymes associated with genetic expressions. 
    #
    Even if you are administering MULTIPLE homeopathic drugs upon a patient as ALTERNATING doses, actually it works inside the body as COMBNATION remedies.
    Only difference between combined doses and alternating doses is, one is MIXING outside the body, and the other is MIXING inside the body! Once absorbed into body, those medicines can work only as COMBINATIONS!
    Since potentized drugs contain only molecular imprints which cannot interact each other, but act only upon pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, there is no harm in mixing any number of potentized drugs together. It is a fact that even those drugs we consider SINGLE are not actually single, but contain diverse types of molecular imprints that represent diverse type of constituent molecules of drug substances. Molecular imprints contained in them are coexisting peacefully, without interacting each other or causing any problem. 
    If you have no objections in combining drugs inside the body, why should you object them combining outside the body? After all, combining outside the body will be more convenient for the physician as well as the patient! Only benefit you get by giving multiple drugs as sperate doses alternatingly is that you can satisfy your CLASSICAL EGO, and continue boasting that you are using only SINGLE drugs!
    #
    A serious objection against MIT from the side of classical homeopaths is regarding ‘mixing’ or ‘combinations’ of potentized drugs. On the other hand, MIT says that it is permissible  for to use combinations of ‘molecular imprinted’ forms (potencies above Avogadro limit- 12c and onwards) of two or more homeopathic drugs selected on the basis of analysis of totality of symptoms, miasmatic study and biochemical evaluation of the individual patient.

    MIT view is that  it is effective as palliatives to use ‘disease-specific’ combinations of ‘molecular imprinted’ forms (potencies above Avogadro limit- 12c and onwards) of two or more homeopathic drugs selected on the basis of common symptoms and biochemical evaluations of specific diseases. But such ‘disease-specific’ combinations will not offer ‘total cure’ for patients, without incorporating drugs selected on the basis of symptoms also. This approach also is very close to the method of ‘banerji protocols’ that makes ‘specific’ prescriptions based on ‘disease diagnosis’ as well as symptomatology..

    I am talking on the basis of my concepts of ‘molecular imprinting’ involved in potentization. I perceive all crude drugs as combinations of diverse types of constituent drug molecules. I perceive even the so called potentized ‘single’ drug as combinations of diverse types of individual drug molecules contained in the drug substance used for potentization.

    My stand on this issue is based on my understanding of diseases as multitudes of pathological derangement in the organism, caused by diverse of types of molecular inhibitions caused by different types of pathogenic agents, and therapeutics involves the removal of those inhibitions using appropriate molecular imprints.

    I am talking on the basis of my understanding of ‘similia similibus curentur’ as: “pathological molecular inhibitions caused by specific pathogenic molecules and expressed through a certain group of subjective and objective symptoms, could be removed by applying ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules that could create similar molecular inhibitions and symptoms in a healthy organism when applied in crude form.

    That makes the difference between my views and classical homeopathy. I know, homeopaths trained and experienced in classical homeopathy cannot agree with my views on this topic.

    #
    What is MIT?

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics.

    According to MIT hypothesis, potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, where in the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted’ or engraved as hydrogen-bonded three dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ or ‘hydrosomes’ are the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions used as homeopathic drugs.

    Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes’ or ‘ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules. According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure.

    According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseaes indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar’ ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as therapeutic agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms’. 

    Similia Similibus Curentur could be scientifically explained in terms of the phenomenon of COMPETITIVE relationship between chemical molecules in binding to biological targets, being discussed in modern biochemistry. 

    No body in the whole history could so far propose a hypothesis about homeopathy as scientific, rational and perfect as MIT, explaining the molecular process involed in potentization, and the biological mechanism involved in ‘similia similibus curentur’, in a way fitting well to modern scientific knowledge system.

    #
    ARSENIC ALB 30 IN COVID 19 TREATMENT – AN INNOVATIVE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH :

    Arsenic Album or Arsenic Trioxide is a chemical substance that can inhibit more than 200 essential enzymes in our body involved in diverse types of biomolecular processes related with genetic transcription, metabolism, energy conversions etc etc. This is due to the ability of Arsenic ions to bind to the cysteine radicals which are part of active sites all enzymes. Almost every biochemical pathways in the living body are deranged by the action of arsenic. This is the reason why the homeopathic materia medica of arsenic album is so rich with symptoms associated with almost all organs and systems of the body.

    It is an already established fact that during viral infections, persons having high levels of arsenic in their body are prone to develop serious complications such as respiratory failure, acute myocardial degeneration, renal failures, liver failures, multiple organ failures etc faster than those having low arsenic levels. My suggestion to the experts involved in covid 19 research is that determination of arsenic levels in the body of covid patients should be made mandatory, so that high risk people could be identified and better care provided.

    Arsenic content may be high in people due to living in certain areas, consuming arsenic rich ground water, cigarette smoking, eating unpolished rice, prawns and crabs, exposure to arsenic containing environments, etc etc. Arsenic may enter the body through contaminated liquors, Chinese, Ayurvedic, unani or Herbal preparations, industrial exposures, chemically treated wooden furniture etc also. Arsenic content will naturally be high in aged people, as it has a tendency to accumulated in the body over years through exposures. 

    Researchers working upon arsenic toxicity problems in certain arsenic affected countries have already proved that ARSENIC ALBUM 30 can antidote and reverse the chronic effects of  arsenic toxicity, and remove the symptoms.

    Arsenic Album 30 contains MOLECULAR IMPRINTS of arsenic trioxide molecules. Molecular imprints are three dimensional nanocavities formed in water-alcohol supra-molecular matrix through a  host-guest interactions between templates and diluent medium during the process of homeopathic POTENTIZATION. Molecular imprints of arsenic trioxide contained in Arsenicum Album 30 can act as artificial binding pockets for arsenic ions and deactivate them, thereby removing the molecular inhibitions they have produced in the enzyme systems of the body.

    By using Arsenicum Album 30 in sufficient quantities and frequencies to provide molecular imprints in optimum levels, it will be possible to prevent dangerous complications and multiple organ failures in covid 19 patients, so as to prevent the chances of morbidities due to the disease. Covid 19 deaths could prevented by use of Arsenic Alb 30.

    I don’t know how to get this vey important message reach the right persons in right time, or how to convince the scientific basis of this approach described above.

    A word to homeopaths : Homeopaths currently involved in distribution of Arsenicum Album 30 should realize the hard truth that the dosage you are giving now is actually of no use. 4 or 5 medicated sugar pills you give now cannot provide the sufficient quantity of molecular imprints required to produce desired biological effects. To ensure optimum protection, medicine should be used in drop doses at least twice a day until the epidemic threat is over. Please understand, it is not any mysterious “dynamic energy” or “vibrations” that work in our potentized drugs. It is MOLECULAR IMPRINTS, that act as “artificial binding pockets” for pathogenic molecules, and deactivate them.

    I am not sure whether Arsenic album 30 will prevent or not  covid. Be sure it will surely prevent complications even if you get infected. But dosage should be reconsidered. I would suggest minimum 1 or 2 drops direct on tongue bds until epidemic is over. 

  • Notes on MIT Approach To Homeopathic Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID 19

    #
    I have many times explained my view regarding homeopathy prophylaxis very well. We cannot produce IMMUNITY by homeopathic drugs, be it SINGLE or COMBINATION.

    Reason is, molecular imprints contained in potentized drugs act ONLY on pathogenic molecules if present. In the absence of pathogenic molecules, molecular imprints do not produce any action in the body.

    That means, if potentized drugs are used DURING the time of entry of virus into body, our medinces can prevent virus from producing a disease condition. Actually, it is nothing but CURING AT THE ONSET of disease.

    That is why I repeatedly say, medicines should be used continuously till pandemic is OVER. Since we cannot ensure all the molecular imprints required by all individuals and in all stages of disease by a so-called SINGLE drug, we have to make a COMBINATION of all indicated drugs for a mass application protocol. Such a well prepared combination will obviously act as curative remedy also.

    Dosage of medicines should be decided with a view that MOLECULAR IMPRINTS have to be made available in the body in enough quantities, and that there is no harm even if molecular imprints are supplied in excess than required.

    WHAT I AM RECOMMENDING IS, MAKE A COMBINATION OF ALL INDICATED DRUGS IN 30C POTENCY, AND ADMINISTER IT 5-10 DROPS DIRECTLY ON TONGUE BDS UNTIL PANDEMIC IS OVER.

    #

    I do not agree with the current campaign for mass distribution of Arsenic Alb 30 as “immune booster”, being conducted by a section of homeopaths with the official support of AYUSH authorities. I have sufficient reasons for this disagreement.

    I am not “against” the use of Arsenic Alb or any other particular drug suggested by anybody. Why should I oppose or support any particular medicine? What I opposed was the mass distribution of Ars Alb 30, wrongly claiming it as “immune booster”, that too in inappropriate dosage and for inappropriate duration. I also disagree with the totally inappropriate way Ars Alb was determined as the ONLY medicine. I have written about the importance of administering Ars Alb 30 for preventing the COMPLICATIONS arising from covid in individuals having high arsenic levels in blood. I have clearly explained the scientific basis of this idea.

    It is wrong to think that any SINGLE medicine can offer protection against COVID 19, since molecular mechanism involved in the process of infection of this disease is very complex, and multiple molecular pathways are involved in the expressions and complications of this disease. For prevention and treatment of COVID 19, we have to formulate an appropriate COMBINATION of various drugs that will , and administer it UNTIL EPIDEMIC is over. Ars Alb 30 is of course a constituent of combination I propose.

    PROPHYLAXIS against viral infections using indicated homeopathic medicines in 30c potency is possible DURING acute epidemics. Calling it IMMUNE BOOSTER is totally wrong and misleading. Such a stance will make homeopathy defenseless before the critics, as there no any scientific evidence to prove that homeopathy medicines can BOOST immunity. That word by itself indicates a lack of scientific understanding regarding the biological mechanism involved in the phenomenon we call IMMUNITY. There is no even a concept called IMMUNE BOOSTER in scientific medicine. That word is commonly used by unscientific CAM practitioners and charlatans only.

    What I explained here do not justify the mass administration of Ars Alb 30 as “immune booster”. It Only justifies the role of Ars Alb 30 in prevention of complications happening due to covid disease in people having high arsenic levels in their body. Please don’t ignore the difference

    Call it HOMEOPATHIC PROPHYLACTIC. It is the appropriate expression.

    Post-avogadro homeopathic medicines contain molecular imprints of constituent molecules as their active principles. These molecular imprints act as ARTIFICIAL BINDING POCKETS for pathogenic molecules such as viral glycoproteins. They do not act upon our biological molecules or produce any effect unless pathological molecules having conformational affinity are present. Obviously, our medinces act ONLY if pathogenic molecules are present in our body. Molecular imprints fight viral infections by preventing from binding to our cells, not by enhancing IMMUNITY. That is why I say homeopathy medicines can prevent a viral disease only if taken continuously until epidemic is over.

    #
    Failure in understanding the difference between PRE-AVOGADRO or “molecular forms” of drugs and POST-AVOGADRO or “molecular imprinted forms” of drugs is one of the a major causes of confusions among homeopaths. It should be clearly understood that they belong to entirely different classes of drugs, which are different and mutually opposite regarding their molecular constitution, chemical properties, biological properties, therapeutic properties as well as molecular mechanism of actions.

    PRE-AVOGADRO means dilutions and crude forms below avogadro limit, which is approximately below 12c. They will contain the constituent chemical molecules of original drug substances. They will have the same chemical and biological properties of original drugs. If they are triturated, they may become more soluble and chemically more reactive, since trituration may break the intermolecular bonds and make the molecules more or less free and exposed. PRE-AVOGADRO drugs are MOLECULAR drugs commonly used in all medical systems. Whether labelled as homeopathic, allopathic, ayurvedic, unani, herbal or by any other name, those drugs will act by same biological mechanism if introduced into the body.

    PRE-AVOGADRO or MOLECULAR forms of drugs act as therapeutic agents by the CHEMICAL properties of their constituent molecules. They chemically interact with the various biological molecules as well as the pathogenic molecules, and produce chemical changes in them. When these chemical molecules bind to biological molecules of protein structures, their actions will be inhibited, leading to diverse kinds of molecular errors cascading in associated biochemical pathways. Thse molecular errors are expressed through specific groups and trains of subjective and objective symptoms. This is called the disease-causing properties of MOLECULAR drugs. This is what actually happens during homeopathic DRUG PROVING.

    When MOLECULAR forms of drugs are used for treating diseases, they produce cures by their chemical properties. But the problem is, they can act upon unexpected molecular targets also, and produce unexpected harmful molecular inhibitions. This is what we call side effects of drugs. Capability of producing unexpected and unwanted molecular inhibitions is a drawback of PRE-AVOGADRO or molecular forms of drugs.

    Homeopathic drugs potentized above 12c belong to the class of POST-AVOGADRO or MOLECULAR IMPRINTED drugs.

    #
    My earnest appeal to CCRH as well as AYUSH-

    COVID 19 is spreading very fast, and is almost going out of control in many states. Lives of people are in danger.

    Please reconsider your earlier advice of distributing Arsenic Album 30 as preventive. It is not sufficient for mass prevention.

    A disease-specific COMBINATION of all indicated homeopathic drugs in 30c potencies is essential to ensure protection on mass scale.

    Dosage as well as frequency also have to be reconsidered. My suggestion is drop doses twice daily directly on tongueue until epidemic is over.

    #
    Calling our medicines as IMMUNE BOOSTERS
    is an insult to HOMEOPATHY!

    Nobody ever proved or can prove post-avogadro homeopathic medicines could induce production of immune bodies or initiate an immune process.!

    Only way the molecular imprints contained in post-avogadro diluted homeopathic medicines act is to bind to the pathogenic molecules, deactivate them, and remove the pathological molecular inhibitions they produced.

    In the absence of pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, molecular imprints have no any action in the body.

    Molecular imprints cannot interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands.

    They cannot produce any positive or negative changes in the body. They cannot make us more healthy or more diseased, when there are no pathological molecules available for binding.

    You can realize the folly involved in calling homeopathy medicines as IMMUNE BOOSTERS, only if you understand the biological mechanism by which post-avogadro drugs act.

    #
    When you claim a particular drug in post-avogadro dilution can work as “preventive” or “immune booster” against COVID 19, as per scientific method, you are bound to answer some specific questions:

    1. Does that drug in 30c dilution actually contains the original drug ?

    2. If “yes”, in what form original drug substance exists in 30c dilution? As molecules, atoms, nanoparticles, electrons, protons, subatomic particles or any other material form? Or does it exists in the form of some “dynamic energy”, “vial force”, “vibrations” or any other “immaterial form?

    3. What is the biological mechanism by which the drug in 30c dilution produces immune boosting, prophylactic or therapeutic effects?

    4. When answering these questions, please do not forget, 30c is a dilution of 1 in 1 and 60 zeros, much above avogadro limit. Above avogadro limit, there is no any chance for even a single particle of original substance to exist.

    5. If you say Arsenic Alb 30 contains NANOPARTICLES of original drug, you will have to explain where from this unlimited supply of nanoparticles come, to be present in each and every split drop of the preparation even in such high dilutions! That will be possible only if new matter particles are generated from nothingness during the process of potentization!

    6. Do you think the complex chemical molecules, chemical properties of which decide the medicinal properties of the substance, could be split into elemental atoms during potentization? Do you think the mechanical energy of shaking a few times will generate the huge energy required to break the covalent bonds that hold the atoms together in a molecule? If you think it is possible, can you split a simple water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen by SHAKING?

    Dear sir, you cannot evade these important questions by simply quoting the aphorisms of the master, or abusing and ridiculing me for asking these kinds of uncomfortable questions!

    #
    AS with any other VIRAL DISEASE, homeopathy should be capable of preventing and curing covid-19. I have no least doubt the efficacy of homeopathy. But it should be established not by broadcasting bogus claims propagated by some irresponsible persons. That is my point.

    Before raising claims, it should be proved by conducting systematic and well monitored trials, using appropriate prescriptions, appropriate medicines, appropriate potencies, appropriate doses and appropriate frequencies. You cannot prove the efficacy of homeopathy by giving some medicines “along with allopathic medicines” as some people are trying to do now.

    #
    From my 50 years of experience with homeopathy, I KNOW HOMEOPATHY REALLY WORKS. But we cannot evade these questions!

    When you claim Ars Alb 30 can work as “preventive” or “immune booster” against COVID 19, as per scientific method, you are bound to answer some specific questions:

    1. Does Arsenic Alb 30 actually contains Arsenic Trioxide?

    2. If “yes”, in what form Arsenic Trioxide exists in Arsenic Alb 30? As molecules, atoms, nanoparticles, electrons, protons, subatomic particles or any other material form? Or does it exists in the form of some “dynamic energy”, “vial force”, “vibrations” or any other “immaterial form?

    3. What is the biological mechanism by which Arsenic Alb 30 produces, immune boosting, prophylactic or therapeutic please?

    4. When answering these questions, please do not forget, 30c is a dilution of 1 in 1 and 60 zeros, much above avogadro limit. Above avogadro limit, there is no any chance for even a single particle of original substance to exist.

    5. If you say Arsenic Alb 30 contains NANOPARTICLES of arsenic, you will have to explain where from this unlimited supply of nanoparticles come, to be present in each and every split drop of the preparation even in such high dilutions! That will be possible only if new matter particles are generated from nothingness during the process of potentization!

    6. Do you think the complex chemical molecules, chemical properties of which decide the medicinal properties of the substance, could be split into elemental atoms during potentization? Do you think the mechanical energy of shaking a few times will generate the huge energy required to break the covalent bonds that hold the atoms together in a molecule? If you think it is possible, can you split a simple water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen by SHAKING?

    Dear sirs, you cannot evade these important questions by simply quoting the aphorisms of the master, or abusing and ridiculing me for asking these kinds of uncomfortable questions!

    #
    Stage is all set that at the end of the story our homeopaths will come with a wonderful claim that all those millions of people who did not get covid 19 in India were actually protected by taking Ars Alb 30 five pills once daily for three days they distributed!

    And of course another sect of them will claim it was sepia 200 two drops spray that did the work! Just like the claim going around that covid 19 is being prevented in some states by drinking cow urine!

    Next generation homeopathy students will naturally be taught in colleges that it was homeopathy that defeated COVID 19 outbreak of 2020!

    #
    Some people claim they protected thousands of people by spraying sepia 200 two drops around their houses!

    Some people claim they protected thousands by giving “holy ashes” brought from Himalaya! Some others claim they protected people using holy water from Ganges!

    Millions are claimed to be protected by drinking cow urine! They might have consumed cow dung also!

    One swamiji claims he can prevent corona by pranayama or breathing exercises!

    Some people conduct pujas to prevent corona! Clapping hands and ringing bells on roads to eradicate covid were also performed all over the country!

    Millions are also claimed to be protected by the mysterious vibrations emanating from homeopathic pills they distributed!

    The truth is that spread of covid 19 was contained at least to this level by massive governmental vigilance, quaretines, isolations, lockdowns, social distancing, handwashing, sanitizers, masks etc! And every charlatans are claiming credits for it!

    Had the whole world gone crazy by covid fear?

    #
    It is a big lie that homeopathy defeated covid 19 in kerala. The truth is that people who received homeopathic “preventives” were never even exposed to get infected, due to the successful containment programme implemented by official health care system.

    All the infected ones were identified in time, strictly quatentined, their root maps were published, primary and secondary contacts were identified and isolated, a massive “break the chain” campaign was implemented with active cooperation of public, lockdown was brought much before it came at national level, all of which ultimately prevented the spread of covid in the state.

    Homeopaths please do not make homeopathy ridiculed and humiliated by making bogus claims!

    AS with any other VIRAL DISEASE, homeopathy should be capable of preventing and curing covid-19. I have no least doubt the efficacy of homeopathy. But it should be established not by broadcasting bogus claims propagated by some irresponsible persons. That is my point.

    Before raising claims, it should be proved by conducting systematic and well monitored trials, using appropriate prescriptions, appropriate medicines, appropriate potencies, appropriate doses and appropriate frequencies. You cannot prove the efficacy of homeopathy by giving some medicines “along with allopathic medicines” as some people are trying to do now.

    #
    Mass distribution of Ars Alb 30 four pills for 3 days as “immune booster” is only a public fooling campaign and a SCAM, designed by some clever people to prove that homeopathy also exists here, knowing well that it is not going to “boost the immunity” of anybody!
    All homeopaths know well that there is no such a thing called IMMUNE BOOSTER in homeopathy. Of course Ars Alb 30 can cure the disease, ONLY IF the individual is infected, and if the medicine is indicated for his condition!

    #
    Dear homeopath, do you agree with the the “theory” of Dr Vijaykar that covid 19 virus do not come from outside the body, but from inside of the person himself, due to the fragility and breaking of his DNA and RNA into particles due to the harmful effects of disturbances in the electromagnetic field of earth?

    Remember, you are living in an era of scientific enlightenment, and the world is always listening to you. You can say any foolish ideas in front of your “dedicated followers” in a closed room, but when you say such things in public spaces, you will be subjected to criticism and scrutiny. Don’t expect immunity to criticism. When you say something that goes against existing well proved scientific knowledge system, a lot of questions will be naturally asked, and you will have to answer them.

    You cannot evade from scientific questions by simply abusing the person who raises questions, and raising counter questions about his qualifications for questions. No special qualifications are necessary to question unscientific, superstitious and nonsense ideas that may harm the community. Mind it.

    If you have any scientifically viable argument that “fragility and breaking of human genomes due to the disturbance of earth’s electromagnetic field” is the FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE of covid-19, prove it by scientific methods before broadcasting it to the community.

    Existing scientific knowledge do not agree with your theory that “viruses do not come from outside, but from inside of individuals”.

    Especially in this time global pandemic of covid-19, your arguments have a lot of dangerous implications. Need for lock downs, shutting of flights, isolation, quarantine, handwashes, social distancing, face masks, sanitization, and every preventive measures WHO and Govt have advised and globally practiced to prevent spread of COVID-19 will be irrelevant and unnecessary if your theory is right.

    Please understand, you are questioning the rationale of ongoing fight against COVID 19, and you are bound to attract legal actions for violation of provisions of epidemics act currently in force.

    In the current grave circumstances, you are not authorised to broadcast all your whims and fancies that may weakn the social preventive measures against COVID.

    It will be very dangerous situation for the whole society around him, if someone belonging to the class of your “blind followers” dare to defy the directives of health officials, believing your words that covid is not spread from person to person, but come from his own “inside”.

    Please think about the dangerous situation that may be created if people start believing your theory that covid could be cured and prevented by correcting the “vibrations” by applying some sepia 200 on his toes, and putting same medicines around the house!

    Dear sir, please understand, by broadcasting this kind of dangerous ideas about corona virus infection in the current circumstances , you have actually done a big crime against humanity as a whole. Kindly withdraw your video and disown it as early as possible, as it is being widely propagated and broadcasted by your foolish followers who failed to realize it’s dangerous social and legal implications.

    #
    Dear homeopaths, when you celebrate mass distribution of Arsenic Alb 30 as “immune booster” in a bid of proving your existence rather than preventing covid 19, did anybody among you think in WHAT “form and quantity” arsenic trioxide may be present in the “dose of 4 pills taken once daily for three days”, and WHAT may be the biological mechanism by which it produces immune boosting, prophylactic or curative effects?

    I know you do not like this kind of questions. And most of you will say those who ask this kind of questions are “enemies” of homeopathy. But for me, these questions arise from my love and concern for homeopathy, and from my desire to make it scientific! I know, your intolerance to scientific questions actually come from your realization that you are incapable of providing answers to them. Whether you like it or not, I will go on asking questions until I get satisfactory answers.

    And remember, homeopathy will get recognized as a medical science only when you are capable of answering these questions in a way fitting to the modern scientific knowledge system!

    #
    What I am trying to convince the homeopathic fraternity through my repeated posts is that scientifically valid and acceptable Systematic Random Controlled double blind homeopathic drug trials for prevention and treatment of COVID 19 could be successfully done only by using DISEASE-SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS of post-avogadro dilutions.

    Engaging in inappropriately designed and inaccurately conducted TRIALS based on blind beliefs and overenthusiasm about the “infallibility” of so-called “fundamental principles”, without any scientific idea regarding the active principles and biological mechanism of actions of homeopathic drugs may lead to failures of your trials. Ultimately, it will be doing big damages to the future of homeopathy.

    #
    ARSENIC ALB 30 and BRYONIA 30 will surely work, if they are indicated. But they will not work if given “4 pills for 3 days” as preventive for a pandemic, or “1 drop diluted in 100 ml water” for curative purpose. If selection of of potency, dosage, frequency, repetitions and duration of medication are not appropriate, even well selected SIMILIMUM is bound to fail.

    Problem with our so-called “classical” homeopaths is that they consider potentized drugs as some thing IMMATERIAL, that contain some sort of DYNAMIC DRUG ENERGY that act DYNAMICALLY upon an IMMATERIAL vital force and produce cure or boost immunity, DYNAMICALLY! They have no any scientific idea regarding what exactly happens during potentization, what are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of potentized drugs, or what is the BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM of their actions. Due to this IGNORANCE, every thing is DYNAMIC and IMMATERIAL for them. They don’t like people who talk science!

    #
    Since all other MIT FORMULATIONS are working well as expected when used as per indications, I am taking VIROMIT myself regularly with the hope that it will protect me from infection. I have distributed it to my family members, friends and neighbours also.

    I am looking forward to collaborate with some research organisations abroad for conducting a systematic double blind clinical trial, not as an ANCILLARY or ADJUVANT therapy, but as an independent homeopathic treatment protocol.

    #
    Until you understand what are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of potentized drugs you use, and HOW they really work, you cannot make a rational prescription. You cannot decide which is the right potency to be used, right quantity to be used or right frequency to be used. That is why most homeopaths fail to make results, even though they know well how to select the right remedy. Even well selected remedies will fail, if not given in right potency, right quantity and right frequency.

    Most homeopaths believe in the totally unscientific idea that potentized medicines contain some “immaterial energy” that acts “dynamically” upon an “immaterial vital force”. This idea of dynamic energy and vital force belongs to a 200 year old primitive state of scientific knowledge that existed during hahnemann’s period, which has to be modified and updated in accordance with modern scientific knowledge.

    To be scientific physicians, homeopaths have to study what exactly happens during potentization, and what are the active principles of potentized drugs. We have to study the vital processes in terms of biochemical interactions involved it, and understand the biochemistry of life, health and disease. We have to study drug substances in terms of their constituent chemical molecules and their pharmacological actions. We have to study the molecular dynamics of drug actions and cure.

    Once you understand homeopathic potentization as a process of molecular imprinting, and active principles of potentized drugs as Molecular Imprints, and realize how molecular imprints act as artificial binding pockets for pathogenic molecules, your whole perspective towards theory and practice will undergo a revolutionary change. You will have rational and scientific answers for any question anybody ask about homeopathy.

    By acquiring this knowledge, you will become capable of selecting not only the right remedy, but right potency, right combinations, right doses and right frequency of drug administration.

    #
    My main concern with the distribution of homeopathic prophylactic medicines for covid 19 is not regarding what medicines you select, but regarding the inappropriate and insufficient doses and frequencies in which you administer them.

    More over, it is wrong to expect a SINGLE drug to work as protective for every individual, and it will be more desirable to use combinations of indicated drugs in 30 c potencies for COMMUNITY PROPHYLAXIS.

    MOLECULAR IMPRINTS contained in post-avogadro homeopathic drugs act by binding to and inhibiting the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity. They cannot interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands.

    As such, potentized drugs cannot produce any deviation in a healthy body, as far as conforming pathogenic molecules are not present. It is obvious that they cannot produce any IMMUNE BOOSTING.

    Potentized medicines can act as prophylactic only if they are taken while pathogenic molecules attack the body. That means, we cannot produce advance prophylaxis or long term prophylaxis using potentized drugs.

    To protect from a infectious disease, we have to take medicines during exposure, and continue medication until the threat of infection is over.

    My appeal to homeopaths is that they should not forget this simple fact while talking about homeopathic prophylaxis.

    To realize the importance of this message, first of all one should be capable of understanding the scientific facts involved in it.

    #
    I am not against homeopathy. But I am against nonsense things done in the name of homeopathy. I am questioning unscientific theories and practice of homeopathy, only because I want homeopathy to be SCIENTIFIC and RATIONAL.

    It is very funny to see our CLASSICAL homeopaths justify their mass distribution of medicines as preventive for COVID 19. Sorry, they do not use the term “preventive”, but “immune booster”. Cheating starts from this. In the first notification of AYUSH, it was very clearly said that CCRH has recommended Arsenic Album 30 as PREVENTIVE for COVID 19. Everybody knows what happened thereafter. It was pointed out that such claims of preventing or curative remedies for COVID 19 are against the provisions of government notifications under Indian epidemic act. It was evident that anybody raising such claims will have to be prosecuted as per law. It was at this point that somebody coined the term IMMUNE BOOSTER, in an attempt to evade the law. Obviously it amounts to cheating the public as well as the law of the country.

    Homeopaths always claim to be CLASSICAL, so as to mean that every thing they do is based on the advices of MASTER and his ORGANON. Will anybody tell me, where in organon master tells about IMMUNE BOOSTERS that could distributed to a whole society? Did hahnemann or homeopathy ever say that a SINGLE medicine can be used to BOOST the immunity of every individual? Where are your “individualization”, “totality of symptoms” , “similimum” , “constitutional medicine” and all those things? How can a potentized medicine BOOST IMMUNITY, if it is not SIMILIMUM to HIM? If you are going to defend your act by using the GENUS EPIDEMICUS concept of hahnemann, it again proves that you do not even know what is GENUS EPIDEMICUS. Did master ever say GENUS EPIDEMICUS will act as general IMMUNE BOOSTER to an individual or a whole society? By this IMMUNE BOOSTER theory that aims only some petty commercial gains, you have negated all the basic concepts that were claimed to be the FUNDAMENTAL principles of homeopathy. By this act, homeopaths have lost their rights to claim as CLASSICAL homeopaths for ever. Here after, there is no meaning in talking about ADVICE of master and quoting frequently from aphorisms of organon!

    If a SINGLE medicine can work as IMMUNE BOOSTER in a whole society, how can you say a SINGLE medicine cannot work curatively in all individuals having a particular disease?
    Do you mean Ars Alb 30 will BOOST the general immunity of individuals against all diseases, or is it only against COVID 19? Can we continue this mass distribution of Arsenic Album 30 even after covid 19 is over, for boosting immunity against all types of infectious diseases?

    There is no meaning in repeating the questions “in what form and quantity Arsenic Trioxide is contained in 4 pills of Ars Alb 30”, and “what is the biological mechanism by which it boosts immunity”. I know, you will immediately ask me to go and study aphorism 1! But remember, you cannot evade these questions for long in a scientifically conscious community. They will one day make you answer the scientific questions, if you continue to exist here!

    Calling our medicines as IMMUNE BOOSTERS is an insult to HOMEOPATHY!

    Nobody ever proved or can prove post-avogadro homeopathic medicines could induce production of immune bodies or initiate an immune process.!

    Only way the molecular imprints contained in post-avogadro diluted homeopathic medicines act is to bind to the pathogenic molecules, deactivate them, and remove the pathological molecular inhibitions they produced.

    In the absence of pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, molecular imprints have no any action in the body.

    Molecular imprints cannot interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands.

    They cannot produce any positive or negative changes in the body. They cannot make us more healthy or more diseased, when there are no pathological molecules available for binding.

    You can realize the folly involved in calling homeopathy medicines as IMMUNE BOOSTERS, only if you understand the biological mechanism by which post-avogadro drugs act.

    #
    Even if we hope to succeed in curing covid 19 with Ars Alb 30 or any other homeopathic drug in post avogadro dilutions, how can we explain to and convince scientific people how Ars Alb 30 really works, as far as we have no any idea regarding what are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES contained in Ars Alb 30?

    As far as scientific people are concerned, Ars Alb 30 is nothing but a mixture of water and alcohol without any drug molecule in it. We will have to explain a lot

    Do you think your theories of “vital force and dynamic energy” will be enough?

    #
    Thanks to the compulsions of corona epidemic, the term Homeopathic PROPHYLAXIS is now displaced by a new term IMMUNE BOOSTER in the vocabulary of of homeopaths. Homeopaths themselves have already accepted the new term very enthusiastically, as if they consider it gives to a new higher STATUS to homeopathy! They are not much bothered about the meaning of “immune boosting”, what is the biological mechanism of immune boosting, or HOW homeopathic medicines boost immunity. It is a nice and appealing term, that is enough for them to rejoice!

    Now comes another term and another STATUS for homeopathy – ANCILLARY MEDICINE. Homeopathy is now raised to a NEW status of ANCILLARY MEDICINE, instead of the erstwhile status of ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE! This new status is the contribution of OUR HOMEOPATHIC CORONA RESEARCHERS.

    The title given to a “homeopathic drug trial” conducted by a team of leading homeopaths was
    “Effectiveness of Homeopathy as an ancillary mode of treatment and management in combating corona virus infection”.

    Going to the details of that “RESEARCH” it is found that homeopathic medicines were used along with “drugs of modern medicine according to standard treatment protocol”!

    In modern medicine, the word ANCILLARY is clearly defined.

    Ancillary services in modern medicine is classified into three categories:

    diagnostic
    therapeutic
    custodial

    Diagnostic services include laboratory tests, radiology, genetic testing, diagnostic imaging, and more.

    Therapeutic services range from rehabilitation to physical and occupational therapy, as well as massage, chiropractic services, and speech therapy.

    Custodial services include everything from hospice care and long-term acute care to nursing facilities and urgent care.

    Ancillary services are medical services or supplies that are not provided by acute care hospitals, doctors or health care professionals. Examples of ancillary services include:

    Ambulance services
    Ambulatory surgery center (ASC) services
    Audiology services
    Behavioral health services (inpatient and outpatient)
    Cardiac monitoring
    Dialysis services
    Durable medical equipment (DME)
    Hearing services
    Home health care services
    Home infusion therapy services
    Hospice care services
    Laboratory services
    Medical day care (adult and pediatric)
    Mobile diagnostic services
    Orthotics and prosthetics
    Personal care assistant services
    Private duty nursing
    Radiology/diagnostic imaging
    Rehabilitation services (inpatient and outpatient)
    Skilled nursing services
    Sleep laboratory services
    Speech services
    Substance-abuse services (inpatient and outpatient)
    Ventilator services
    Wound-care services

    By earning a status that is ANCILLARY to modern medicine, what advancement we have to expect for homeopathy? By REDEFINING HOMEOPATHY as Molecular Imprints Therapeutics, we were trying to establish that homeopathy is actually a scientifically more advanced stage of modern medicine. Using the corona researchers, modern medicine has very successfully pulled down homeopathy to the status of their ANCILLARY system, even from the current status of ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE ! Do homeopaths think ANCILLARY status is more desirable and prestigious that ALTERNATIVE status? Why do you fail to think about at least a PARALLEL status?

    Why should homeopaths do research to establish homeopathy as an ANCILLARY of modern medicine? What you are actually trying to prove by giving homeopathy medicines along with “drugs of modern medicine according to standard treatment protocol”! Is it not the real MIXOPATHY or MIXING OF MEDICAL SYSTEMS you are so MUCH abhorrent about? Even if our medicines acted in such cases, do you expect scientific will accept your research as a proof for effectiveness of homeopathy?

    Homeopaths are averse to give TWO medicines together in potentized form, as it is against the “words of maser”! But they have no aversion to give homeopathic medicines ALONG WITH allopathic medicines to same patient, if it is given by another doctor! Is it not ridiculous? Where did master permit you to use potentized homeopathic medicines to a patient along with allopathic medicines?

    #
    Since more than 50% of covid-19 patients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, and since only such patients are entrusted to homeopaths for applying their medicines, all “trials” will be reporting positive results, whatever be the medicines used.

    Some “researchers” will say they cured covid with camphor, some others with sepia, some others with Justicia, some others with zincum, some with Ars Alb, some with “multiple drugs”, and some other drug in material medica, depending upon their tastes and fancies!

    Since there are no controls or blinding, this kind of trials are not going to be accepted by scientific community as valid proofs for anything.

    What will remain at the end will be enough stuff for homeopaths to celebrate, and for skeptics to ridicule homeopathy!

    ONE THING IS SURE. IT WILL BE GOING TO INFLICT MORE INJURIES TO THE SCIENTIFIC CREDIBILITY OF HOMEOPATHY!

    You are bound to fail, if you think you can convince the skeptics regarding the efficacy of potentized homeopathic drugs by conducting conventional types of ‘clinical trials’ or RCTs as they demand for.

    You can never expect ‘individual-based’ homeopathic drugs to be proved using the protocols of testing drugs in ‘disease-based’ modern medicine. Asking to ‘prove’ homeopathic drugs using protocols of allopathic drug trials is like trying to measure ‘length’ using units of ‘mass’.

    Allopathic methods of ‘drug trials’ are applicable to ‘molecular forms’ of drugs only. But potentized homeopathic drugs, different from allopathic drugs, contain only ‘molecular imprints’, which can act only up on pathogenic molecules having specific conformational affinity. That means, potentized drugs can act only if indicated by similarity of symptoms.

    You cannot ignore this peculiarity of homeopathy in matters of active principles as well as mechanism of drug actions while designing ‘drug trials’ for homeopathy.

    In homeopathy, you cannot ‘verify’ action of a particular drug on a particular disease- you have to ‘verify’ action of ‘indicated drugs’ up on indicated individual patients, since different people with same disease may need different drugs.

    Same time, disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions could be subjected to Random Controlled Trials in the same way as allopathic drugs. This is the most effective way to prove that potentized homeopathy drugs are not placebo, fraud, or “mere water”, but they really work.

    As far as skeptics as well as homeopaths hesitate to accept this peculiarity of potentized homeopathic drugs and agree to design the ‘trials’ of disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions, there is no way to convince the scientists that ‘homeopathy’ works’.

    I WANT TO REPEAT: WE CAN PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOMEOPATHY THROUGH RANDOM CONTROLLED TRIALS ONLY BY USING DISEASE-SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS OF POST-AVOGADRO DILUTIONS.

    #
    Do Not Make it a Child’s Play with “COVID 19 TRIALS ” of Homeopathic Drugs!

    Since more than 50% of covid-19 patients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, and since only such patients are entrusted to homeopaths for applying their medicines, all “trials” will be reporting positive results, whatever be the medicines used.

    Some “researchers” will say they cured covid with camphor, some others with sepia, some others with Justicia, some others with zincum, some with Ars Alb, some with “multiple drugs”, and some other drug in material medica, depending upon their tastes and fancies!

    Since there are no controls or blinding, this kind of trials are not going to be accepted by scientific community as valid proofs for anything.

    What will remain at the end will be enough stuff for homeopaths to celebrate, and for skeptics to ridicule homeopathy!

    ONE THING IS SURE. IT WILL BE GOING TO INFLICT MORE INJURIES TO THE SCIENTIFIC CREDIBILITY OF HOMEOPATHY!

    You are bound to fail, if you think you can convince the skeptics regarding the efficacy of potentized homeopathic drugs by conducting conventional types of ‘clinical trials’ or RCTs as they demand for.

    You can never expect ‘individual-based’ homeopathic drugs to be proved using the protocols of testing drugs in ‘disease-based’ modern medicine. Asking to ‘prove’ homeopathic drugs using protocols of allopathic drug trials is like trying to measure ‘length’ using units of ‘mass’.

    Allopathic methods of ‘drug trials’ are applicable to ‘molecular forms’ of drugs only. But potentized homeopathic drugs, different from allopathic drugs, contain only ‘molecular imprints’, which can act only up on pathogenic molecules having specific conformational affinity. That means, potentized drugs can act only if indicated by similarity of symptoms.

    You cannot ignore this peculiarity of homeopathy in matters of active principles as well as mechanism of drug actions while designing ‘drug trials’ for homeopathy.

    In homeopathy, you cannot ‘verify’ action of a particular drug on a particular disease- you have to ‘verify’ action of ‘indicated drugs’ up on indicated individual patients, since different people with same disease may need different drugs.

    Same time, disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions could be subjected to Random Controlled Trials in the same way as allopathic drugs. This is the most effective way to prove that potentized homeopathy drugs are not placebo, fraud, or “mere water”, but they really work.

    As far as skeptics as well as homeopaths hesitate to accept this peculiarity of potentized homeopathic drugs and agree to design the ‘trials’ of disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions, there is no way to convince the scientists that ‘homeopathy’ works’.

    I WANT TO REPEAT: WE CAN PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOMEOPATHY THROUGH RANDOM CONTROLLED TRIALS ONLY BY USING DISEASE-SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS OF POST-AVOGADRO DILUTIONS.

    #
    To be factually reliable and methodologically acceptable to scientific community, it is essential that drug trials should be RANDOM as well as BLINDED.

    BLINDING is an important tool of the scientific method, and is used in many fields of research. In some fields, such as medicine TRIALS, it is considered essential. In clinical research, a trial that is not a blinded trial is called an open trials. Open trials are not generally accepted as valid proofs in drug trials.

    In a blind or blinded experiment, information which may influence the participants of the experiment is withheld (masked or blinded) until after the experiment is complete. Good blinding can reduce or eliminate experimental biases that arise from a participants’ expectations, observer effects, observer bias, confirmation bias, and other sources. To be really valid and acceptable, BLINDING should be imposed on all participants of an experiment, including subjects, researchers, technicians, data analysts, and evaluators. A good clinical protocolensures that blinding is as effective as possible within ethical and practical constraints.

    In SINGLE BLIND studies, in which only the subjects are blinded, the researcher doing the study knows which treatment or intervention the SUBJECT is receiving. Prejudices and biases of researcher will affect the outcome in this kind of studies.

    During the course of an experiment, a participant becomes unblinded if they deduce or otherwise obtain information that has been masked to them. Unblinding that occurs before the conclusion of a study is a source of experimental error, as the bias that was eliminated by blinding is re-introduced. Unblinding is common in blind experiments, and must be measured and reported. Meta research has revealed high levels of unblinding in pharmacological trials. The reporting guidelines recommend that all studies assess and report unblinding. In practice, very few studies assess unblinding.

    A number of biases are present when a study is insufficiently blinded. Patient-reported outcomes can be different if the patient is not blinded to their treatment. Likewise, failure to blind researchers results in observer bias . Unblinded data analysts may favor an analysis that supports their existing BELIEFS known as confirmation bias . These biases are typically the result of subconscious influences, and are present even when study participants believe they are not influenced by them.

    Homeopaths engaging in homeopathic drug trials for COVID 19 should be careful to ensure that proper BLINDING protocols are applied, so as to ensure that the outcomes of these studies provide no scope for controversies.

    #
    Permission to conduct “homeopathic drug trials for Covid-19” will be of no use to homeopathy, if homeopaths are compelled to conduct trials in modern hospitals under the control and monitoring of modern medical doctors (who actually want to disprove homeopathy) , and by administering homeopathy medicines “ONLY along with other treatments prescribed by modern medical doctors”.

    At the end, only things remaining for homeopathy will be some bogus unconvincing claims from homeopaths, and lot of ridicules from the other side!

    Even a few drops of “holy water” will be enough to make a CLAIM of cure in a disease more than 80% of which is resolved without any medication at all, when you are not expected to explain HOW IT ACTS!

    #
    I am very much disappointed that I could not convince CCRH and other authorities of homeopathy regarding the relevance of MIT explanations of scientific homeopathy in this critical moment.

    Had I succeeded in convincing them regarding the scientific perspective of homeopathy proposed by MIT, they would not have come on TV interviews and explain homeopathy using the most unscientific and irrational theories of vital force and dynamic energy, and still more absurd theory of “nanoparticles”, and get ridiculed by scientific community.

    Had they understood the MIT concepts of “molecular imprints” as the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions, and the biological mechanism of their therapeutic actions, they would not have come with an advice of “Ars Alb 30 four pills for 3 days” as “immune booster”, which led homeopaths all over India into a spree of mass distribution campaigns of Ars Alb 30, followed by bogus claims. Had they understood the scientific explanations of homeopathy provided by MIT, they could have realized that “Ars Alb 30 four pills for 3 days” was an inappropriate suggestion, regarding remedy selection, dosage and course of administration.

    Had they understood MIT, they could have realized the scientific logic, rationale and importance of using an appropriate post-avogadro COMBINATION of remedies for prevention and treatment of COVID 19.

    Such a well-composed disease-specific post-avogadro combination could have successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of homeopathy in managing this global pandemic. Any number of double blind random controlled trials could have been conducted successfully, and undeniable proof for validity of homeopathy presented to the scientific community.

    Yes, it is my failure. It was my duty to make them convince. I failed to communicate in proper ways. I recognise it with utter disappointment and frustration!

    #
    See how the selection of ARS ALB 30 for corona is justified in the AYUSH order:

    “Scientific Advisory Board considered that the same medicine has been advised for prevention of Influenza like illnesses. As one of the constituents of a formulation , Arsenicum Album has been shown to affect the HT-29 cells and human macrophages”. It reduced the expression of reporter gene GFP in transfect HT 29 cells, and reduced TNF-alfa release in macrophages. Moreover, Arsenic Album is a common prescription in the cases of respiratory infections in day to day practice.”

    If we examine the above reasoning, it contains THREE points:

    1. ” the same medicine has been advised for prevention of Influenza like illnesses”.

    2. “As one of the constituents of a formulation, Arsenicum Album has been shown to affect the HT-29 cells and human macrophages”.

    3. It reduced the expression of reporter gene GFP in transfect HT 29 cells, and reduced TNF-alfa release in macrophages.”

    4. “Arsenic Album is a common prescription in the cases of respiratory infections in day to day practice.”

    Point 1 and 4 are obviously of no relevance as a scientific reasoning, other than quoting hearsays. How could anybody recommend Ars Alb or any other medicine for Covid 19, on the simple reasons that “same medicine has been advised for prevention of Influenza like illnesses”, or “it is a common prescription in the cases of respiratory infections in day to day practice”? It is totally unscientific and illogical.

    Coming to POINT 2, See on Wikipedia what is HT-29 cells: “HT-29 is a human colon cancer cell line used extensively in biological and cancer research. HT-29 cells form a tight monolayer while exhibiting similarity to enterocytes from the small intestine. HT-29 cells overproduce the p53 tumor antigen, but have a mutation in the p53 gene at position 273, resulting in a histidine replacing an arginine. The cells proliferate rapidly in media containing suramin, with corresponding high expression of the c-myc oncogene. However, c-myc is deregulated, but may have a relation with the growth factor requirements of HT-29 cells”.

    Even if Arsenicum Album has been proved to act upon HT 29 cells, what is its relevance in covid 19 treatment? Has anybody proved that HT 29 cells are anyway involved in pathology of corona? Any argument or any evidence? Nothing!

    Another thing is, the paper shown in the reference actually is regarding a study regarding action of MOLECULAR forms of Arsenic Trioxide on HT 29 cells. Does our ARSENIC ALB 30 contain any molecules of Arsenic Trioxide?

    Coming to POINT 3, see what WIKIPEDIA says: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues (26.9 kDa) that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range. In cell and molecular biology, the GFP gene is frequently used as a reporter of expression.[5] It has been used in modified forms to make biosensors, and many animals have been created that express GFP, which demonstrates a proof of concept that a gene can be expressed throughout a given organism, in selected organs, or in cells of interest. GFP can be introduced into animals or other species through transgenic techniques, and maintained in their genome and that of their offspring. To date, GFP has been expressed in many species, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, fish and mammals, including in human cells”.

    How the “reduced the expression of reporter gene GFP in transfect HT 29 cells” by the action of MOLECULAR forms of Arsenic Trioxide becomes relevant in the treatment of covid 19?

    Regarding the reference to “reduced TNF-alfa release in macrophages” by the action of molecular forms of Arsenic Trioxide, somebody has to explain how it justifies the use of ARS ALB 30 in covid 19. It is well known that TNF alfa plays a role in induction of inflammations and antiviral responses. But it is Arsenic Trioxide in MOLECULAR FORM. Our Arsenic alb 30 is a 1/1and 60 zeros dilution of Arsenic Trioxide. Can anybody say Arsenic Trioxide molecules will be retained in a dilution 3 times above Avogadro limit? If not, in what form Arsenic Trioxide will be available in Ars Alb 30, and what will be the biological mechanism by which it acts? Without getting answers to this question, do you expect scientific community to recognize homeopathy as a medical system?

    #
    You are bound to fail, if you think you can convince the skeptics regarding the efficacy of potentized homeopathic drugs by conducting conventional types of ‘clinical trials’ or RCTs as they demand for.

    You can never expect ‘individual-based’ homeopathic drugs to be proved using the protocols of testing drugs in ‘disease-based’ modern medicine. Asking to ‘prove’ homeopathic drugs using protocols of allopathic drug trials is like trying to measure ‘length’ using units of ‘mass’.

    Allopathic methods of ‘drug trials’ are applicable to ‘molecular forms’ of drugs only. But potentized homeopathic drugs, different from allopathic drugs, contain only ‘molecular imprints’, which can act only up on pathogenic molecules having specific conformational affinity. That means, potentized drugs can act only if indicated by similarity of symptoms.

    You cannot ignore this peculiarity of homeopathy in matters of active principles as well as mechanism of drug actions while designing ‘drug trials’ for homeopathy.

    In homeopathy, you cannot ‘verify’ action of a particular drug on a particular disease- you have to ‘verify’ action of ‘indicated drugs’ up on indicated individual patients, since different people with same disease may need different drugs.

    Same time, disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions could be subjected to Random Controlled Trials in the same way as allopathic drugs. This is the most effective way to prove that potentized homeopathy drugs are not placebo, fraud, or “mere water”, but they really work.

    As far as skeptics as well as homeopaths hesitate to accept this peculiarity of potentized homeopathic drugs and agree to design the ‘trials’ of disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions, there is no way to convince the scientists that ‘homeopathy’ works’.

    I WANT TO REPEAT: WE CAN PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOMEOPATHY THROUGH RANDOM CONTROLLED TRIALS ONLY BY USING DISEASE-SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS OF POST-AVOGADRO DILUTIONS.

    #
    CONSTITUTION of an individual is his PHENOTYPE, or the sum total of expressions of his genetic substance that decide the general features.

    We can observe the PHENOTYPE of the individual through the totality of GENERAL physical and mental symptoms he express.

    Since genetic substance is expressed through PROTEIN SYNTHESIS mediated by thousands of different enzymes involved in its various stages, errors in any one of these important enzyme activities may result in faulty genetic expressions, faulty protein synthesis and faulty PHENOTYPE. These errors in PHENOTYPE will be expressed in the form of abnormal physical general symptoms and abnormal mental symptoms.

    Errors in the enzymes related with genetic expressions could be produced by diverse reasons. Most important reasons are the INHIBITIONS of enzymes produced by binding of some or other exogenous or endogenous molecules to them. Exogenous molecules may come from various food articles, environment, infections, vaccinations etc, where as endogenous molecules may come from metabolic byproducts, hormones, antibodies, disease products, cytokines, neuro-mediators, deformed proteins etc etc.

    When trying to find out the CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDY of an individual, we are actually looking for a medicine that will supply the molecular imprints required to deactivate the endogenous and exogenous molecules that have inhibited the enzymes associated with genetic expressions.

    #
    Even if you are administering MULTIPLE homeopathic drugs upon a patient as ALTERNATING doses, actually it works inside the body as COMBNATION remedies.

    Only difference between combined doses and alternating doses is, one is MIXING outside the body, and the other is MIXING inside the body! Once absorbed into body, those medicines can work only as COMBINATIONS!

    Since potentized drugs contain only molecular imprints which cannot interact each other, but act only upon pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity, there is no harm in mixing any number of potentized drugs together. It is a fact that even those drugs we consider SINGLE are not actually single, but contain diverse types of molecular imprints that represent diverse type of constituent molecules of drug substances. Molecular imprints contained in them are coexisting peacefully, without interacting each other or causing any problem.

    If you have no objections in combining drugs inside the body, why should you object them combining outside the body? After all, combining outside the body will be more convenient for the physician as well as the patient! Only benefit you get by giving multiple drugs as sperate doses alternatingly is that you can satisfy your CLASSICAL EGO, and continue boasting that you are using only SINGLE drugs!

    #
    A serious objection against MIT from the side of classical homeopaths is regarding ‘mixing’ or ‘combinations’ of potentized drugs. On the other hand, MIT says that it is permissible for to use combinations of ‘molecular imprinted’ forms (potencies above Avogadro limit- 12c and onwards) of two or more homeopathic drugs selected on the basis of analysis of totality of symptoms, miasmatic study and biochemical evaluation of the individual patient.

    MIT view is that it is effective as palliatives to use ‘disease-specific’ combinations of ‘molecular imprinted’ forms (potencies above Avogadro limit- 12c and onwards) of two or more homeopathic drugs selected on the basis of common symptoms and biochemical evaluations of specific diseases. But such ‘disease-specific’ combinations will not offer ‘total cure’ for patients, without incorporating drugs selected on the basis of symptoms also. This approach also is very close to the method of ‘banerji protocols’ that makes ‘specific’ prescriptions based on ‘disease diagnosis’ as well as symptomatology..

    I am talking on the basis of my concepts of ‘molecular imprinting’ involved in potentization. I perceive all crude drugs as combinations of diverse types of constituent drug molecules. I perceive even the so called potentized ‘single’ drug as combinations of diverse types of individual drug molecules contained in the drug substance used for potentization.

    My stand on this issue is based on my understanding of diseases as multitudes of pathological derangement in the organism, caused by diverse of types of molecular inhibitions caused by different types of pathogenic agents, and therapeutics involves the removal of those inhibitions using appropriate molecular imprints.

    I am talking on the basis of my understanding of ‘similia similibus curentur’ as: “pathological molecular inhibitions caused by specific pathogenic molecules and expressed through a certain group of subjective and objective symptoms, could be removed by applying ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules that could create similar molecular inhibitions and symptoms in a healthy organism when applied in crude form.

    That makes the difference between my views and classical homeopathy. I know, homeopaths trained and experienced in classical homeopathy cannot agree with my views on this topic.

    #
    What is MIT?

    MIT or Molecular Imprints Therapeutics refers to a scientific hypothesis that proposes a rational model for biological mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics.

    According to MIT hypothesis, potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, where in the conformational details of individual drug molecules are ‘imprinted’ or engraved as hydrogen-bonded three dimensional nano-cavities into a supra-molecular matrix of water and ethyl alcohol, through a process of molecular level ‘host-guest’ interactions. These ‘molecular imprints’ or ‘hydrosomes’ are the active principles of post-avogadro dilutions used as homeopathic drugs.

    Due to ‘conformational affinity’, molecular imprints can act as ‘artificial key holes’ or ‘ligand binds’ for the specific drug molecules used for imprinting, and for all pathogenic molecules having functional groups ‘similar’ to those drug molecules. When used as therapeutic agents, molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathogenic molecules having conformational affinity and deactivate them, thereby relieving the biological molecules from the inhibitions or blocks caused by pathogenic molecules. According to MIT hypothesis, this is the biological mechanism of high dilution therapeutics involved in homeopathic cure.

    According to MIT hypothesis, ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ means, diseases expressed through a particular group of symptoms could be cured by ‘molecular imprints’ forms of drug substances, which in ‘molecular’ or crude forms could produce ‘similar’ groups of symptoms in healthy individuals. ‘Similarity’ of drug symptoms and diseaes indicates ‘similarity’ of pathological molecular inhibitions caused by drug molecules and pathogenic molecules, which in turn indicates conformational ‘similarity’ of functional groups of drug molecules and pathogenic molecules. Since molecular imprints of ‘similar’ molecules can bind to ‘similar’ ligand molecules by conformational affinity, they can act as therapeutic agents when applied as indicated by ‘similarity of symptoms’.

    Similia Similibus Curentur could be scientifically explained in terms of the phenomenon of COMPETITIVE relationship between chemical molecules in binding to biological targets, being discussed in modern biochemistry.

    No body in the whole history could so far propose a hypothesis about homeopathy as scientific, rational and perfect as MIT, explaining the molecular process involed in potentization, and the biological mechanism involved in ‘similia similibus curentur’, in a way fitting well to modern scientific knowledge system.

    #
    ARSENIC ALB 30 IN COVID 19 TREATMENT – AN INNOVATIVE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH :

    Arsenic Album or Arsenic Trioxide is a chemical substance that can inhibit more than 200 essential enzymes in our body involved in diverse types of biomolecular processes related with genetic transcription, metabolism, energy conversions etc etc. This is due to the ability of Arsenic ions to bind to the cysteine radicals which are part of active sites all enzymes. Almost every biochemical pathways in the living body are deranged by the action of arsenic. This is the reason why the homeopathic materia medica of arsenic album is so rich with symptoms associated with almost all organs and systems of the body.

    It is an already established fact that during viral infections, persons having high levels of arsenic in their body are prone to develop serious complications such as respiratory failure, acute myocardial degeneration, renal failures, liver failures, multiple organ failures etc faster than those having low arsenic levels. My suggestion to the experts involved in covid 19 research is that determination of arsenic levels in the body of covid patients should be made mandatory, so that high risk people could be identified and better care provided.

    Arsenic content may be high in people due to living in certain areas, consuming arsenic rich ground water, cigarette smoking, eating unpolished rice, prawns and crabs, exposure to arsenic containing environments, etc etc. Arsenic may enter the body through contaminated liquors, Chinese, Ayurvedic, unani or Herbal preparations, industrial exposures, chemically treated wooden furniture etc also. Arsenic content will naturally be high in aged people, as it has a tendency to accumulated in the body over years through exposures.

    Researchers working upon arsenic toxicity problems in certain arsenic affected countries have already proved that ARSENIC ALBUM 30 can antidote and reverse the chronic effects of arsenic toxicity, and remove the symptoms.

    Arsenic Album 30 contains MOLECULAR IMPRINTS of arsenic trioxide molecules. Molecular imprints are three dimensional nanocavities formed in water-alcohol supra-molecular matrix through a host-guest interactions between templates and diluent medium during the process of homeopathic POTENTIZATION. Molecular imprints of arsenic trioxide contained in Arsenicum Album 30 can act as artificial binding pockets for arsenic ions and deactivate them, thereby removing the molecular inhibitions they have produced in the enzyme systems of the body.

    By using Arsenicum Album 30 in sufficient quantities and frequencies to provide molecular imprints in optimum levels, it will be possible to prevent dangerous complications and multiple organ failures in covid 19 patients, so as to prevent the chances of morbidities due to the disease. Covid 19 deaths could prevented by use of Arsenic Alb 30.

    I don’t know how to get this vey important message reach the right persons in right time, or how to convince the scientific basis of this approach described above.

    A word to homeopaths : Homeopaths currently involved in distribution of Arsenicum Album 30 should realize the hard truth that the dosage you are giving now is actually of no use. 4 or 5 medicated sugar pills you give now cannot provide the sufficient quantity of molecular imprints required to produce desired biological effects. To ensure optimum protection, medicine should be used in drop doses at least twice a day until the epidemic threat is over.

    Please understand, it is not any mysterious “dynamic energy” or “vibrations” that work in our potentized drugs. It is MOLECULAR IMPRINTS, that act as “artificial binding pockets” for pathogenic molecules, and deactivate them.

    I am not sure whether Arsenic album 30 will prevent or not covid. Be sure it will surely prevent complications even if you get infected. But dosage should be reconsidered. I would suggest minimum 1 or 2 drops direct on tongue bds until epidemic is over.

  • ARSENIC ALB 30 IN COVID 19 TREATMENT – AN INNOVATIVE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

    Arsenic Album or Arsenic Trioxide is a chemical substance that can inhibit more than 200 essential enzymes in our body involved in diverse types of biomolecular processes related with genetic transcription, metabolism, energy conversions etc etc.

    This is due to the ability of Arsenic ions to bind to the cysteine radicals which are part of active sites all enzymes. Almost every biochemical pathways in the living body are deranged by the action of arsenic. This is the reason why the homeopathic materia medica of arsenic album is so rich with symptoms associated with almost all organs and systems of the body.

    It is an already established fact that during viral infections, persons having high levels of arsenic in their body are prone to develop serious complications such as respiratory failure, acute myocardial degeneration, renal failures, liver failures, multiple organ failures etc faster than those having low arsenic levels.

    My suggestion to the experts involved in covid 19 research is that determination of arsenic levels in the body of covid patients should be made mandatory, so that high risk people could be identified and better care provided.

    Arsenic content may be high in people due to living in certain areas, consuming arsenic rich ground water, cigarette smoking, eating unpolished rice, prawns and crabs, exposure to arsenic containing environments, etc etc. Arsenic may enter the body through contaminated liquors, Chinese, Ayurvedic, unani or Herbal preparations, industrial exposures, chemically treated wooden furniture etc also. Arsenic content will naturally be high in aged people, as it has a tendency to accumulated in the body over years through exposures.

    Researchers working upon arsenic toxicity problems in certain arsenic affected countries have already proved that ARSENIC ALBUM 30 can antidote and reverse the chronic effects of arsenic toxicity, and remove the symptoms.

    Arsenic Album 30 contains MOLECULAR IMPRINTS of arsenic trioxide molecules. Molecular imprints are three dimensional nanocavities formed in water-alcohol supra-molecular matrix through a host-guest interactions between templates and diluent medium during the process of homeopathic POTENTIZATION.

    Molecular imprints of arsenic trioxide contained in Arsenicum Album 30 can act as artificial binding pockets for arsenic ions and deactivate them, thereby removing the molecular inhibitions they have produced in the enzyme systems of the body.

    By using Arsenicum Album 30 in sufficient quantities and frequencies to provide molecular imprints in optimum levels, it will be possible to prevent dangerous complications and multiple organ failures in covid 19 patients, so as to prevent the chances of morbidities due to the disease. Covid 19 deaths could prevented by use of Arsenic Alb 30.

    I don’t know how to get this vey important message reach the right persons in right time, or how to convince the scientific basis of this approach described above.

    A word to homeopaths : Homeopaths currently involved in distribution of Arsenicum Album 30 should realize the hard truth that the dosage you are giving now is actually of no use. 4 or 5 medicated sugar pills you give now cannot provide the sufficient quantity of molecular imprints required to produce desired biological effects. To ensure optimum protection, medicine should be used in drop doses at least twice a day until the epidemic threat is over.

    Please understand, it is not any mysterious “dynamic energy” or “vibrations” that work in our potentized drugs. It is MOLECULAR IMPRINTS, that act as “artificial binding pockets” for pathogenic molecules, and deactivate them.

  • How Scientific Studies are Misused for Justifying Pseudo-scientific Explanations of Homeopathy

    Many homeopaths refer to a link as the most scientific and authoritative reference for research evidences in favor of homeopathy. This article titled “Beyond Substance” by Norman Allan, Ph.D.is about the much discussed findings regarding the so-called “ghost-DNA” molecules in ultra-diluted aqueous solutions of viral DNA. This work was referred to the name of Professor Mounir AbouHaidar and his colleagues, Dr. Mohammed Eweida and Michael Dobbs. Exactly, this ghost DNA concept is same as that of Luc Montagnier. If you read the article carefully, you will understand how clever our ‘pseudoscientists’ are in hijacking scientific studies and misuse them for pseudoscientific explanations of homeopathy. Hence, I think it is worth analyzing the observations and conclusions of this article in detail.  http://www.normanallan.com/Sci/bs.html.

    I find this article is a classical example of how scientific studies are misused for pseudo-scientific explanations of homeopathy.

    “The team found that a solution of viral DNA, diluted beyond substance in the manner of homeopathy, can physically bind its substantial, molecular, complementary strand. This implies that the water “remembers” the substance that was in it. It behaves as though the DNA – even though diluted beyond substance – were still there. The ramifications of this phenomenon deeply effects ours understanding of physics, medicine, and of psychology, and as I hope to explain may prove to be a key to our understanding consciousness”.

    “In Prof. AbouHaidar’s viral assay a solution of DNA, the genetic ribbon – even after it has been serially diluted until there was no substance left – binds its labeled complementary strand. This means water can be patterned; can carry a signal, and in this sense “remembers”. Water prefers to be ordered, to be patterned, prefers this to our usual conception of liquid as random. Water is stressed by, rather than enjoying amorphous chaos. It prefers to be organized, to behave like a crystal. So water takes whatever substance we put in it, be that salt, or sulphur, or viral DNA, as a seed from which to organize a pattern”.

    Based on this research finding, the author tries to explain the homeopathic potentization according to his speculative theorizations.

    He expects that if the observed “phenomenon can be replicated, we have a scientific revolution, a paradigm shift, possibly as vast as the discovery of electricity some two hundred and fifty years ago: vast because, as with electricity, it shows us whole new dimensions of order underpinning the phenomenal world, and there is no predicting where all of this may lead”.

    The author, himself a physical scientist, explains how he was attracted to this work:

    “Jacque Benveniste was a prominent French immunologist, chief immunologist at the government’s research institute, INSERM. When two of his research assistants asked him if they might conduct an experiment into homeopathy, believing a happy coworker is a good coworker, Benveniste said they might. They showed the results to Benveniste, and he became curious.

    If you take an antigen, and dilute it homeopathically – again, diluted until there is no substance – it will still generate an immunological response in certain white blood cells. In this case Benveniste, and his colleagues, were looking at basophils.

    Benveniste took these findings to the most prestigious scientific journal, Nature. Because of Benveniste’s prominence Maddox, the editor of Nature, said he would publish the work if Benveniste could find three reputable laboratories that could replicate his findings. “That should get rid of him,” thought Maddox.

    Bruce Pomeranz, of the University of Toronto, was one of the researchers that “replicated” the work, along with labs in Milan and Tel Aviv.

    In June 1988 the journal Nature, the gatekeeper of scientific orthodoxy, published Benveniste’s ultradilution (homeopathy) paper. The implications of this work are revolutionary, a paradigm shift it there ever was one. There are a lot of people who would rather fight than shift. Nature, the journal, as part of their publishing arrangement with Benveniste, sent a team to investigate his lab. The team included Randy the Magician, to look for sleight of hand, Walter Stewart, a biologist and statistician who had made his reputation as a figure crunching fraud-detector, and the editor, Maddox himself, who had a background in physics. It did not, however, include a cell biologist who might understand the nuances of Benveniste’s experiment. The team had already made up their minds (as Walter Stewart wrote in “Omni”). They knew there had to be a problem with the experiment because in their view the experiment was impossible. In the lab, Beneviniste and his team demonstrated the phenomenon to them three times, but the Nature team had determined before hand that it was an impossible experiment, and not knowing what else to doubt they decided that they couldn’t trust Beneveniste”blind”. The visiting team therefore insisted on adding their own “blind” to the procedure. To do this they introduced an extra manipulation of the samples (they moved the samples into new tubes). Of course this added procedure might or might not effect the outcome of an already delicate experiment. The investigating team sealed their extra code in an envelope, wrapped that up in silver foil (to foil X-ray eyes), and stuck it on to the ceiling of the lab with a video camera trained on it.! When, in this one trial, this new variation of the experiment no longer worked, Maddox announced that the whole affair was a delusion, or a fraud. Such is the stature of the journal, Nature, that the “expert’s” pronouncement was treated with gravity. “In our view, ultradilution should not work. Therefore it does not. Trust us. We’ve looked. We’ve tried it.” (I paraphrase.) This was all every unscientific, yet here the matter rests. (Work by Professor M Roberfroid, Madeleine Ennis, and colleagues, has since vindicated Beneviniste’s work and homeopath.)

    Now our name was on this controversial Benveniste ultradilution paper, and we’re a very respectable laboratory, so there was a large section of the world, at least here in Canada, that looked to us to see what we’d finally have to say on the matter. “We have promising preliminary results,” was all the Professor could say. That, and “No comment.” So when Prof. AbouHaidar’s team stumbled on the incredible that DNA diluted (one part in ten) eighteen or twenty five times (diluted beyond substance) still binds its complementary strand – they came to see us”.

    This was how by Norman Allan, Ph.D, author of present article became involved in this work.

    The work was done as follows:

    “Prof. AbouHaidar is a virologist; a Professor with tenure at the University of Toronto. Professor AbouHaidar was working on a viral assay. You’d take a plant from a field – he was working with potatoes – grind it up, run it through the Professor’s assay, and it would tell you whether there was any of a particular virus present in those potatoes. It works like this: you take a virus, which in this case was a DNA virus, and you “digest it”, splitting each bit of viral DNA into two single complementary strands. Then you divide this digest into two parts. At this point the two parts are (statistically) identical. Take one half of this now single stranded DNA and call it the “target”. Take the other half and call it the “probe”.

    The target is spotted out on a filter paper – that is to say, you put a drop of it on a microfilter to make a spot. Then you dilute what’s left one part in ten, and put a drop of the dilute solution at a second spot. Then dilute again one part in ten, and spot it out again. Keep diluting and spotting out the successive dilutions. This is to test how sensitive the assay is. After all, we may be looking for a little bit of virus in a whole field of potatoes. We need a sensitive assay.

    Having spotted out all these successive dilutions, we take the filter paper and bake it at 80 degrees centigrade. After baking, the target won’t wash off. Next let us consider the probe. The probe, remember, in this explanation, the probe is made up of the same single stranded viral DNA fragments. These we’re going to label so we can see them. We mix them with avidin-biotin. The avidin binds to the DNA, and the biotin will bind to a stain, so we’ll get a dark spot where our DNA-avidin-biotin binds the stain.

    Now we take our probe and wash it over the targeted filter paper. Where the DNA in the probe finds its complementary strand in the target it binds to it. Next we wash the probe and target, and only where the probe has bound to its complementary strand will there be any of the probe be left. The rest is washed away. Then we ‘develop’ the probe/target filterpaper with our stain. Only where the labeled probe has bound to the target will we see any stain. In the test as set it up, the stain gets lighter and lighter with each dilution. It’s dark, almost black, in the first couple of dilutions, but fades out of sight at about the seventh dilution.

    That’s the assay AbouHaidar was refining. (Actually, it’s Dr. Southern’s dot-blot test, so it’s called “Southern blot”, though Dr. Western’s “Western dot-blot” predates it and is more widely used.). Mohammed Eweida was a postdoc working in Prof. AbouHaidar’s lab with this Southern blot assay. Mohammed Ewieda wasn’t very happy about his situation. I don’t know why, but he was out of there: he was off to the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm in the summer: and so, perhaps to kill time, he spotted out the dilutions eighteen times, even though the staining was lost to sight at the seventh, and and he got a dark spot at the eighteenth dilution!

    “Look at that,” said Dr. Eweida to Michael Dobbs, a postgraduate student working in the lab. Some months before Mike Dobbs had been to Jacque Benveniste’s lecture on ultradilution. (In Homeopathy substances are diluted beyond the infinitesimal till there’s no substance left, which is what is meant by “ultradilution”.) So, when Mohammed showed Michael his anomalous result with an unexpected spot at the eighteenth dilution Michael thought, incredulously, “ultradilution”. “Eh, Mohammed,” he said. “Do that again.” Dr. Eweida repeated the viral assay, this time taking it out to the fiftieth decimal (one in ten) dilution. (That’s 10-50 where ten to the minus 30 is like a drop in the ocean, and 10-37 is like a drop in a million oceans. At 10-26 we pass “Avagadro’s number [which relates to the number of molecules in a “gram molecule”] and would no longer expect to find a single molecule in a gram.) Again there was a dark spot that shouldn’t be there at the eighteenth dilution, and now there were also stained spots at the 19th dilution, and the 25th and 26th, and the 38th, and 43rd dilution, but not at the dilutions in between. At the 25th and 26th dilutions there is certainly no substance left in the solution. We have passed Avagadro’s number. There is no DNA left in the target. And yet the undiluted complementary strands in the probe (labeled with avidin-biotin) binds to the target! They can not be binding to a substance, not to molecular DNA. They may be binding to a signal, an electrical signal imprinted into the nitrocellulose. They are binding to something!

    At first sight, to some, this has seemed to contradict classical science. “How can water, with nothing in it, remember what was there formerly, but is no longer there?” But here were Prof. AbouHaidar and Dr. Eweida, here they were with these filterpapers, dozens of them, with dark spots at the 18th and 19th dilution, and the 25th and 26th. Sometimes the pattern moved a little: sometimes only the 18th turned dark, once it was the 17th.

    Well, Prof. AbouHaidar when he first saw it, suspected a joke. And when Dr. Eweida repeated it yet again, Menir AbouHaidar suspected a hoax. So he tried it himself, and there it was. No hoax.

    What to do next? One of the next things that Prof. AbouHaidar did was to come and see us, Dr. Pomeranz and his research team. From here on in I’m going to call Dr. Pomeranz, the Professor. The Professor’s lab (where I had worked for seven years) was one of the labs that replicated Benveniste’s work with ultradilute antigens. The Professor’s name was on Benveniste’s controversial paper, so Prof. AbouHaidar came to talk to us, in confidence, to hear what we could tell them. “Do it again,” we said. And they did.

    What does all this mean? It suggests a multitude of things. First let’s look at the patterning of water. If you put, say, one part salt in a hundred parts of water, it seems that the salt will pattern the water – the water mirrors the salt’s “vibration”. Certainly with Prof. AbouHaidar’s DNA we seem to see an electrical patterning that comes back into register with the original space/charge patterning at the 18th dilution.”

    Based on these observations, the author tries to explain homeopathy as follows:

    “Now if homeopathic [ultradilute, potentiated] remedies are having effects on organisms – they cured my cat – one of the implications, it seems, is that the body has vibrational fields, patterned energy fields, on which these (vibrational, patterned) remedies can work. Many people, particularly those on the fringe of science, and beyond, have been saying this for years. But no one has demonstrated it in any convincing or replicable manner. This is where Prof. AbouHaidar’s discovery is so special. Finally we have a handle into this realm of vibration.”

    Obviously, the author is caught in the “theory of vibrations” in his interpretations. This is a clear example of how a scientist slips and falls into “pseudoscience”. He understands he is moving into the realm of ‘fringe science’ and ‘beyond science’. And now he is trying to utilize “AbouHaidar’s discovery” to rationalize the speculations of ‘fringe science’ and ‘beyond science’, which “have been saying this for years”. He tries to utilize this unexplained phenomenon as a “handle into this realm of vibration”. The intention of the author is clear now. This shows how science can be used to rationalize ‘unscientific’ theories.

    How does homeopathy work in practice? As a scientist, we would expect from the author an explanation that would fit to the existing scientific knowledge system available to modern biochemistry, molecular biology and medical science. But to our total dismay, he comes with totally unscientific and irrational concepts and arguments. He says:

    “How does homeopathy work in practice? At its simplest level, let’s say you’re in an accident, traumatized, the body goes into a particular pattern of vibration, in this case a kind of ‘shock’, Often people seem to get stuck in these patterns. Tinctures made from the plant Arnica have a vibratory pattern that (we may imagine) closely resembles this vibratory pattern associated with traumatic shock. Empirically it has been observed, again and again, that the potentised remedy prepared from Arnica helps physically traumatised people to heal. So, it may be that the body becomes locked in a particular oscillatory pattern, and the remedy, the “similar”, helps to jog it free, to loosen that pattern’s hold on the body so the body can stop repetitively singing that song”

    How is it? Is he talking science? Do these words reflect a scientific mind? We had many times heard this pseudo-scientific ‘theory of vibrations’ from so-called vitalists, classical homeopaths and metaphysical theoreticians. But it is a real pity to hear this from a reputed scientist. As a scientist, we would expect him to talk about the bio-chemical derangements caused by traumas, and how the constituent molecules of arnica tincture rectify these bio-molecular errors. How could the author reach such unscientific conclusions from the reported research findings? The researchers only observed the presence of some sort of ‘memory’ of DNA molecules in ultra-dilutions in water. They said nothing about the mechanism of this ‘memory’. Obviously, the author utilizes these findings to rationalize his ‘fringe science’ speculations. This is unfair and unethical as far as a scientist is concerned.

    He continues his imaginative speculations further:

    ”A further implication of homeopathy is seen in the fact that the personality, the emotional make-up, the thought patterns, of patients are the most important guiding feature in deciding which remedy to use. The “mentals” are given more weight then the physical symptoms. The implication of this is that mind, that thought and emotion, are patterns”.

    We expect to hear a scientist explain “thought and emotions” on the basis of neurochemistry, where as this ‘scientist’ is talking about ‘patterns’. Wonderful!.

    His interpretation of ‘patterns’ in water formed by adding salt shows his total ignorance regarding the process of ‘hydration’ in aqueous solutions. Every science student knows that so-called patterning is nothing but supra-molecular clustering of water molecules through hydrogen bonding. I think he uses the terms like ‘patterns’ and vibrations’ to take this phenomenon into the realm of ‘fringe science’ which seems to be a subject very dear to him.

    Instead of speculating over ‘patterns’ and ‘vibrations’, and discussing ‘fringe science’ and ‘beyond science’, this phenomenon could have been scientifically explained on the basis of “Molecular Imprinting”. Such an explanation would fit in to the existing scientific knowledge-system perfectly. More over, based on this concept, we can provide scientific explanation to the molecular mechanism of therapeutic action of potentized homeopathic medicines, fitting to modern biochemistry and molecular biology. Homeopathy could be dealt with not as a ‘fringe science” or “beyond science”. but as real science!

    Let us listen to what the author says further on this subject:

    “Come back to the one part salt in a hundred parts water. If we take this salt water and dissolve it again one part in a hundred in clear water, and shake it, it again patterns the water, but this time with some changes. Remember it’s at the 18th and 19th dilution that AbouHaidar’s target bound the probe (at least, that was the case in the first sample that MAME showed us). At the 15th, 16th, there was nothing. This suggests that we are seeing something similar to the interference phenomenon that occurs with harmonic overlays. This is a fairly well known phenomenon (e.g. “Poincare’s recurrence”, see below). However here because it’s a dilution procedure, the harmonics are going to include lower frequency multiples, “subharmonics”, of the original signal as well as the more usual higher frequency harmonics.

    It is very funny to see how hastily the author jumps to his pre-determined conclusions such as ‘interference’ phenomenon and ‘frequency harmonics’, based simply on the observed phenomenon of ‘patterning’ of water in salt solutions. Before that he should have applied some thought regarding ‘hydrogen bonding’, hydration’ and ‘supra-molecular clustering’, and also the probability of ‘molecular imprinting’.

    “Imagine a conjurer’s rope. Take a segment out of that magician’s rope – say one foot out of ten – and hold it taut between your hands, and twang it. Now (by magic) put it back in the original rope. The note, the vibration, in the small piece will pattern and inform the longer piece. The longer piece will now carry that information, but it will also, during the process, generate harmonics, multiples of that original note. But note, in the dilution process (which the homeopaths have traditionally called “potentiation”) it becomes intuitively apparent that we will be generating both harmonics andsubharmonics of the original pattern. And this explains one of the mysteries of homeopathy”

    How can see declare that “this explains one of the mysteries of homeopathy”?

    Obviously, he is overtly trying to ‘prove’ his concepts of ‘vibration theory’ in homeopathy utilizing the unexplained phenomenon observed by the research team..

    “It is part of the traditional homeopathic wisdom that the higher potencies, the higher dilutions, are stronger and deeper acting than the lower potencies: that the mother tincture and the low potencies act superficially, at a surface level, at skin level, and at the physical level, while the high potencies act deeper and begin to effect emotions, thoughts, personality – and they are also, the high potencies, much stronger.”

    Author tries to utilize the “traditional wisdom’ of homeopathy to rationalize his speculations. As a scientist, we expect from him rational explanations for those “traditional wisdom” on the basis of “scientific wisdom”. Not the other way.

    “If I were going to treat you, say, with salt, sodium chloride (in Homeopathy we latinize it and call it Nat mur, short for Natrium muraticum). Now why would I treat you with Nat mur. Nat mur is one of the polycrests, which is to say it has power over an extremely broad range of symptoms, and with Nat mur, for sure, I would be guided in large part by personality and etiology (causation). Nat mur is seen in problems caused by grief where the person internalises. With that internalizing there’s a withholding and a holding. The person is likely to brood. “Attachment” is a key word with nat mur, and yet they don’t like to be consoled. Consolation will irritate them. The substance, salt, will cause (this pattern, this disposition) these problems, and it will also cure them. That’s why we call this type of medicine homeopathy: we treat like with like. This thought, that “like cures like” was Hahnemann’s great “law”. Now this, to me, is not intuitively apparent. But it is a piece of empiricism that was first recorded by Hippocrates, was reiterated by Paracelsus, and explored and developed into a fine art and science by Hahnemann at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. Hahnemann experimented on himself. His first experiment was to take quinine. Quinine gave him ague-like fevers!”

    As per the author this is the “scientific” explanation for the mechanism of homeopathic therapeutics. The wonder is that this ‘explanation’ comes from a “scientist”. According to him, “internalized grief” creates them “changes in pattern” in the “emotions” of an individual. “The substance, salt, will cause (this pattern, this disposition) these problems, and it will also cure them”. “That’s why we call this type of medicine homeopathy: we treat like with like”. How would this “explain the mysteries of homeopathy” as the author claim? To become a scientific explanation, he would have told us how “grief” creates the pathological disturbances in an individual, and what are the neuro-chemical errors happening at molecular level in various related biological pathways. We would also expect him to explain how sodium chloride creates similar biochemical changes individuals. If he wants to “explain the mysteries of homeopathy”, he should also explain what is the active principles in potentized sodium chloride, and how these active principles interact with the biochemical molecules and relieve the organism from the molecular errors caused by “grief”. That is the way a real scientist would talk about a science of therapeutics. Instead, the author talks about “patterns” created by “grief” and “patterns” created by “sodium chloride”. This is not the language of a scientist. We had already had this type of pseudoscientific “explanations’ ad nauseum fro the “gurus” and “masters” of “classical homeopathy”.

    After making all these big noises about “explaining the mysteries” of homeopathy on the basis of concepts like “fringe science”, “beyond science”, “beyond substance”, “harmonics”, “resonance”, “vibrations” etc., it is quite wonderful how the author concludes”

    “How do I know all this is what is going on? I don’t. I do know that homeopathy cured my cat. I know that MAME’s ultradilute DNA bound molecular DNA And then we have the well conducted clinical trials of Reilly published in Lancet that demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that a phenomenon exists. Homeopathic remedies are reproducibly significantly more effective than placebo controls (Reilly 94). We know the phenomenon exists. What I’ve written here is my groping for an explanation.”

    See his confession: “What i’ve written here is my groping for an explanation.”. That means, all through this article we were “groping” along with him!

    Kindly read further:

    “In May 1989 MAME submitted a paper on this ultradilute DNA phenomena to Nature. And Maddox, the editor, sat on it. In the summer of 1989 the University of Toronto opened a new botany building, and Prof. AbouHaidar moved his lab out of its old quarters. After the move and some initial difficulties for a short while the ultradilute experiment ran as before, though the pattern (18, 19, 25, 26) became more chaotic. But then shortly after the move, they lost the phenomenon! It no longer worked. They tried it a few times, and moved back to their mainstream work, genetic engineering, with the world not even ruffled.”

    “It was not my impression that procedures, protocols, were clearly and precisely defined in AbouHaidar’s lab. (Elizabeth once characterized their work as “bucket chemistry”.) Nonetheless the phenomenon seemed to be robust up to the move, and for a short while after the move. As far as I am aware, apart from Elizabeth and my follow up in 1992/93, there has been no further work done with the phenomenon”

    ”The fact that when MAME moved labs the phenomenon vanished is itself fascinating”.

    “So I urge anyone who has the opportunity to look for ultradilute activity, whether in dot-blots or in other assays, to do so. We stand on the threshold of a new science, a level of patterning in the natural world hitherto overlooked, and who can say where this knowledge might lead”

    Dear friends, is this not the same proverbial situation we say “the mountain delivering a mouse”! The whole verbosity has finally faded into nothing!

    According to Luc Montaigner, the ‘nanostructures’ formed in high dilutions are ‘mimics’ of original molecules. Scientifically, ‘molecular imprints’ are 3d structures with configurations just complementary to original molecules. If we consider original molecules as ‘keys’, montaigner consider ‘nanostructures’ as duplicate keys. According to my concept, ‘molecular imprints’ are ‘artificial key holes’ that could act as ‘artificial binding sites’ for original keys or keys similar to them. Molecular imprints bind to the pathogenic molecules due to complementary configuration, exactly like a key hole binds to a key. Molecular imprinting produces artificial key-holes, not duplicate keys. Once we understand this difference in perceptions, it would be easy for us to understand ‘similia similibus curentur’ scientifically.

    Concept of ‘Molecular imprinting in Water’ involved in homeopathic potentization could have many unpredictable and unforeseen implications in the field of genetic engineering and gene therapy. Molecular imprints of genes or ‘DNA fragments’ could be utilized as templates for preparing ‘designer genes’ as per requirement in laboratories, that could be utilized for ‘genetic repairing’ protocols.

    Extract the required genes or DNA fragments from healthy genomes and potentize them according to homeopathic procedures. These potencies would obviously contain ‘molecular imprints’ of DNA fragments used for potentization.

    Add these potentized ‘DNA’ to a mixture of neucleotide primers and DNA polymerase enzymes involved in the biochemical process of DNA synthesis. ‘Molecular imprints’ can act as templates and selectively bind and hold the neucleotide primers in correct positions and sequences exactly similar to original DNA fragments used for imprinting. Polymerase enzymes will then link the individual neucleotides together to form DNA fragments exactly similar to original ones in terms of neucleotide structure and sequence.

    This is a possibility I foresee when thinking about ‘molecular imprints’. Interested scientists are free to work upon this idea.

    Since Luc Montaigner could not understand the scientific concept of ‘molecular imprinting’, he tried to explain the observed phenomenon using the concepts of ’emr resonance’. That only shows the limitation of his understanding.

    Each and every particle in this universe are ‘vibrating’, or exist in constant motion. This ‘motion’ is the primary form of existence of matter. When we subject any object for any form of spectroscopic studies, there will be specific pattern of light rays, depending up on absorption, reflection and refraction which indicates molecular level organization. When we subject potentized drugs for spectrosopy, the light patterns are found to be different from those of unpotentized water-alcohol mixture. That only indicates the presence of ‘supramolecular clusters’ formed by potentization. DNA will have specific spectum, molecular imprints of DNA will also have spectific spectrum. We can utilize spectroscopic studies of potentized drugs to sturdy the presence of molecular imprints in our potentized drugs.

    ‘Supra molecular nanostructures’ is an important topic of study with implications in in areas of nanotechnology, supramolecular chemistry, molecular imprinting in polymers etc. I was trying to explain homeopathic potentization from this perspective.

    Polymer-like supramolecular behavior of water and its capacity to form ‘supramolecular nanostructures’ through hydrogen bonding make water an appropriate medium for molecular imprinting. Through the process of molecular imprinting involved in potentization, three dimensional configuration of individual drug molecules are imprinted into these supramolecular nanostructures of water as ‘nanocavities’, which can act as ‘artificial key-holes’ or ‘binding sites’ for the drug molecules as well as pathogenic molecules having simialar functional groups. This is the scientific explanation I provide for homeopathic potentization.

     

  • Similimum, Drug Proving, Similia Similibus Curentur, Homeopathic Cure – Science in a Nutshell

    If a drug substance could produce some groups of symptoms that are similar to those expressed in a disease condition, what does it mean?

    It means the drug substance and disease-causing subatance could produce similar errors in siimilar biochemical pathways in the organism.

    It means, the drug substance contained some chemical molecules having functional groups similar to those contained in disease causing substance, so that they could bind to similar biomolecular targets in the organism and produce similar molecular inhibitions.

    In the language of modern biochemistry, it could be said that the chemical molecules in disease causing substance and the chemical molecules contained in the drug substance have a COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP, and they compete each other in binding to similar biological targets.

    Both of them will have a COMPETITIVE relationship also with the natural ligands of those biological target molecules.

    This phenomenon of COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP in biochemical interactions play a big role in molecular processes involved in DISEASE processes, DRUG toxicity as well as CURE.

    Modern drug designing techniques are based on the study of this phenomenon of COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP.

    What HOMEOPATHY calls SIMILIMUM is actually a drug substance that contains some chemical molecules that can COMPETITIVE with the disease causing molecules.

    Since molecular inhibitions are expressed through SYMPTOMS, homeopathy identifies this relationship by observing the SIMILARITY OF SYMPTOMS produced in human body by DISEASE as well as those produced by what is called DRUG PROVING.

    When drugs are potentized, the individual chemical molecules contained in the the drug substance undergo a peculiar supra-molecular process known as MOLECULAR IMPRINTING in modern polymer chemistry.

    Through host-guest interactions between water-alcohol supra-molecular matrix and individual drug molecules, three dimensional nanocavities are formed, having conformations just complementary to the drug molecules that work as templates in this process.

    These nanocavities are called MOLECULAR IMPRINTS. These molecular imprints can act as ARTIFICIAL BINDING POCKETS for disease causing molecules having complementary RELATIONSHIP.

    As such, molecular imprints can bind to and deactivate the disease causing molecules, thereby removing molecular inhibitions of biological molecules. This is CURE.

    It is obvious that molecular imprints of similar molecules will have complementary affinity towards all chemical molecules having similar functional groups, or which have COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP to each other.

    SIMILIMUM, DRUG PROVING and SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR are explained above very clearly, in a way fitting to modern scientific knowledge system.

    I am not responsible if you could not understand, or if you hesitate to understand!

  • MIT Study of Atropine, An Active Principle of BELLADONNA

    Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals and humans as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells, such as neurons, muscle cells and gland cells.

    Atropine is an alkaloid contained in plants such as belladonna. Since Atropine has some functional groups similar to that of acetylcholine, it competes with acetylcholine in binding to the acetylcholine receptors and inhibits their actions.

    During drug proving of belladonna tincture, Atropine molecules contained in it competitively bind to acetylcholine receptors and inhibit their actions. These inhibition of acetylcholine receptors result in a lot of deviations in various bio-chemical pathways involved, which is expressed through diverse groups of subjective and objective symptoms we see in the materia medica of BELLADONNA.

    Post-avogadro dilutions of BELLADONNA contains MOLECULAR IMPRINTS of ATROPINE, along with those of many other chemical molecules contained in it.

    When a person in disease shows symptoms of BELLADONNA, it means the pathogenic molecules that cause particular disease condition contain some chemical molecules that bind to and inhibit the acetylcholine receptors. Molecular imprints of atropine will have conformational affinity to those pathogenic molecules, by which they can bind the pathogenic molecules and deactivate them. That is exact biological mechanism involved in the therapeutic actions of post-avogadro dilutions of BELLADONNA.

    ATROPINE is not the only chemical molecule contained in belladonna, and as such, this explanation is only a partial study of BELLADONNA.

  • ‘Single Drug/Multiple Drugs’ Issue, and Issue of ‘Combinations’

    When you understand the science and logic involved in MIT, and start perceiving potentized drugs in terms of diverse types of ‘molecular imprints’ as the ‘active principles’ they contain, you will realize that all controversies over ‘single/multiple’ drug issue leveled against MIT become totally irrelevant.

    According to MIT view, ‘similimum’ essentially means a drug substance that can provide the specific molecular imprints required to remove the particular molecular errors that caused the particular disease condition in the particular patient. Whatever be the ‘method’ by which the drug is selected, similimum is a similimum if it serves the purpose of curing the patient when administered in potentized form.

    Since ‘multiple’ molecular errors exist in any patient in a particular point of time, expressed through ‘multiple’ groups of symptoms, he will inevitably need ‘multiple’ molecular imprints to remove them. If potentized form of a ‘single’ medicinal substance can provide all those ‘multiple’ molecular imprints, that ‘single’ drug substance will be enough. If we could not find a ‘single’ drug substance that contain ‘all’ the ‘multiple’ molecular imprints required by the patient as indicated by the ‘symptom groups’, we will have to include ‘multiple’ drug substances in our prescription. It is the constituent molecular imprints contained in our particular prescription that matter.

    Important point is, we have to ensure that our prescription supplies all the diverse types of molecular imprints required for deactivating all the diverse types of pathogenic molecules existing in the patient, as indicated by the diverse groups of subjective and objective symptoms expressed by him. If we could find a single drug preparation that could supply all the molecular imprints required by the patient I am dealing with, we can use that single drug preparation only. If we do not find such a single drug, we have to include as many number of drug preparations as required, in order to provide all the molecular imprints needed to remove all the molecular errors in the patient.

    ‘Single/multiple’ drug controversy never bothers one who understands this scientific approach proposed by MIT, as we start thinking in terms of molecular imprints- not in terms of drug names. Actually, a drug becomes ‘single’, if it contains ‘single’ type of molecular imprints only. IF a drug contains more than one type of molecular imprints, it is a compound drug, even if it is known by a ‘single’ drug name, prepared from a ‘single’ source material, kept in a ‘single’ bottle, consumed as a ‘single’ unit for ‘drug proving’, or considered by ‘masters’ as ‘single’ drug.

    When we consume a complex drug substance in crude form, it is absorbed into the blood as various individual chemical molecules contained in it. It is these individual chemical molecules that interact with various biological molecules. Different molecules act up on different biological targets according to the molecular affinities of their functional groups. Biological molecules are inhibited, resulting in errors in the biochemical pathways mediated by those biological molecules. Such molecular level errors in biological processes cascades into a series of molecular errors, which are expressed through various groups of subjective and objective symptoms.

    It is obvious that what we consider as the symptoms of that drug substance are actually the sum total of different symptom groups, representing entirely different molecular errors produced in entirely different biological molecules, by the actions of entirely different chemical molecules contained in the crude drug.

    We have to remember, there is no such a thing called nux vomica molecule or pulsatilla molecule- only individual chemical molecules contained in nux vomica or pulsatilla tinctures. Each constituent molecule has its own specific chemical structure and properties. They act on different biological targets by their chemical properties.

    Each individual chemical molecule contained in a complex crude drug substance acts as an individual drug. That means, nux vomica or pulsatilla are not single drugs as we are taught, but compound drugs. Classical homeopaths may find it difficult to accept this fact, as it contradicts with their beliefs as well as the lessons they are taught. But it is the scientific fact.

    From scientific point of view of pharmaceutical chemistry, a drug is a biologically active unit contained in a substance used as therapeutic agent. It is the structure and properties of that chemical molecule that decides its medicinal properties and therapeutic actions. if such as substance contains only one type of biologically active unit, it is a single drug. If it contains different types of biologically active units, it is a compound drug. It is obvious that most of the drugs we use in homeopathy – especially drugs of biological origin and complex minerals- contain diverse types of biologically active units, and hence they cannot be considered single drugs.

    Molecular imprinting happens as individual molecules, and as such, potentized drugs prepared from a single drug substance will contain diverse types of molecular imprints representing the diverse types of individual constituent molecules contained in the substance. Those molecular imprints also act as individual units when applied in the organism. Hence, potentized drugs prepared by using a complex, seemingly single drug substance is actually a compound drug, containing diverse types of biologically active units, or ‘molecular imprints’.

    ‘Combinations’ of potentized drugs:

    A serious objection against MIT from the side of classical homeopaths is regarding ‘mixing’ or ‘combinations’ of potentized drugs. On the other hand, MIT says that it is permissible for to use combinations of ‘molecular imprinted’ forms (potencies above Avogadro limit- 12c and onwards) of two or more homeopathic drugs selected on the basis of analysis of totality of symptoms, miasmatic study and biochemical evaluation of the individual patient.

    MIT view is that it is effective as palliatives to use ‘disease-specific’ combinations of ‘molecular imprinted’ forms (potencies above Avogadro limit- 12c and onwards) of two or more homeopathic drugs selected on the basis of common symptoms and biochemical evaluations of specific diseases. But such ‘disease-specific’ combinations will not offer ‘total cure’ for patients, without incorporating drugs selected on the basis of symptoms also. This approach also is very close to the method of ‘banerji protocols’ that makes ‘specific’ prescriptions based on ‘disease diagnosis’ as well as symptomatology..

    I am talking on the basis of my concepts of ‘molecular imprinting’ involved in potentization. I perceive all crude drugs as combinations of diverse types of constituent drug molecules. I perceive even the so called potentized ‘single’ drug as combinations of diverse types of individual drug molecules contained in the drug substance used for potentization.

    My stand on this issue is based on my understanding of diseases as multitudes of pathological derangement in the organism, caused by diverse of types of molecular inhibitions caused by different types of pathogenic agents, and therapeutics involves the removal of those inhibitions using appropriate molecular imprints.

    I am talking on the basis of my understanding of ‘similia similibus curentur’ as: “pathological molecular inhibitions caused by specific pathogenic molecules and expressed through a certain group of subjective and objective symptoms, could be removed by applying ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules that could create similar molecular inhibitions and symptoms in a healthy organism when applied in crude form.

    That makes the difference between my views and classical homeopathy. I know, homeopaths trained and experienced in classical homeopathy cannot agree with my views on this topic.

  • TO THOSE WHO CONDUCT HOMEOPATHIC DRUG TRIALS FOR COVID-19.

    Government of India has finally given permission to conduct trials in prevention and treatment of COVID 19 using homeopathy medicines. Only very rare homeopaths who have access to institutions with facilities for quatentine and covid management will be able to utilize this opportunity. Since I have no such access, I am unfortunately compelled to stay back.

    Those homeopaths who are fortunate to conduct trials, should be very careful. You will have to do this trial in a very inimical environment. There will be ethical committees, monitoring committees, evaluation committees etc in such institutions to oversee your work, which will be constituted by modern medical doctors mostly determined to prove homeopathy ineffective. All the paramedical staff and resident doctors will not be under your control. You can imagine what would be the outcome in such situations.

    Remember, you are bound to fail, if you think you can convince the skeptics regarding the efficacy of potentized homeopathic drugs by conducting conventional types of ‘clinical trials’ or RCTs as they demand for.

    You can never expect ‘individual-based’ homeopathic drugs to be proved using the protocols of testing drugs in ‘disease-based’ modern medicine. Asking to ‘prove’ homeopathic drugs using protocols of allopathic drug trials is like trying to measure ‘length’ using units of ‘mass’.

    Allopathic methods of ‘drug trials’ are applicable to ‘molecular forms’ of drugs only. But potentized homeopathic drugs, different from allopathic drugs, contain only ‘molecular imprints’, which can act only up on pathogenic molecules having specific conformational affinity. That means, potentized drugs can act only if indicated by similarity of symptoms.

    You cannot ignore this peculiarity of homeopathy in matters of active principles as well as mechanism of drug actions while designing ‘drug trials’ for homeopathy.

    In homeopathy, you cannot ‘verify’ action of a particular drug on a particular disease- you have to ‘verify’ action of ‘indicated drugs’ up on indicated individual patients, since different people with same disease may need different drugs.

    Same time, disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions could be subjected to Random Controlled Trials in the same way as allopathic drugs. This is the most effective way to prove that potentized homeopathy drugs are not placebo, fraud, or “mere water”, but they really work.

    As far as skeptics as well as homeopaths hesitate to accept this peculiarity of potentized homeopathic drugs and agree to design the ‘trials’ of disease-specific combinations of post-avogadro dilutions, there is no way to convince the scientists that ‘homeopathy’ works’.

    I would suggest you to prepare your own combinations for Covid-19 trial, incorporating ALL the drugs you think indicated for that disease, and conduct trials using that combination.

    COVID 19 trials pose both an opportunity and a challenge for homeopathy. If we fail in this challenge – remember, people around you want you to fail- it will be very difficult for us to come back.

    Ensure success for homeopathy in this trial. Cast away your theoretical prejudices. Don’t hesitate to use multiple remedies and combinations. Don’t hesitate to repeat doses in enough quantities and frequencies. Use 30c potencies only to ensure perfect result.

    I WANT TO REPEAT: WE CAN SUCCESSFULLY PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HOMEOPATHY THROUGH RANDOM CONTROLLED TRIALS ONLY BY USING DISEASE-SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS OF POST-AVOGADRO DILUTIONS.

    This is an earnest appeal from an old man who has been loving, living, learning, experimenting and researching homeopathy for around last FIFTY YEARS!

  • ഒരു ശരാശരി “അന്ധശാസ്ത്രവാദി” ബുദ്ധിജീവിയുടെ ഹോമിയോ വിമർശനങ്ങളും അതിനുള്ള മറുപടികളും

    വിമർശനം 1. Homeopathy ഒരു വിശ്വാസ ചികിത്സ ആണ്.

    മറുപടി: ഒരിക്കലുമല്ല. രോഗശമനമുണ്ടാകുന്നത് വിശ്വാസം കൊണ്ടായിരുന്നുവെങ്കിൽ, കുഞ്ഞുങ്ങളിലും മൃഗങ്ങളിലും അബോധാവസ്ഥയിലുള്ളവരിലും ഹോമിയോ ചികിത്സ ഒരിക്കലും ഫലിക്കുമായിരുന്നില്ല. ഹോമിയോ ഔഷധങ്ങൾ ഫലിക്കുമോ എന്നറിയാൻ അവ പ്രയോഗിച്ചു നോക്കുകയേ വഴിയുള്ളൂ.

    വിമർശനം 2. Pathological Anatomyയെ തള്ളി കളഞ്ഞ് കൊണ്ട് രോഗം ഒരു ഭൗതിക പ്രതിഭാസമല്ല എന്ന് വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നു.

    മറുപടി: ഹോമിയോ ഡോക്ടർമാർ pathological anatomy യെ തള്ളിക്കളയുന്നില്ല. Anatomy, physiology, pathology, biochemistry, Practice of Medicine എന്നിവയെല്ലാം സിലബസിൻ്റെ ഭാഗമായി പഠിച്ചിട്ടാണ് BHMS ഡിഗ്രി നേടുന്നത്. രോഗം ഭൗതിക പ്രതിഭാസമല്ല എന്ന് ഹോമിയോ ഡോക്ടർമാർ പറയുന്നില്ല. മന്ത്രം ജപിച്ചിട്ടല്ല, ഔഷധങ്ങൾ നൽകി തന്നെയാണ് അവർ രോഗികളെ ചികിൽസിക്കുന്നത്!

    വിമർശനം 3. നമ്മുടെ ശരീരത്തിൽ ഒരു ജീവശക്തി അഥവാ Vital Force ഉണ്ട് എന്ന് വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നു.

    മറുപടി: vital force ഉണ്ട് എന്നു വിശ്വസിക്കുന്ന ഹോമിയോ ഡോക്ടർമാർ മാത്രമല്ല, ശാസത്രജ്ഞരും മോഡേൺ മെഡിസിൻ ഡോക്ടർമാരും ധാരാളമുണ്ട്. Vital force എന്നത് അസംബന്ധമാണ് എന്ന് വിശ്വസിക്കുന്ന ഹോമിയോ ഡോക്ടർമാരും ധാരാളമുണ്ട്. ഇതൊക്കെ വ്യക്തിപരമായ ലോകവീക്ഷണത്തിൻ്റെ ഭാഗം മാത്രമാണ്.

    വിമർശനം 4. മരുന്നുകൾ ഭൗതികമായല്ല പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നതെന്നും പ്രസ്തുത മരുന്നിലുള്ള Spiritual Forces ഉണർന്ന് ശരീരത്തിലെ ജീവശക്തിയെ ഉദ്ദീപിപ്പിക്കുന്നുവെന്നും വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നു.

    മറുപടി: ഹോമിയോ ഔഷധങ്ങൾ എങ്ങിനെ പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നു എന്ന് കൃത്യമായും ശാസത്രിയമായും ഇതുവരെ വിശദീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല. രോഗികളോട് പ്രാർഥിക്കാൻ ആവശ്യപ്പെടുന്ന എത്രയോ മോഡേൺ ഡോക്ടർമാരും ഇവിടെ ഉണ്ട്.

    വിമർശനം 5. മരുന്നുകളിലുള്ള Spiritual Forcesനെ ഉണർത്താൻ മരുന്നിനെ കുലുക്കുകയോ അരക്കുകയോ ചെയ്താൽ മതി.

    മറുപടി: ഔഷധ പദാർഥങ്ങളെ അരക്കുകയും പൊടിക്കുകയും കുലുക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നത് ഹോമിയോപ്പതിയിൽ മാത്രമല്ല, എല്ലാ ഔഷധ നിർമ്മാണ പ്രക്രിയകളിലും സാധാരണമാണ്. തന്മാത്രകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള intermolecular bonds ഭേദിക്കുന്നതു വഴി രാസപ്രവർത്തനശേഷി വർദ്ധിക്കും. കണികകളായി വിഭജിക്കുമ്പോൾ expose ചെയ്യുന്ന ഉപരിതല വിസ്തീർണം പല മടങ്ങായി വർദ്ധിക്കുകയും അത് വസ്തുക്കളുടെ ഔഷധഗുണം കൂട്ടുകയും ചെയ്യും. ഉരക്കുമ്പോൾ പ്രതലങ്ങളിൽ നിന്ന് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ നഷ്ടപ്പെടുന്നത് കാരണം ionization നടക്കാൻ സഹായിക്കും.

    വിമർശനം 6. Potentization- അനന്തമായി ഡോസ് കുറച്ച് കൊണ്ട് വരുക.

    മറുപടി :- Potentization ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ സംഭവിക്കുന്ന ഭൗതിക പ്രക്രിയകൾ ശാസ്ത്രീയമായി വിശദീകരിക്കുന്ന്നതിനുള്ളതിനുള്ള ശ്രമങ്ങൾ നടന്നുവരുുന്നേ ഉള്ളൂ. എന്നാൽ 30C, 200C തുടങ്ങിയ dilutions ൽ പോലും ഹോമിയോ മരുന്നുുകൾ പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നു എന്ന് മനസിലാക്കാൻ ഒരിക്കകലെങ്കിലും അവ ഉപയോഗിച്ചു നോക്കിയാൽ മാത്രം മതി.

    വിമർശനം 7. Avagadro നിയമമനുസരിച്ച് Homeo Productsൽ മരുന്നിന്റെ അളവ് പൂജ്യമായിരിക്കും.

    മറുപടി: തീർച്ചയായും. 12 C ക്ക് മുകളിൽ ഔഷധ തന്മാത്രകൾ ഉണ്ടാവാൻ യാതൊരു സാധ്യതയുമില്ല. എന്നാൽ അവയ്ക്ക് ഔഷധ ഗുണം ഉണ്ട് എന്ന് അനുഭവങ്ങൾ തെളിയിക്കുന്നു. തന്മാത്രകളുടെ സാന്നിദ്ധ്യമില്ലാതെ തന്നെ രാസപ്രക്രിയകളിൽ പങ്കെടുക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്ന വസ്തുക്കൾ വികസിപ്പിച്ചെടുക്കുന്ന molecular imprinting പോലുള്ള ആധുനിക സാങ്കേതിക വിദ്യകൾ ആധുനിക ശാസ്ത്രം വികസിപ്പിച്ചെടുത്തു കഴിഞ്ഞു എന്നു കൂടി അറിയുക. Potentization നെ ശാസ്ത്രീയമായി വിശദീകരിക്കാൻ molecular imprinting എന്ന പ്രതിഭാസം ഉപയോഗിക്കാൻ കഴിയുമോ എന്ന ഗവേഷണങ്ങൾ നടക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. അൽപം കൂടി കാത്തിരിക്കുക. ശാസത്രം വളർന്നു കെണ്ടേയിരിക്കുന്നു എന്ന പ്രാഥമിക ശാസത്രസത്യം മറക്കാതിരിക്കുക.

    വിമർശനം 8. Animal Magnetism, Mesmerism പോലെ ഉള്ള കപട ചികിത്സകളെ Samuel Hahnemann Support ചെയ്യുന്നു.

    മറുപടി: ഇല്ലേയില്ല. തൻ്റെ ചിന്തകൾ രൂപം കൊണ്ടുവന്നിരുന്ന ആദ്യഘട്ടങ്ങളിൽ ഹാനിമാൻ അതിനെ അനുകൂലിച്ചിരുന്നു. 200 വർഷം മുൻപുള്ള വിജ്ഞാന പരിസരത്തിലാണ് അദ്ദേഹം ജീവിച്ചിരുന്നത് എന്ന കാര്യം മറക്കണ്ട. Organon 6th edition ൽ അതു സംബന്ധിച്ചു പരാമർശിക്കുന്ന aphorism 272 അപ്പാടെ ഹാനിമാൻ നീക്കം ചെയ്തിരിക്കുന്നു. പിടിവാശികളില്ലാതെ നിരന്തരം സ്വയം നവീകരിച്ചു കൊണ്ടിരുന്ന സത്യസന്ധനായ ഒരു മഹാധിഷണാശാലിയായിരുന്നു അദ്ദേഹം എന്നതിന് ഇത്തരം തെളിവുകൾ ഏറെ ഉണ്ട്.

    ഹോമിയോപ്പതിയുടെ സിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങൾ 200 കൊല്ലം മുൻപ് ആവിഷ്കരിക്കപ്പെട്ടതാണ്. വിശദാംശങ്ങളിൽ സ്വാഭാവികമായും കുറേ അബദ്ധങ്ങളൊക്കെ കാണും. എങ്കിലും കണ്ണടച്ച് പൂർണമായും തള്ളിക്കളയുന്നതിന് മുൻപ്, അവയിൽ സത്യത്തിൻ്റെ അംശങ്ങൾ അടങ്ങിയിട്ടുണ്ടോ എന്ന ഒരു ശാസ്ത്രീയ പരിശോധന നടത്തുന്നതല്ലേ ശരി?

    ജീവശക്തി, ഡൈനാമിക് എനർജി തുടങ്ങിയ തികച്ചും അശാസ്ത്രീയവും അസംബന്ധജടിലവുമായ സിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങളാൽ തെറ്റായ രീതിയിൽ വിശദീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ട ഒരു യഥാർഥ വസ്തുനിഷ്ഠ പ്രകൃതി പ്രതിഭാസമാണ് ഹോമിയോപ്പതിയിൽ ഉൾക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നത് എന്ന് ഞാൻ കരുതുന്നു.

    ഹോമിയോപ്പതിയെ ആധുനിക ശാസ്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനവുമായി ചേർന്നു നിൽക്കുന്ന വിധത്തിൽ ശാസ്ത്രീയമായി വിശദീകരിക്കാനും തെളിയിക്കാനും നമ്മൾ ശ്രമിക്കേണ്ടതുണ്ട്.

    സമം സമേന ശാന്തി അഥവാ similia similibus curentur അങ്ങിനെ വിവരക്കേട് എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞ് തള്ളിക്കളയാൻ വരട്ടെ –

    ആധുനിക ബയോകെമിസ്ട്രിയിൽ കൃത്യമായി വിശദീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ടിട്ടുള്ള COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIMILAR CHEMICAL MOLECULES IN BINDING TO BIOLOGICAL TARGETS എന്ന വസ്തുനിഷ്ഠ പ്രതിഭാസത്തെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ തന്നെയാണ് സാമുവൽ ഹാനിമാൻ എന്ന പ്രതിഭാശാലി SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR എന്ന തൻ്റെ ചികിത്സാ സിദ്ധാന്തമായി വികസിപ്പിച്ചെടുത്തിരിക്കുന്നത് എന്ന് വ്യക്തമാണ്.

    Different chemical molecules having similar functional groups can COMPETE each other in binding to biological molecules, and remove the molecular inhibitions the other has produced എന്ന് മോഡേൺ biochemistry യിൽ പറയുന്നുണ്ട്. ഈ പ്രതിഭാസം ഉപയോഗിച്ച് രോഗശമനം വരുത്തുന്ന ഔഷധങ്ങളും modern medicine ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. ഇതേ പ്രതിഭാസത്തെ 200 വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് മുൻപ് modern biochemistry ആവിർഭവിക്കുന്നതിന് മുൻപ് സാമൂവൽ ഹനിമാൻ നിരീക്ഷിച്ചു. Similia similibus curentur എന്ന സിദ്ധാന്തത്തിന് അടിത്തറ പ്രസ്തുത നിരീക്ഷണമാണ് എന്ന് മനസിലാക്കാൻ, prejudice ഇല്ലാത്ത യുക്തിചിന്ത മാത്രം മതി!

    രോഗലക്ഷണങ്ങൾക്ക് സമാനമായ ലക്ഷണങ്ങൾ ആരോഗ്യമുള്ള വ്യക്തിയിൽ സൃഷ്ടിക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്ന ഔഷധ വസ്തുക്കൾക്ക്, സമാന ലക്ഷണങ്ങളുള്ള രോഗാവസ്ഥയെ സുഖപ്പെടുത്താൻ കഴിയും എന്നതാണല്ലോ ഈ സിദ്ധാന്തത്തിൻ്റെ അർഥം.

    രോഗകാരികളായ തന്മാത്രകൾക്കും ഔഷധ തന്മാത്രകൾക്കും ഒരേ ജൈവതന്മാത്രകളുടെ മേൽ പ്രവർത്തിക്കാനും സമാനമായ molecular inhibitions സൃഷ്ടിക്കാനും കഴിയുമ്പോഴാണല്ലോ സമാനമായ ലക്ഷണങ്ങൾ ഉൽപാദിപ്പിക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്നത്. അത് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നത് രോഗ തന്മാത്രകളുടെയും ഔഷധ തന്മാത്രകളുടെയും functional group കളുടെ സമാനത തന്നെയാണ്. അവ തമ്മിൽ ഒരു competitive relationship ഉണ്ട് എന്നർഥം.

    ജൈവ തന്മാത്രകളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെടുന്നതിൽ രോഗതന്മാത്രകളോട് മത്സരിക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്ന ഔഷധ തന്മാത്രകൾക്ക് രോഗതൻമാത്രകളെ competition വഴി നിഷ്കാസനം ചെയ്യാനും, അങ്ങിനെ രോഗശമനം വരുത്താനും കഴിയുന്നു.

    ഔഷധ തന്മാത്രകൾ സൃഷ്ടിക്കുന്ന ലക്ഷണങ്ങളും രോഗതന്മാത്രകൾ സൃഷ്ടിക്കുന്ന ലക്ഷണങ്ങളും താരതമ്യപ്പെടുത്തി അവതമ്മിലുള്ള സമാനത തിരിച്ചറിയുകയും, അതിലടങ്ങിയ competitive relationship ഉപയോഗപ്പെടുത്തി രോഗശമനം വരുത്തുകയും ചെയ്യുക എന്നത് തന്നെയാണ് SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR.

    ഹോമിയോപ്പതിയെ പരിഹസിക്കുന്നവർക്ക് പൊതുവായുള്ള ഒരു പ്രത്യേകത അവർക്ക് ഹോമിയോപ്പതിയെക്കുറിച്ച് കേട്ടുകേൾവികളല്ലാതെ മറ്റൊന്നും അറിയില്ല എന്നത് തന്നെയാണ്. തങ്ങൾക്ക് ആധുനിക ശാസത്ര വിഷയങ്ങളിൽ വലിയ അറിവുണ്ടെന്ന് അവർ കരുതുന്നു. അസഹ്യമായ ബുദ്ധിജീവി നാട്യം അവരുടെ പൊതു സ്വഭാവമാണ്. അഹങ്കാരവും അൽപത്വവും തുളുമ്പുന്ന വാക്കുകളേ അവർ പറയൂ. ഹോമിയോപ്പതിക്കാർക്ക് ഒട്ടും സയൻസ് അറിയില്ലെന്നും അവരൊക്കെ ജന്മനാ മണ്ടന്മാരാണെന്നും അവർ ധരിച്ചു വെച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു.

    200 വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് മുൻപ് എഴുതപ്പെട്ട ഒരു ഗ്രന്ഥത്തിൽ ആധുനിക ശാസ്ത്രവുമായി പൊരുത്തപ്പെടാത്ത ചില പരാമർശങ്ങൾ സ്വാഭാവികമായും ഉണ്ടാവും. ഹോമിയോപ്പതിയുടെ അടിസ്ഥാന ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങളിലും അത് കാണാം. അവയെ ചരിത്രപരമായും യുക്തിപരമായും ഡയലക്ടിക്കലായും അപഗ്രഥിക്കുകയും അപ്ഡേറ്റ് ചെയ്യുകയും ആണ് ശാസത്ര വീക്ഷണമുള്ളവർ ചെയ്യേണ്ടത്. അല്ലാതെ, അത്തരം അശാസ്ത്രീയ പരാമർശങ്ങളെ പൊക്കിപ്പിടിച്ച് ഹോമിയോപ്പതി മുഴുവൻ അസംബന്ധവും അസംഭവ്യവും ആണ് എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞ് പരിഹസിച്ച് സ്വയം പരിഹാസ്യനാവുകയല്ല.

  • DO YOU THINK “SUCCESS STORIES” ARE ENOUGH FOR SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION OF HOMEOPATHY? 

    It is a fact that homeopaths around the world produce thousands of genuine homeopathic cures every day by applying post-avogadro diluted homeopathic drugs.

    Number of cures produced by homeopaths using mother tinctures, low potencies, triturations and other MOLECULAR forms of drugs, and claimed to be “homeopathic” cures, are very much higher, even though they cannot be considered as genuine homeopathic cures.

    “SUCCESS STORIES” you produce by using MOTHER TINCTURES, LOW POTENCIES, or TRITURATIONS cannot be called HOMEOPATHIC CURES.

    You have not prescribed those drugs as SIMILIMUM, by using TOTALITY OF SYMPTOMS, and they do not act upon our body by a BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM that is really HOMEOPATHIC.

    What you have done is no way different from AYURVEDA or ALLOPATHY!

    Genuine HOMEOPATHIC cure will happen only when you use post-avogadro diluted drugs which do not contain DRUG MOLECULES, but MOLECULAR IMPRINTS only!

    Most homeopaths do not mention the names of mother tinctures, low potencies and triturations they have used for producing some “results”, while preparing SUCCESS STORIES for publishing, may be due to this prick of conscience! They give names of HIGH POTENCIES only- that too, SINGLE DRUG and SINGLE dose!

    Many homeopaths believe that publishing the case records of these cured cases, appended with lab reports are enough PROOF for the SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY of homeopathic theoretical system.

    Homeopaths should understand that these “success stories”, or so called “anecdotes”, are never accepted as valid proof for anything, as per SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

    To be accepted as scientific proof, we have to produce repeatable results of homeopathic cures through well monitored double blind random controlled trials. In the absence of such random controlled trials, nobody except homeopaths are going to take these “success stories” seriously.

    Do you think your “success stories” validates every thing written in organon, and taught as FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES of HOMEOPATHY, such as the theory of VITAL FORCE and DYNAMIC ENERGY?

    Do you think your “success stories” validates you beliefs such as “matter is converted into energy” during potentization, and that “atomic energy” is preserved in the potentizing drugs we carry in sugar pills and glass bottles?

    Do you think your “success stories” have proved your BELEIF that bacteria or viruses do not cause diseases, but diseases are caused by deficiencies of VITAL FORCE?

    Do you think your “success stories” have proved your unscientific notions of IMMATERIAL life, IMMATERIAL disease, IMMATERIAL cure and IMMATERIAL drugs?

    Even if these “success stories” are considered genuine, only thing they actually prove even to a SUPPORTER of homeopathy is that “homeopathy works”! They do not provide any proof for scientific validity of the theoretical system of homeopathy.

    Success stories do not prove HOW homeopathy works. For that, we should formulate scientifically viable hypotheses, evolve PREDICTIONS therefrom , conduct experiments, and prove the hypothesis according to SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

    In short, as per SCIENTIFIC METHOD, we need to provide sufficient data to prove HOMEOPATHY WORKS, through well organized and well supervised Random Controlled Trials (RCT), if we really want homeopathy to be recognized as a THERAPEUTIC METHOD by scientific community.

    We need to explain what is the material process involved in POTENTIZATION, what are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of post-avogadro homeopathic dilutions, and what is the BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM of their therapeutic actions, prove those explanations according to SCIENTIFIC METHOD, if we really want homeopathy to be recognised as a MEDICAL SCIENCE by scientific community.

  • RATIONALE BEHIND COMBINATIONS OF POTENTIZED DRUGS

    Concept of combining potentized drugs evolves from my understanding that potentization involves a process of ‘molecular imprinting’, and individual constituent molecules of drugs are ‘imprinted’ in their individual capacities.

    According to this understanding, even a drug we consider ‘single’ is in fact a mixture of different types of  ‘molecular imprints’ of diverse constituent drug molecules, and they exist without interacting with each other.

    According to this view, even if we mix two or more potentized drugs together, the constituent ‘molecular imprints’ will not interact each other, and will act up on the appropriate molecular targets in their individual capacities.

    For the last few years I was experimenting on this issue, and I have found it totally harmless and very effective to combine potentized drugs above 30c, selected on the basis of  constitutional as well as particular ‘symptom complexes’.

    Hahnemann was talking about SINGLE drug on the basis of scientific knowledge available to him during his period 250 years ago.

    He had no idea about the molecular level structure of drug substances, or their molecular level interactions with biological molecules. He had no idea about the molecular level pathology and molecular inhibitions undelying diseases. He considered drugs as ‘single’ substance, and diseases as ‘singular’ entities.

    For him, NUX was a ‘single’ substance, whereas we now know NUX tincture is a mixture of hundreds of types of alkaloids, gycosides and other phytochemicals, which act upon our body on the basis of their molecular structure and chemical properties.

    All those noises made by CLASSICAL homeopaths over SINGLE DRUG/ MULTIPLE DRUGS issue actually come from their lack scientific understanding of homeopathy.

    When a drug substance containing different types of chemical molecules is subjected to potentization, each chemical molecule undergoes  molecular imprinting as individual units.

    As such, any potentized drug will be a combination of diverse types of molecular imprints representing diverse types of constituent chemical molecules, which can act upon the pathogenic molecules as individual units, in capacity of their individual conformational properties.

    When we combine two or more potentized drugs together, all the diverse types of individual molecular imprints contained in those different drugs will exist in that combination as individual units, and act up on pathogenic molecules by their individual conformational properties.

    Obviously, a combination of of different potentized drugs will be no way different from a potentized single drug that contains diverse types of chemical molecules.

    Molecular imprints act upon pathogenic molecules act as individual units, whether they come from single drug substance or multiple drug substances.

    All controversies over single drug/ multiple drugs become totally irrelevant once you realise this scientific truth. But you can understand this truth only if you have a scientific temper, and you are capable of thinking beyond the lessons you learned from organon and your unscientific teachers!

    Once homeopathic community could realize and accept the great truth that disease-specific COMBINATIONS of homeopathic drugs in 30c potencies are many many times more effective and safer than so-called SINGLE drugs, homeopathy will be on the top of all medical systems in this world! There will not be any disease that could not be practically cured by using rationally formulated appropriate combinations. All homeopaths should be taught the art and science of preparing and using their own formulations

    Whether for prophylactic or curative purpose, you cannot expect a so-called SINGLE homeopathic post-avogadro diluted drug to work as a specific for a DISEASE in a community as a whole.

    To be successful, you need to use a well-formulated disease-specific combination of MULTIPLE drugs in post-avogadro dilutions for that purpose.

    It is based on this rational idea that we have formulated more than 350 disease-specific post-avogadro MIT FORMULATIONS which are used by homeopaths around the world successfully.

    Once you understand MIT explanations of scientific homeopathy, and start perceiving potentized drugs in terms of diverse types of ‘molecular imprints’ as the ‘active principles’ they contain, you will realize that all controversies over ‘single/multiple’ drug  issue  become totally irrelevant.

    According to MIT view, ‘similimum’ essentially means a drug substance that can provide the specific molecular imprints required to remove the particular molecular errors that caused the particular disease condition in the particular patient. Whatever be the ‘method’ by which the drug is selected, similimum is a similimum if it serves the purpose of curing the patient when administered in potentized form.

    Since ‘multiple’ molecular errors exist in any patient in a particular point of time, expressed through ‘multiple’ groups of symptoms, he will inevitably need ‘multiple’ molecular imprints to remove them. If potentized form of a ‘single’ medicinal substance can provide all those ‘multiple’ molecular imprints, that ‘single’ drug substance will be enough. If we could not find a ‘single’ drug substance that contain ‘all’ the ‘multiple’ molecular imprints required by the patient as indicated by the ‘symptom groups’, we will have to include ‘multiple’ drug substances in our prescription. It is the constituent molecular imprints contained in our particular prescription that matter.

    Important point is, we have to ensure that our prescription supplies all the diverse types of molecular imprints required for deactivating all the diverse types of pathogenic molecules existing in the patient, as indicated by the diverse groups of subjective and objective symptoms expressed by him. If we could find a single drug preparation that could supply all the molecular imprints required by the patient I am dealing with, we can use that single drug preparation only. If we do not find such a single drug, we have to include as many number of drug preparations as required, in order to provide all the molecular imprints needed to remove all the molecular errors in the patient.

    ‘Single/multiple’ drug controversy never bothers one who understands this scientific approach proposed by MIT, as we start thinking in terms of molecular imprints- not in terms of drug names. Actually, a drug becomes ‘single’,  if it contains ‘single’ type of molecular imprints only. IF a drug contains more than one type of molecular imprints,  it is a compound drug, even if it is known by a ‘single’ drug name, prepared from a ‘single’ source material, kept in a ‘single’ bottle, consumed as a ‘single’ unit for ‘drug proving’, or considered by ‘masters’ as ‘single’ drug.

    When we consume a complex drug substance in crude form, it is absorbed into the blood as various individual chemical molecules contained in it. It is these individual chemical molecules that interact with various biological molecules. Different molecules act up on different biological targets according to the molecular affinities of their functional groups. Biological molecules are inhibited, resulting in errors in the biochemical pathways mediated by those biological molecules. Such molecular level errors in biological processes cascades into a series of molecular errors, which are expressed through various groups of subjective and objective symptoms.

    It is obvious that what we consider as the symptoms of that drug substance  are actually the sum total of different symptom groups, representing entirely different molecular errors produced in entirely different biological molecules, by the actions of entirely different chemical molecules contained in the crude drug.

    We have to remember, there is no such a thing called nux vomica molecule or pulsatilla molecule- only individual chemical molecules contained in nux vomica or pulsatilla tinctures. Each constituent molecule has its own specific chemical structure and properties. They act on different biological targets by their chemical properties.

    Each individual chemical molecule contained in a complex crude drug substance acts as an individual drug. That means, nux vomica or pulsatilla are not single drugs as we are taught, but  compound drugs.      Classical homeopaths may find it difficult to accept this fact, as it contradicts with their beliefs as well as the lessons they are taught. But it is the scientific fact.

    From scientific point of view of pharmaceutical chemistry, a drug is a biologically active unit contained in a substance used as therapeutic agent. It is the structure and properties of that chemical molecule that decides its medicinal properties and therapeutic actions. if such as substance contains only one type of biologically active unit, it is a single drug. If it contains different types of biologically active units, it is a compound drug.  It is obvious that most of the drugs we use in homeopathy – especially drugs of biological origin and complex minerals- contain diverse types of biologically active units, and hence they cannot be considered single drugs.

    Molecular imprinting happens as individual molecules, and as such, potentized drugs prepared from a single drug substance will contain diverse types of molecular imprints representing the diverse types of individual constituent molecules contained in the substance. Those molecular imprints also act as individual units when applied in the organism. Hence, potentized drugs prepared by using a complex, seemingly single drug substance is actually a compound drug, containing diverse types of biologically active units, or  ‘molecular imprints’.

  • SIMILIMUM- A SCIENTIFIC INTERPRETATION NOBODY CAN DENY!

    SIMILIMUM is the most essential and fundamental concept that characterize homeopathy as a therapeutic method. It originates from the word SIMILAR. Actually, the HOMEOPATHY means SIMILAR  “pathos” or “suffering”- similar “disease”. SIMILIMUM means a drug substance that can produce a “suffering” or “disease” in human body that is SIMILAR to the disease we want to treat.

    Homeopathy is basically a method of curing diseases using drug substances that can produce “suffering” in human body that are similar to the “suffering” experienced in that disease condition. 

    What does it mean if a substance is capable of producing “suffering” in a human body that are similar to the “suffering” in a disease condition?

    It means, the drug substance is capable of producing some pathological molecular inhibitions in human body that are SIMILAR to the molecular inhibitions that caused the original disease condition.

    To be capable of producing SIMILAR molecular inhibitions, the drug substance should contain some chemical molecules that can bind to the same biological targets which have been inhibited by the disease causing pathogenic molecules. In order to be capable of binding to the same biological targets, the drug molecules and pathogenic molecules should carry SIMILAR functional groups having SIMILAR molecular conformations.

    It is well known in modern BIOCHEMISTRY that chemical molecules having similar functional groups will exhibit a peculiar kind of COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP in between them for binding to a perticular biological target molecule. This COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP between different chemical having SIMILARITY of functional group conformations plays a big role the molecular dynamics of disease and therapeutics in modern pharmacology.

    It is very much obvious that within the historical  limitations of scientific knowledge available to him, the great genius of Dr Samuel Hahnemann was observing this natural phenomenon of COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP between chemical molecules in binding to the target molecules and producing DISEASE as well as CURE.

    Hahnemann utilized this observation as the basis of a new therapeutic method named HOMEOPATHY, with the therapeutic principle SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR.

    Can ANYBODY with unbiased rational mind still say homeopathy is UNSCIENTIFIC?

  • APRIL 10- TIME FOR SERIOUS INTROSPECTIONS FOR HOMEOPATHS

    APRIL 10 should be a day of introspection for homeopaths. A rational, truthful, unprejudiced and scientific introspection.

    Did we actually do justice to Samuel Hahnemann?

    Did we,  his “followers” and “disciples”, actually do anything all these two hundred years to take forward and update his contributions, which were historically limited by the primitive scientific knowledge environment available to  him during his period?

    Did we do anything seriously to dig out the precious gems of truthful observations hidden in his voluminous works, such as SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR and POTENTIZATION, polish them using scientific methods, and present them to the modern scientific community so as to get the recognition and place he deserved in the knowledge history?

    Is it not really amazing that during a period when modern biochemistry did not even emerge, hahnemann could observe the phenomenon of “competitive relationship of similar chemical molecules in  binding to the biological targets”, and develop it into the foundation of a therapeutic principle he called SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR?

    It is equally amazing that Hahnemann could utilize the natural phenomenon of MOLECULAR IMPRINTING happening in the process of post-avogadro dilutions he called POTENTIZATION, and develop it into a technology of preparing a new class of therapeutic agents, during a period when modern polymer technology or supra-molecular chemistry did not even emerge?

    What his “blind” followers did all these years was to make him an idol of worship, without recognizing the great scientist in him. They converted his words into mere dogmas, to be learned and recited just like religious preachings!

    Hahnemann failed to get the due respect and recognition in the history of medical science, only due to his unscientific and shortsighted followers and disciples who made his ideas and its practices more and more superstitious, spiritualistic and irrational.

    Today should be a day for introspection, dear friends!

  • ‘Disease-specific’ and ‘patient-specific’ formulations of potentized drugs

    I know most homeopaths cannot tolerate what I am saying below, especially if they are not already familiar with the MIT explanations regarding potentization and biological mechanism of homeopathic cure.

    Use of pre-prepared ‘disease-specific’ combinations of potentized drugs added with custom-made ‘patient-specific’ constitutional similimum will make the practice of homeopathy more simple and effective, and will bring down the rate of clinical failures to the lowest minimum level, even for most inexperienced beginners.

    For example, we can make an effective anti-febrile formulation by working out with ‘symptom-complexes’ expressed in various types of fevers and finding their similimum separately, and then combining them together in a single container.

    Selected drugs should be used preferably in 12c or 30c potencies, and should be procured from most reliable manufacturers.

    We can add some specifics, sarcodes and nosodes into this combination, selected using our knowledge of biochemistry regarding the molecular level processes involved in producing a pathological condition of fever.

    We can keep this preparation as a disease-specific ANTIFEBRILE stock medicine.

    In most cases of fevers, a few drops this formulation put on the tongue of the patient will cure the fever instantly. A few more doses may be repeated at intervals, to ensure the fever is completely gone.

    If the fever reccurres in spite of repetitions, or in order to avoid the chances of such reccurences, we can work out the constitutional similimum of the individual patient by considering his mental symptoms and physical generals, and add it also to the stock medicine when dispensing. Such a prescription will be ‘disease-specific’ as well as ‘patient-specific’, and it will be amost perfect prescription that will ensure 100%cure.

    In this way, we can prepare stock formulations for all common disease conditions, such as headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, cough, asthma, hypertension, diabetes, lipidemia, rheumatism, urinary infection, colic, gall stones, or anything like that.

    When a patient comes, work out his constitutional similimum, add it also to a small quantity of stock formulation, and give to the patient without any theoretical inhibitions in your mind. And see the marvel happening!

    Please do not come to argue by quoting aphorisms. Try to understand the scientific logic and rationale behind my suggestion. I have explained it in detail in my book REDEFINING HOMEOPATHY, as will as my blog. Try to read. If not interested, kindly excuse me!

  • ‘Palliation’- Homeopathic and Allopathic

    ‘Palliation’ in medical context actually means ‘temporary relief’ or removal of some of the most disturbing symptoms in the patient using some drugs, without curing the underlying disease.

    Allopathic palliative treatment involves the use of certain chemical drugs in molecular forms. They are used to reduce the sufferings, without any hope of cure by that prescription. In some situations, palliative approach is used to reduce sufferings until correct diagnosis and treatment protocol is finalized. Since chemical molecules can interact with biological molecules, allopathic palliation may produce harmful effects. In fact, allopathic palliation makes the case more complicated, and hence it is normally used as a temporary relief measure only in cases that are considered to be incurable.

    Some homeopaths even use allopathic drugs under the label of ‘palliative prescription’. Some others use large quantities of mother tinctures even without any homeopathic indications. Even if you call it “homeopathic” drugs, removal of symptoms using molecular forms of drugs such as mother tinctures, low potency drugs or so-called biochemic salts are actually not at all different from allopathic palliation. Such palliation using mother tinctures and low potency drugs may also harm the patient, or hinder the curative process similar to allopathic palliation, since those drugs in molecular forms are no way different from allopathic drugs regarding their biological mechanism of action. Use of such drugs also may produce harmful effects or make the case more complicated, since the chemical molecules contained in them can produce molecular inhibitions in unexpected biological targets.

    To be really “homeopathic” in its real sense, palliation should be produced by applying drugs potentized above 12c, which contain only molecular imprints.

    Since molecular imprints cannot interact with biological molecules, and can interact only with pathogenic molecules, homeopathic palliation cannot produce any harmful effects. Potentized drugs act only if there are some molecular inhibitions that could be removed by the molecular imprints contained in the particular potentized drug. Symptoms could be removed using potentized drugs only if the underlying molecular errors are removed at least partially.

    Each group of symptoms expressed by the patient points to a particular pathological error in a particular biological pathway caused by inhibition of a particular biomolecule by binding of a particular pathogenic molecule. We can remove symptoms only if the drug we apply contains appropriate molecular imprints that can remove at least some of the molecular errors in the patient.

    Homeopathic palliation using potentized drugs never hinders the cure. In its exact meaning, it is actually not palliation, but partial cure. We can convert this partial cure into complete cure by supplying the additional molecular imprints that were missing in the earlier prescription, by new drugs given as complementary prescriptions.

    Lesson for homeopaths: If you want to offer palliation to a patient, try to produce it it by administering potentized drugs only. They should be similimum selected on the basis of most disturbing groups of symptoms expressed by the patient. Even if such a partial similimum will not offer complete cure, it never hinders the chances of getting complete cure later through additional homeopathic prescriptions.

    Never use mother tincture, allopathic drugs, or any drug in molecular form in the name of palliation. Such practice will complicate the case, and hinder the curative process.

     

  • On Posology of Molecular Imprinted Drugs

    Some friends ask me to explain my views on posology of molecular imprinted drugs.

    While trying to answer this question, we have to remember that the issue of posology has to consider three aspects:

    1. Minimum quantity of drug needed to be given per dose to produce a therapeutic action,

    2. Maximum quantity of the drug that could be administered as a dose to ensure that there is no bad effects,

    3. Most appropriate frequency of administration or repetition of doses.

    Regarding the first question, it is difficult to define exactly what is the minimum quantity of molecular imprinted drug to produce therapeutic effect. To do that, we have to know the exact number of biological molecules affected, as well as the exact number of molecular imprints contained in a given measure molecular imprinted drugs. Both are impossible in the present stage of technology available to us.

    Size of a molecular imprint will vary depending upon the size of drug molecule used for molecular imprinting, which in turn determine the number of molecular imprints contained. It is not practical to count these numbers. On the other side, it is also not practical to determine the biological molecules inhibited. Only thing we can do is to determine the minimum dose of drugs through experimenting in real situations.

    We should remember, according to avogadro, number of water molecules in 18ml of water will be 6.022140857 × 1023. From this, we can calculate the number of water molecules in 1ml. 1ml contains 15 drops. It is not difficult to understand that the number of water molecules contained in even 1 drop of water so huge for calculation. Same way we can calculate the number of alcohol molecules in 1 drop of alcohol.

    Overall, it is obvious that one drop or even a fraction of molecular imprinted drugs will contain millions of molecular imprints. As such, we need not worry much about the minimum quantity of molecular imprinted drugs to be used for therapeutic purpose. It may be as small as we can handle. Normally I prefer one drop for one dose.

    Regarding the second question, MIT says that molecular imprints cannot do any harm upon biological system. As such, we need not worry at all about the maximum quantity administered as a dose.

    Regarding third question, we have to be aware of the possible changes molecular imprints may undergo once introduced in the body.

    Molecular imprints could be antidoted by any chemical molecule having conformations affinity. As such, the drugs we consume may get easily antidoted and deactivated by various chemical molecules entering our body through food, inhalation, drinks and many other ways.

    Hence we have to repeat the doses in frequent intervals to ensure adequate quantity of molecular imprints to ensure full and lasting therapeutic effect.

  • Use Of ‘Sarcodes’ In Homeopathy Is Different From ‘Organotherapy’ in Traditional Medicine

    Some people think that “ordganotherapy” practiced by certain traditional healers and occult practitioners are equivalent to the use of “sarcodes” in homeopathy. It is totally wrong.

    This morning, my new friend from CANADA, Dr Hardev Singh Billing asked me as follows:

    “Organotherapy ( sarcodes) very popular in France and Belgium..as well as in Canada very positive results in 4 CH Potency.

    Organotherapy or mRNA is to regulate and correct the function of organs and bodily systems on a cellular level (mRNA stands for messenger ribonucleic acid, which mediates the transfer of genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis). Organotherapy is postulated to stimulate organ functions, depending on the tissues and related mRNA used.

    In cases where organs are damaged due to autoimmune issues, organotherapy substitutes for the organ and accepts the autoimmune antibodies, leaving the organ to stimulate its own restoration….”

    I think I have to take this question seriously.

    What is known as “Organotherapy” is a technique that makes use of extracts derived from animal or human tissues to treat medical conditions.It is an ancient practice to treat a disease related with a particular organ using an organ with the same organ from another creature. This custom was familiar to the Ancient Indians, Greeks, Romans and many other civilizations. For example, consuming brain tissue was considered a potential treatment for those of low intellect, eating testicles of bulls or stallions to treat impotency in men, cooked ovaries of goats to treat infertility in women, cooked joints of goats to treating joint defects etc. These customs are even practiced by certain traditional healers in India.

    Scientific studies have to be done to verify whether “organ therapy” works or not, and if it works, to explain how it works. When consuming organs in cooked or uncooked form, they will be digested and the constituent molecules undergoing various chemical conversions and getting absorbed into the body. Mostly, they will act by supplying essential nutrients to the body. Of course, they will contain some chemical molecules that are specific to the particular organs, and hence, they will have their specific biological actions of their own.
    SARCODES used in homeopathy are also derived from body tissues. But homeopathy does not use them as organ-specifics. Instead, they are “proved” by administering in healthy individuals, symptoms collected, and materia medica prepared. Then these sarcodes or tissue products are “potentized” according to homeopathic method. These potentized drugs are used by comparing its materia medica symptoms with the disease symptoms expressed by the particular patient, in the same way as any other potentized drugs. It is obvious that use of SARCODES in homeopathy is entirely different from use of ORGANOTHERAPY in ancient medicine.
    According to MIT view, the tissue products used as SARCODES contain diverse types of biological ligands that play specific roles in biological processes. Biological ligands act by binding to various types of specific biological targets, and modulating their normal actions. Biological ligands are very important in maintaining the normal vital processes.
    When some exogenous or endogenous molecules have FUNCTIONAL GROUPS similar to those of the biological ligands, those molecules can mimic as the biological ligands and bind to their natural targets, thereby inhibiting the actions of the biological molecules such as enzymes, receptors, transport molecules etc. This situation leads to DISEASE.
    When we potentize SARCODES, the biological ligand contained in them are removed, and only their MOLECULAR IMPRINTS remain. When we administer potentized sarcodes in a body, we are actually introducing the molecular imprints of biological ligands. If the pathogenic molecules that have produced inhibitions in biological molecules have functional groups similar to the ligand molecules in the SARCODES we have used to prepare molecular imprints, there will be a ‘conformational affinity’ between the pathogenic molecules and the molecular imprints we introduced. Molecular imprints can bind to the pathogenic molecules due to this conformational affinity, thereby removing the pathological inhibitions of biological molecules. This leads to CURE.
    Hope I have scientifically explained the actions of SARCODES, and the difference between SARCODES and ORGANOTHERAPY.
    I am thankful to my friend Dr Hardev Singh Billing from Canada, who prompted me to write this note by asking me such a question this morning.
  • Is Cane Sugar An Ideal Dispensing Vehicle For Homeopathy Drugs? A Rethinking Is Needed!

    Cane sugar or SUCROSE is the most prominent substance currently used as homeopathic drug dispensing vehicles. It is used in the form of GLOBULES of different sizes, which are medicated by adding potentized homeopathic drugs.
    I think a detailed study of SUCROSE is essential to decide whether it is an ideal dispensing vehicle. Theoretically, an ideal DISPENSING VEHICLE should be a substance with following properties:
     
    1. IT SHOULD NOT A DRUG SUBSTANCE BY ITSELF,
     
    2. IT SHOULD BE CHEMICALLY INERT,
     
    3. IT SHOULD NOT INTERACT WITH DRUGS,
     
    4. IT SHOULD BE INDIGESTIBLE,
    6. SHOULD NOT BE ABSORBED INTO THE BODY,
     
    7. IT SHOULD NOT HAVE LONG TERM OR SHORT TERM TOXIC EFFECTS,
     
    8. IT SHOULD NOT HAVE NUTRITIONAL OR CALORIC VALUE
     
    In this article, I am presenting some scientific facts related with CANE SUGAR, which I collected from various knowledge sources. I am also giving the complete MATERIA MEDICA of Cane sugar from Clarke’s Materia Medica. Please read these information carefully, and you decide yourself whether CANE SUGAR we regularly feed our patients is an ideal DISPENSING VEHICLE.
     
    SOME SCIENTIFIC FACTS ABOUT CANE SUGAR:
     
    Sucrose is common table sugar. It is a disaccharide, a molecule composed of the two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. Sucrose is produced naturally in plants, from which table sugar is refined. It has the formula C12H22O11.
    Sucrose we use in homeopathic pharmacy as dispensing vehicle is extracted, and refined from sugar cane plants. Sugar canes are crushed mills to produce raw sugar which is then refined into pure sucrose. The sugar refining process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour. clear sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under vacuum and crystallised as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose. These crystals are clear, odourless, and have a sweet taste.
     
    In sucrose, the components glucose and fructose are linked via an ether bond between C1 on the glucosyl subunit and C2 on the fructosyl unit. The bond is called a glycosidic linkage. Glucose exists predominantly as two isomeric “pyranoses” (α and β), but only one of these forms links to the fructose.
     
    Fructose itself exists as a mixture of “furanoses”, each of which having α and β isomers, but only one particular isomer links to the glucosyl unit. What is notable about sucrose is that, unlike most disaccharides, the glycosidic bond is formed between the reducing ends of both glucose and fructose, and not between the reducing end of one and the nonreducing end of the other. This linkage inhibits further bonding to other saccharide units. Since it contains no anomeric hydroxyl groups, it is classified as a non-reducing sugar.
     
    The purity of sucrose is measured by polarimetry, through the rotation of plane-polarized light by a solution of sugar. The specific rotation at 20 °C using yellow “sodium-D” light (589 nm) is +66.47°. Commercial samples of sugar are assayed using this parameter. Sucrose does not deteriorate at ambient conditions.
     
    Sucrose does not melt at high temperatures. Instead, it decomposes—at 186 °C (367 °F)—to form caramel. Like other carbohydrates, it combusts to carbon dioxide and water. Mixing sucrose with the oxidizer potassium nitrate produces the fuel known as rocket candy that is used to propel amateur rocket motors.
     
    Sucrose burns with chloric acid, formed by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate. Sucrose can be dehydrated with sulfuric acid to form a black, carbon-rich solid, as indicated in the following idealized equation:
     
    Hydrolysis breaks the glycosidic bond converting sucrose into glucose and fructose. Hydrolysis is, however, so slow that solutions of sucrose can sit for years with negligible change. If the enzyme sucrase is added, however, the reaction will proceed rapidly. Hydrolysis can also be accelerated with acids, such as cream of tartar or lemon juice, both weak acids. Likewise, gastric acidity converts sucrose to glucose and fructose during digestion, the bond between them being an acetal bond which can be broken by an acid.
     
    Fully refined sugar is 99.9% sucrose, thus providing only carbohydrate as dietary nutrient and 390 kilocalories per 100 g
     
    There are no micronutrients of significance in fully refined sugar.
     
    In humans and other mammals, sucrose is broken down into its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, by sucrase or isomaltase glycoside hydrolases, which are located in the membrane of the microvilli lining the duodenum. The resulting glucose and fructose molecules are then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. Sucrose is an easily assimilated macronutrient that provides a quick source of energy, provoking a rapid rise in blood glucose upon ingestion. Sucrose, as a pure carbohydrate, has an energy content of 3.94 kilocalories per gram.
     
    When large amounts of refined food that contain high percentages of sucrose are consumed, beneficial nutrients can be displaced from the diet, which can contribute to an increased risk for chronic disease. The rapidity with which sucrose raises blood glucose can cause problems for people suffering from defective glucose metabolism, such as persons with hypoglycemia or diabetes mellitus.
     
    Sucrose can contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. In an experiment with rats that were fed a diet one-third of which was sucrose, the sucrose first elevated blood levels of triglycerides, which induced visceral fat and ultimately resulted in insulin resistance. Another study found that rats fed sucrose-rich diets developed high triglycerides, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. A 2004 study recommended that the consumption of sucrose-containing drinks should be limited due to the growing number of people with obesity and insulin resistance.
     
    Studies have indicated potential links between consumption of free sugars, including sucrose which is particularly prevalent in processed foods, and health hazards, including obesity and tooth decay. It is also considered as causing endogenous glycation processes since it metabolises into glucose and fructose in the body.
     
    Tooth decay (dental caries) has become a pronounced health hazard associated with the consumption of sugars, especially sucrose. Oral bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans live in dental plaque and metabolize any sugars (not just sucrose, but also glucose, lactose, fructose, into lactic acid. The resultant lactic acid lowers the pH of the tooth’s surface, stripping it of minerals in the process known as tooth decay.
    All 6-carbon sugars and disaccharides based on 6-carbon sugars can be converted by dental plaque bacteria into acid that demineralizes teeth, but sucrose may be uniquely useful to Streptococcus sanguinis (formerly Streptococcus sanguis) and Streptococcus mutans. Sucrose is the only dietary sugar that can be converted to sticky glucans (dextran-like polysaccharides) by extracellular enzymes. These glucans allow the bacteria to adhere to the tooth surface and to build up thick layers of plaque. The anaerobic conditions deep in the plaque encourage the formation of acids, which leads to carious lesions. Thus, sucrose could enable S. mutans, S. sanguinis and many other species of bacteria to adhere strongly and resist natural removal, e.g. by flow of saliva, although they are easily removed by brushing. The glucans and levans (fructose polysaccharides) produced by the plaque bacteria also act as a reserve food supply for the bacteria. Such a special role of sucrose in the formation of tooth decay is much more significant in light of the almost universal use of sucrose as the most desirable sweetening agent.
     
    Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of 50% glucose and 50% fructose and has a glycemic index of 65. Sucrose is digested rapidly, but has a relatively low glycemic index due to its content of fructose, which has a minimal effect on blood glucose.
     
    As with other sugars, sucrose is digested into its components via the enzyme sucrase to glucose (blood sugar) and fructose. The glucose component is transported into the blood (90%) and excess glucose is converted to temporary storage in the liver – named glycogen. The fructose is either bonded to cellulose and transported out the GI tract or processed by the liver into citrates, aldehydes, and, for the most part, lipid droplets (fat).
     
    As the glycemic index measures the speed at which glucose is released into the bloodstream a refined sugar containing glucose is considered high-glycemic. As with other sugars, over-consumption may cause an increase in blood sugar levels from a normal 90 mg/dL to up over 150 mg/dL. (5 mmol/l to over 8.3 mmol/l).
     
    Authorities advise diabetics to avoid sugar-rich foods to prevent adverse reactions.
     
    The occurrence of gout is connected with an excess production of uric acid. A diet rich in sucrose may lead to gout as it raises the level of insulin, which prevents excretion of uric acid from the body. As the concentration of uric acid in the body increases, so does the concentration of uric acid in the joint liquid and beyond a critical concentration, the uric acid begins to precipitate into crystals. Researchers have implicated sugary drinks high in fructose in a surge in cases of gout.
     
    Sucrose intolerance, also called sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID), genetic sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (GSID), is the condition in which sucrase-isomaltase, an enzyme needed for proper metabolism of sucrose (sugar) and starch (i.e., grains and rice), is not produced or the enzyme produced is either partially functional or non-functional in the small intestine. All GSID patients lack fully functional sucrase, while the isomaltase activity can vary from minimal functionality to almost normal activity. The presence of residual isomaltase activity may explain why some GSID patients are better able to tolerate starch in their diet than others with GSID. Signs and symptoms of GSID are, Abdominal cramps and bloating, Diarrhoea and constipation, Vomiting, Hypoglycemia and headaches, Poor weight gain and growth, Upper respiratory tract and viral diseases, Anxiety and heart palpitations, Excess gas production etc.
     
    Sucrose intolerance can be caused by genetic mutations in which both parents must contain this gene for the child to carry the disease (so-called primary sucrose intolerance). Sucrose intolerance can also be caused by irritable bowel syndrome, aging, or small intestine disease (secondary sucrose intolerance). There are specific tests used to help determine if a person has sucrose intolerance. The most accurate test is the enzyme activity determination, which is done by biopsying the small intestine. This test is a diagnostic for GSID. A deficiency of sucrase may result in malabsorption of sugar, which can lead to potentially serious symptoms. Since sucrose-isomaltase is involved in the digestion of starches, some GSID patients may not be able to absorb starches as well. It is important for those with sucrose intolerance to minimize sucrose consumption as much as possible.
     
    SOME FACTS ABOUT CANE SUGAR AS A DRUG SUBSTANCE:
     
    CLARKE’S HOMEOPATHIC MATERA MEDICA OF CANE SUGAR OR SACCHARAM OFFICINALIS
     
    SACCHARUM OFFICINALE.
     
    Sugar. (Including Saccharum album, White Sugar.) Saccharose. C12H22O1l. Trituration. Solution.
     
    Clinical
    Ascites. Cataract. Chlorosis. Cornea, opacity of. Diabetes. Dropsy. Dyspepsia. Hair, rapid growth of. Headache, periodic. Hoarseness. Liver, affections of. Ranula. Rheumatism. Rickets. Scurvy. Spleen, affections of. Tabes mesenterica.
     
    Characteristics
    Like so many other articles of diet, Sugar may be a poison and a medicine as well as a food. Sugar preserves food, as salt does; and both sugar and salt have produced scurvy. Cases of scurvy-rickets in bottle-fed children have been traced to excess of sugar in their food; and the exclusion of sugar from the dietary of the gouty, rheumatic, and the diabetic, shows the pathogenetic power it is credited with among practitioners of the present day. Acidity of the stomach and itching at the anus are common effects of taking too much Sugar. Lippe published “Fragmentary provings and clinical observations obtained principally from S. Bœnninghausen and S. E. Bute, who proved the 30th potency on himself” (Allen). To these symptoms have been added others observed by Swan on a patient who accidentally discovered, after twenty-five years of suffering, that the cause of his trouble was Sugar. All the symptoms disappeared when he abstained from sugar in food or drink, and only reappeared when he took it again by way of experiment. Then, from two to four days after taking sugar, the same train of symptoms invariably occurred in this order: (1) A burning at pit of stomach. A white coat on tongue, so thick
     
    as to cause stiffness of it. Sharp burning pains run up from kidneys to shoulders, passing under scapulæ. Pains in bones from head to foot, causing a rigidity of the muscles so that it was impossible to rise from bed till he had been rubbed. Chill commencing in small of back and spreading up and down. Severe headache and occasional vomiting with the chill. Fever followed with headache, morbid hunger, and a hectic flush. Increased urine, strong odour, white sediment. Great pain in kidneys. Constipation. Sleeplessness. Œdema of feet and ankles. Weakness of legs, as if paralysed, causing staggering. Painful jactitation of feet and legs during the burning in the Stomach. Oppression, slight cough, profuse cream-like expectoration, very offensive, cold. Sac. a. 10m and 5m curedhim of some remaining symptoms, and the 41m enabled him to eat sugar with impunity. Swan also reports (Org. iii. 342) this case: Miss L. was continually eating candies, of which she was very fond, till her digestive organs were affected. A few doses of Sac. a. 30m changed her taste so that she ate no more, and could not even bear the sight of them. This case was also cured with Sac. off.: “Vomiting bile, < in night and at 1 a.m.; old-standing dyspepsia, milk, eggs, and bread being the only food tolerated; great longing for sugar, which > the symptoms.” Farrington traces a great similarity between Sac. off. and Calc. Sac. off. is indicated, he says, in children who are large-limbed, fat, and bloated, with a tendency to dropsy. It has produced opacity of the cornea, and ought to cure it. The children are dainty and capricious; care nothing for substantial food, but want little “nick-nacks”; always cross and whining, and, if old enough, are insolent, and do not care to occupy themselves in any way. Everything too much trouble. H. C. Allen relates (H. P., x. 478) a case of opacity of cornea cured with Sac. a.; and with the same remedy in 2m potency he cured swelling round the ankles following rheumatism. According to Lippe, black-and-tan terrier dogs that eat sugar go blind. The cataract and amblyopia of diabetics are well known. Here, again, Salt and Sugar meet: Burnett has shown in his Supersalinity of the Blood that excess of salt in food has been an important factor in the production of cataract. The symptoms are < in early morning. < From anger. > In erect position (dyspnœa).
     
    Relations
    Compare: Sacch. l. In rickets, acidity, fat children, Calc. Craving for sweets, Arg. n., Sul. Rickets, Sil. Diabetes; swelled ankles, Arg. n. Kidney-ache, Santal.
     
    Causation
    Anger.
     
    SYMPTOMS.
     
    1. Mind
    Violent temper; irritable; quarrelsome.-Bilious, sanguineous temperament.-Increased modesty of women.-Melancholic mood with the chilliness.-Dainty, capricious; cross and whining; indolent.-Low-spirited, hypochondriacal mood; peevish.-Indifference; as from homesickness.-Disinclined to talk; want of interest.-Stupid.
     
    2. Head
    Giddiness from indigestion.-Severe headache with the chill.-Headache every week the same day.-Hair grows; rapidly.
     
    3. Eyes
    Eyes closed by swelling (and inflammation) of lids.-Varicose distension of vessels of eyes.-Ophthalmia.-Sight dim.-Cataract.
     
    4. Ears
    Discharge of pus from ears.
     
    5. Nose
    Sneezing; dry coryza.
     
    6. Face
    Changed expression.-Face: pale; deathlike; bloated; œdematous.-Twitching of muscles of r. cheek over malar bone.
     
    8. Mouth
    Dulness of teeth (with sour vomiting).-A white coat on tongue, so thick as to cause stiffness in it.-Rhagades, cracks on the tongue.-Ranula.-Inflammation of salivary glands of lining membrane of mouth.-Aphthæ of children.
     
    9. Throat
    Ulcers in throat.
     
    11. Stomach
    Morbid hunger with the fever.-Nausea early in morning.-Violent retching.-Vomiting of white, viscid, tough mucus.-Periodical vomiting.-Vomiting: of blood; acid, making teeth dull; occasional, with the chill.-Stomach bloated.-Stomach overloaded with sour mucus.-Disordered stomach.-Digestion: impaired; weak, with acidity.-Burning at pit of stomach.-Heat in stomach.-Coldness of stomach.-Pressure in stomach, morning, fasting.-Painful constriction of stomach.-Painful sensitiveness of pit of stomach.-Pain in stomach with hypochondriacal persons.
     
    12. Abdomen
    Liver: swollen; indurated.-Bile increased.-Spleen swollen.-Pain in liver and spleen.-Abdomen: swollen; dropsical; hard as a stone (in children).-Tabes mesenterica.-Swelling and induration of mesenteric glands.
     
    13. Stool and Anus
    Congested and painful hæmorrhoids.-Itching at the anus.-Diarrhœa, stools watery and debilitating; of mucus and blood; bilious.-Constipation alternating with mucous diarrhœa.-Constipation; stools difficult.
     
    14. Urinary Organs
    Sharp burning pains run from kidneys to shoulders, passing under scapulæ.-Great pains in kidneys.-Increased urination; strong odour; white sediment.-Urine diminished.
     
    15. Male Sexual Organs
    Enormous swelling of scrotum; r. genitals.-Increased desire.-Frequent involuntary emissions.
     
    16. Female Sexual Organs
     
    Menses diminished.-Menstrual blood pale.-Suppressed leucorrhœa.
     
    17. Respiratory Organs
    Irritation of larynx, causing a slight hacking cough, with yellow, saltish sputa, which floats on water.-Dry rawness in larynx.-Hoarse, catarrhal voice.-Hoarseness from reading a short time.-Dry cough.-Cough with children.-Expectoration very offensive.-Breathing oppressed, cold expectoration.-Suffocative attacks, must be bolstered up.
     
    18. Chest
    Chest muscles wasted.-Pneumonia.-Swelling of lower part of sternum.-Fulness > by expectorating.-Stitches in l. chest.
     
    19. Heart
    Rheumatic pain in heart region.-Pulse weak and irregular.
     
    21. Limbs
    Tingling in limbs.-Emaciation of hands and thighs.
     
    22. Upper Limbs
    Œdema of arms.
     
    23. Lower Limbs
    Œdema of lower limbs; hard as stones.-Paralytic weakness of legs.-Painful jactitation of legs during burning in stomach.-Cramps in calves.
     
    24. Generalities
    Emaciation with great appetite.-Chlorosis: with dropsy; after anger.-Plethora.-Fainting attacks.-Scurvy rickets in children.-Pains in bones from head to foot.
     
    25. Skin
    Dry skin; perspiration suppressed.-Scurvy.-Pale and red blotches over body.-Panaritium.-Proud flesh in the ulcers.-Old herpes.
     
    26. Sleep
    Sleeplessness.-Starts in sleep.
     
    27. Fever
    Chilliness from 10 a.m. till evening with melancholic mood.-Chill commencing in small of back, spreading up and down; severe headache and occasional vomiting; fever, followed by headache, morbid hunger, and hectic flush in cheeks; no sweats except when weakened by repeated attacks; before and during the paroxysm burning in stomach and back was simply intolerable; no thirst.-Chilliness alternates with perspiration.-Cold in the head.-Intermittent fever every one, two, or three days, irregular in its type.-Chill followed by profuse sweat.-Sweat on head (neck and shoulders).
     
    ———————————————————————————
  • Is Milk Sugar Or Lactose An Ideal Dispensing Vehicle For Homeopathy Drugs? A Rethinking Is Needed!

    MILK SUGAR or LACTOSE is the most prominent substance currently used as homeopathic drug dispensing vehicles. It is used in the form of POWDERS or TABLETS of different sizes, which are medicated by adding potentized homeopathic drugs.

    I think a detailed study of LACTOSE is essential to decide whether it is an ideal dispensing vehicle. Theoretically, an ideal DISPENSING VEHICLE should be a substance with following properties:

    1. IT SHOULD NOT BE A DRUG SUBSTANCE BY ITSELF,

    2. IT SHOULD BE CHEMICALLY INERT,

    3. IT SHOULD NOT INTERACTING WITH DRUGS,

    4. IT SHOULD BE INDIGESTIBLE,

    6. IT SHOULD NOT BE NOT ABSORBED INTO THE BODY,

    7. IT SHOULD NOT HAVE ANY LONG TERM OR SHORT TERM TOXIC EFFECTS,

    8. IT SHOULD NOT HAVE ANY NUTRITIONAL OR CALORIC VALUE

    I am suggesting homeopaths to go through the complete MATERIA MEDICA of LACTOSE from Clarke’s Materia Medica.

    Please read symptomatology carefully, keeping in mind that all those symptoms represent the molecular errors produced by lactose in healthy individuals. Then you decide yourself whether MILK SUGAR we regularly feed our patients is an ideal DISPENSING VEHICLE.

    Lactose is a disaccharide. It is a sugar composed of galactose and glucose. Lactose makes up around 2–8% of milk (by weight). The compound is a white, water-soluble, non-hygroscopic solid with a mildly sweet taste. It is used in the food industry.

    Lactose is hydrolysed to glucose and galactose, isomerised in alkaline solution to lactulose, and catalytically hydrogenated to the corresponding polyhydric alcohol, lactitol. Lactulose is a commercial product, used for treatment of constipation.

    Several million tons are produced annually as a by-product of the dairy industry. Whey is made up of 6.5% solids of which 4.8% is lactose, which is purified by crystallization. Whey or milk plasma is the liquid remaining after milk is curdled and strained, for example in the production of cheese. Lactose comprises about 2–8% of milk by weight. Industrially, lactose is produced from whey permeate – that is whey filtrated for all major proteins. The protein fraction is used in infant nutrition and sport nutrition while the permeate can be evaporated to 60–65% solids and crystallized while cooling Lactose can also be isolated by dilution of whey with ethanol.

    Infant mammals nurse on their mothers to drink milk, which is rich in lactose. The intestinal villi secrete the enzyme lactase (β-D-galactosidase) to digest it. This enzyme cleaves the lactose molecule into its two subunits, the simple sugars glucose and galactose, which can be absorbed. Since lactose occurs mostly in milk, in most mammals, the production of lactase gradually decreases with maturity due to a lack of continuing consumption.

    Many people with ancestry in Europe, West Asia, South Asia, the Sahel belt in West Africa, East Africa and a few other parts of Central Africa maintain lactase production into adulthood. In many of these areas, milk from mammals such as cattle, goats, and sheep is used as a large source of food. Hence, it was in these regions that genes for lifelong lactase production first evolved. The genes of adult lactose tolerance have evolved independently in various ethnic groups. By descent, more than 70% of western Europeans can drink milk as adults, compared with less than 30% of people from areas of Africa, eastern and south-eastern Asia and Oceania. In people who are lactose intolerant, lactose is not broken down and provides food for gas-producing gut flora, which can lead to diarrhea, bloating, flatulence, and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

    Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have symptoms due to the decreased ability to digest lactose a sugar found in milk products. Those affected vary in the amount of lactose they can tolerate before symptoms develop. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. These symptoms typically start between one half and two hours after drinking milk or eating milk products. Severity depends on the amount a person eats or drinks. It does not cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract.

    Lactose intolerance is due to the lack of enzyme lactase in the small intestines to break lactose down into glucose and galactose. There are four types: primary, secondary, developmental, and congenital. Primary lactose intolerance occurs as the amount of lactase declines as people age. Secondary lactose intolerance is due to injury to the small intestine such as from infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or other diseases. Developmental lactose intolerance may occur in premature babies and usually improves over a short period of time. Congenital lactose intolerance is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which little or no lactase is made from birth.

    Lactose intolerance primarily refers to a syndrome having one or more symptoms upon the consumption of food substances containing lactose. Individuals may be lactose intolerant to varying degrees, depending on the severity of these symptoms. “Lactose malabsorption” refers to the physiological concomitant of lactase deficiency (i.e., the body does not have sufficient lactase capacity to digest the amount of lactose ingested). Hypolactasia (lactase deficiency) is distinguished from alactasia (total lack of lactase), a rare congenital defect.

    Lactose intolerance is not an allergy, because it is not an immune response, but rather a sensitivity to dairy caused by lactase deficiency. Milk allergy, occurring in only 4% of the population, is a separate condition, with distinct symptoms that occur when the presence of milk proteins trigger an immune reaction.

    The principal symptom of lactose intolerance is an adverse reaction to products containing lactose (primarily milk), including abdominal bloating and cramps, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, borborygmi, and vomiting (particularly in adolescents). These appear one-half to two hours after consumption. The severity of symptoms typically increases with the amount of lactose consumed; most lactose-intolerant people can tolerate a certain level of lactose in their diets without ill effects.

    Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling seldom mentions the presence of ‘lactose’ or ‘milk’, and neither do product monograms provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are unaware of the very wide scale yet common use of lactose in such medications until they contact the supplier or manufacturer for verification.

    Lactose is digested by our digestive enzymes and absorbed into the body. It has its on caloric and nutritional values. It is by itself a drug substance as evident from our drug proving and symptomatology. It is not a chemically inert substance. It can cause a lot of adverse effects in human body. As a whole, it is obvious that Milk Sugar or Lactose is not an ideal dispensing vehicle for homeopathy drugs. A rethinking Is needed!

    HOMEOPATHIC INFORMATION OF LACTOSE OR MILK SUGAR
     
    MATERIA MEDICA OF LACTOSE (SACCARUM LACTIS)
    From Clarke’s Materia Medica
     
    Clinical
    Amblyopia. Angina pectoris. Body-odour, offensive. Diabetes. Dyspepsia. Earache. Gout. Headache. Hysteria. Labia, soreness of. Nervousness. Neuralgia. Ovaries, affections of. Over-exertion. Ptosis. Sciatica. Sighing. Stye. Umbilicus, inflammation of.
     
    Characteristics
    Hahnemann chose globules of Saccharum lactis as the chief vehicle of his remedies, because he considered it the most inert substance he could find. But his method of attenuating remedies had shown that no substance is inert in attenuations, and experience shows that no substance is absolutely inert in any form. H. A. Hare says of Sac. l.: “Scientific and clinical studies have shown it to be possessed of very great diuretic powers when given in full doses.” He says further, that its direct action on the kidneys and its slight action elsewhere indicate it in renal dropsy and renal inactivity; that it acts best in cases where albuminuria is absent, and that it causes profuse diuresis in infants fed on it.
     
    I have frequently met with patients who could not take Sac. l. either unmedicated or as a vehicle without inconvenience. One patient when taking pilules of Sac. l. three times a day complained that they made his “eyes ache and feel weak.” One of Swan’s provers had this symptom: “Sight fails; eyes tire very easily.”
     
    Swan is the authority for Sac. l. as a homœopathic remedy. He has published (Materia Medica) a full pathogenesis of Sac. l., proved in the potencies from 30th upward, together with confirmed and cured symptoms. Eleven provers and observers contributed. I have bracketed the cured symptoms in my Schema. Sac. l. causes sensations of both coldness and heat. One of the cold sensations is this: “Sensation of extreme cold passing in a fine line from centre of pubes to a point two or three inches above.” Swan regards cold pains as a, keynote, and records this case: Mr. S. had an excessively cold neuralgic pain in cartilage of both ears, the right being the worst, with tingling as if frost-bitten; rubbing with difficulty restored the warmth. Lancinating, neuralgic pains in forehead; in occiput; extending from region above ears down through ears into muscles of neck; in both eyes; < by least breath of air; skin sensitive to touch as in inflammatory rheumatism. These pains were icy cold, as if produced by an extremely fine ice-cold needle. As Sac. l. has “fine cold pains” and pains passing in all directions, Sac. l. 1m was given, and relieved all the pains within an hour. (Sac. off. has “cold expectoration.”)
     
    The symptoms are < before a storm; in damp room or basement; morning and evening; by blue and yellow colours; exertion; mental excitement. > By warmth of fire; by red colour; after 4 p.m.
     
    Relations
    Camph. < effects of Sac. l. Compare: Sac. off., the Lacs. Right cheek bone, Mg. c. Roof of mouth, Mang. Ball sensation in rectum, Sep. < From sound of running water, Hdfb. Radiating pains, K. bi. Kidney ache, Santal, Sac. off. Fatigue, Pic. ac., Mg. c. Heat in heart, Lachn. > Lying left side, Lil. t. < From damp, Dulc. Sensitiveness, K. iod., Mg. c.
     
    Causation
    Mental excitement. Over-fatigue.
     
    SYMPTOMS.
     
    1. Mind
    Sensation as if it were only by a great effort that she kept together.-Loses her way in well-known streets.-Imagines: that there is a large hole in her back just above sacrum; that her mother wants to kill her; that some one is behind her.-Extremely nervous, jumps from her seat at least unusual noise..-Was taken suddenly with fear and trembling of whole body, as from fright.-Longing and melancholy as if homesick, with oppressed breathing.-Her heart aches as if it would burst, yet she cannot weep.-Great fear of death during paroxysm of pain in heart at night.-Inclined to be sarcastic and fault-finding.-Cross and fault-finding, could not speak a pleasant word to any one.-Hysteria in evening, laughing and crying, jumping up and lying down, but could not stand, fell to r. side.-Laziness.
     
    2. Head
    Pain about middle of r. lambdoidal suture, through to same point on l. side.-Sharp jumping pains behind r. ear.-Burning like fire, and a thick feeling in a lengthwise strip of two fingers’ breadth extending from r. frontal eminence to r. side of vertex for fifteen minutes.-L. side of head felt all drawn up.-Pain in l. eyebrow.-Pain passing from front of l. ear deep into brain.-L. temple sore to touch.-Sensation as of pressure on frontal bone at inner canthi of l. eye; felt very sore.-Sharp darting pain on l. side of head from temple to occiput.-Forehead feels very heavy, with a tendency to fall forward.-Sharp pain in forehead passing back and forth from one temple to the other.-Head aches all over top and feels drawn up.-Head feels large, and as though all the blood in the body had gone into the head.-Head feels confused, and as if it were tossing on a rough sea.
     
    3. Eyes
    Pain through r. eye inwards.-Severe pains in both canthi of r. eye.-Dryness of eyeball so that the lid would stick to it as if it wanted lubricating, preventing opening and shutting of eye or winking.-Swelling of r. upper lid, which increased to a large stye, the lid and all round eye being swollen and red; on third day it broke in two places and discharged copiously.-Washing eyes in cold water causes a sensation as if needles were sticking into them.-Eyelids feel swollen, which is not the case.-Can only elevate upper lids half way.-Looking at bright light dazzles and makes her close eyes; no pain.-Sight fails; eyes tire very easily.
     
    4. Ears
    Pain in r. ear and underneath it.-Painfulness of r. external ear (concha), with burning like an ulcer, also when touched.-Pain passing from r. ear to shoulder.-Pain from r. ear to lower part of inferior maxillary bone.-Pain in l. ear and sensation as if there were a gathering.-Shooting
    pains in and behind ears and all over face.-Pains in external ears and behind them.-Sharp pain inside both ears.-Reverberation of voice when speaking.-Buzzing sound in r. ear.-Sensation as if she could not hear, but she could.
     
    5. Nose
    Pain in r. (and l.) side of nose.-Pain in end of nose.-Ridge of nose extremely sore; it feels sore to touch or from the least movement of facial muscles; the l. side is the worst and somewhat swollen.
     
    6. Face
    Pain passing from corner of mouth to forepart of r. axilla.-Face feels as if there were one large pain that covered the whole of it.-Burning in cheek-bones towards temples and lower jaw.-Pain all over face, then centring in r. ear.-(Darting, shooting pain, centred in about middle of r. cheek, extending thence up to eye, esp. r. inner canthus, to ear, and up into r. temple, most severe at centre of cheek, considerably decreasing the further it extends from the centre.).-(Swelling of face with pain in head extending down neck and back to feet.).-Wretched appearance, sad expression of face; eyes look as from weeping, though she has not wept.-Great pallor of face with dark places under eyes.-Corners of mouth smart and burn.-Symphysis menti smarts.
     
    8. Mouth
    Sore on l. side of tongue.-Tongue coated: yellow on each side, but none on middle or edges; white; yellow.-Lips feel very sore and raw.-Lips dry, with great thirst.-Taste: putrid in mouth after eating; fine spicy taste; like fresh nuts.-Thick bitter mucus in mouth during morning; food tastes fresh, as if there were no salt in it.-Burning in whole mouth.-Roof of mouth sore.-Soreness like blisters in mouth and on
     
    9. Throat
    Sensation when swallowing as of a fish-bone in throat.-Spasmodic stricture in œsophagus.-Globus hystericus after lunch at noon, with dull, sick headache.-Throat very sensitive to external pressure; the least pressure causes a feeling as if she were choking.
     
    10. Appetite
    Hungry all the time.-Desire for dainties.-When first getting out of bed feels faint for something to eat.-After eating: feeling of distension.-Great thirst; wanted large quantities of very cold water.
     
    11. Stomach
    Nausea like sea-sickness.-Nausea does not affect appetite.-Violent sickness, going on all day (agg.-R. T. C.).-Dyspepsia after eating hot pie-crust.-Pressure in stomach as if she had eaten something indigestible.-Heartburn, with sweet taste coming from stomach, without waterbrash.
     
    12. Abdomen
    Feeling as if ulcerated anteriorly over r. short ribs, < from touch and when stooping; slight swelling there; also all next day till towards evening.-Pain about length of finger above l. hip, which would come when leaning back, lasted two days, followed by severe pain in forehead.-Sharp pain passing across bowels just above navel and all round body.-Inflammation and soreness of lower half of navel, passing off by morning, with greenish yellow discharge, staining the clothes.-Abdomen sore to touch, painful from the jar caused by walking.-Pain commencing at waist and passing to top of r. breast.-Pain in l. hypochondrium passing under l. breast.
     
    13. Stool and Anus
    Severe pain passing through abdomen during stool; felt very sore inside.-Stool preceded by shooting pains across abdomen, which are.> by stool.-Before stool pains in breasts and upper abdomen.-Before stool hands and whole body exhaled a fæcal odour, which passed were a great ball in rectum, much straining, and some flatulence, but no stool and no > from the flatulence.-Stools smell like rotten eggs.-Great soreness round anus, extending three inches up rectum inside.-Constant pressure and soreness at anus, waking her at night.-Creeping, itching, and crawling round anus, extending three inches inside rectum, > for a short time by rubbing.-Shooting pains in rectum.
     
    14. Urinary Organs
    Urination followed by a thick Yellow discharge.-Soreness of urethra during urination.-Very severe pain in r. side of abdomen before urination, and sometimes, but not often, lasting during urination, ceasing with it.-Constant and urgent inclination to urinate, with cutting pain streaking up urethra after each passage.-Frequent and violent urging to urinate, with passage of a large quantity each time.-Urine causes intense pain when coming in contact with the labia, which are very sensitive.-Sound of running water produced urination; no power to restrain it.-Urinates very frequently large quantities.-(Involuntary urination in large quantities several times during night.).-(Delay of urination for some time, though desire and opportunity occur.).-Urine stains a dark yellow.
     
    16. Female Sexual Organs
    Menses commenced too early; no pain.-Menses very dark.-Profuse greenish-yellow leucorrhœa.-At times bloody leucorrhœa.-Pain in region of r. ovary.-L. (and r.) ovarian region very weak and painful when walking.-Dragging-down sensation in pelvic region.-Lobulated growths on each side of vagina, nearly filling it; extremely sore and sensitive to touch, or from the pressure caused by sitting; coming on gradually and lasting more than three months.-Itching of labia.-Extreme soreness and rawness of labia and entrance to vagina, with profuse greenish-yellow leucorrhœa.
     
    17. Respiratory Organs
    Sharp pain passing into upper r. breast, about an inch deep; very sore to touch after the pain.-Pain in r, breast.-Constant pain under l. breast, < when bending forward.-Lancinating pains under l. breast, which took away the breath.-Severe pains under l. breast at every inspiration.
     
    19. Heart and Pulse
    Sensation in heart as if a fire were there, with a feeling as if heart would burst, or at times as if a heavy weight were lying on it, all of which spreads from this region over whole inner and outer chest.-Awoke at midnight with severe pains about heart, which seemed as if it had almost stopped beating, with a numb pain about heart, lips, and tongue; great fear of death; when the pains passed off they left great soreness round heart; tingling in lips and tongue; could not lie on l. side; felt numb and strange all over; pulse intermittent.
     
    20. Neck and Back
    Pain passing up and down along r. side of neck.-Hot flashes all over back of neck and shoulders.-Pain with soreness at upper vertebral border of r. scapula.-Pain in r. side of back between scapula and sacrum.-Pain in l. side of back from scapula to sacrum.-Pain in sacrum.-Pain each side of sacrum.-Pain in sacral region, < when taking a long breath.-Pain in back from sacrum to scapulæ.-Pain passing up back from sacrum.-Pain passing up and down from tip of coccyx to r. shoulder.-Sharp pain passing from middle of scapula down outside of arm to end of middle finger, and sometimes to end of little finger.-Pain below l. scapula.-Severe pain under l. scapula.-Pain running up back from waist, l. side.-Constant pain all day in region of l. kidney.-Pain in back part of waist, passing from r. to l.-Pain in lumbar region.-Pain or aching in small of back < by leaning backward, for three or four days.-Pain passing from lumbar vertebræ to half way up dorsal, and then shooting off into both scapulæ.-Dull ache all over back and in r. arm; cannot bend body far forward as it causes intense pain in coccyx; when stooping, as in picking anything from floor, has to incline body to one side or other.-Back aches the whole length of spine.
     
    22. Upper Limbs
    Swelling in r. arm below elbow, sore to touch, and pains when she moves arms in certain directions.-Pain in forepart of r. upper arm.-Pain from top of r. shoulder to nape of neck.-Pain from r. shoulder passing down to waist.-Pain in r. shoulder passing a short distance down back.-Pain in top of r. shoulder passing to back and upper part of neck.-Pain passing from r. shoulder to elbow.-Pain in back of r. shoulder.-Pain from r. shoulder to l. breast.-Pain in axillæ.-Sharp pain in all r. fingers except little finger.-Pain in both hands passing to ends of fingers.-Skin under nails looks dirty, it cannot be washed or scraped off for two days.-Pain in dorsal surface of r. hand.-Pain in palm of r. hand.-Itching in palm of r. hand.-Pains all through r. hand.-Grasping anything with r. hand causes pains to pass from all the fingers into palm.-Violent itching of a liver spot on r. hand.-Pains in hands passing in all directions.-Pain in palmar surface of r. wrist passing into thumb.-Pain passing from tip of r. little finger to elbow.-Pain in r. wrist.-Pain passing from r. wrist to elbow.-Pains in both wrists, encircling them.-Pain with slight stiffness in both wrists.
     
    23. Lower Limbs
    (Inflammation and awful pain extending down whole trunk of r. sciatic nerve.).-Pains in thighs and hips.-Soreness of gluteal muscles on pressure.-Soreness in streaks, extending from anus down back of legs to heels; can feel a rigidity (not raised) where the soreness is.-Hot flashes in lower limbs.-Pain from forepart of r. knee to anterior-superior spine of r. ilium and passing back to middle of sacrum.-Pain in r. instep when bending foot.-(Pain like gout in r. toe, sometimes slight pains upwards in r. limb; toe will not bear contact of any shoe; pain always the same standing, walking, or lying down; continued exercise < it.).-Balls of feet covered with little corns, which are very painful when walking.-All her corns become painfully sensitive.
     
    24. Generalities
    Sensitive in every part of body.-Small shooting pains all over her in morning.-Throbbing in various parts of body.-(Short flying, darting stitches in different parts of body, quite painful, but bearable, appearing in head, ears, and face, as well as in extremities, not confined to any especial locality.).-(Great physical exhaustion, caused by overwork, completely relieved; repeatedly verified by Swan and others.).-The pains during the proving were < by a coming storm, the approach of which was felt some twelve hours previously.-Pains were < in damp room or basement, but > if there was a fire.-All symptoms > after 4 p.m.-Pains were generally < morning and evening.-Symptoms < by blue and yellow colours; > by red.-Prostration from mental excitement (Rushmore).
     
    25. Skin
    Very restless at night from itching all over body as soon as she is covered in bed.-Itching of both shoulders.
     
    26. Sleep
    Continual yawning all day.-Sleeplessness after midnight.-Cannot sleep on r. side.-Cannot go to sleep without putting arms over head.-Impossible to lie straight in bed, finds herself continually lying diagonally across bed.-Has to lie on l. side as she is comfortable in no other position.-Awoke with the impression that she had dreamed of dreadful pains in chest; does not know whether it was a dream or a reality.-Fatiguing dreams all night.
     
    27. Fever
    Great coldness as if a chill were coming on; hands, particularly fingers, feet, toes, icy cold; could not keep warm in bed covered with clothes, and during day sat near, a stove but could not get warm.-Hot flashes inside body pressing from below upward.-Strange restlessness at night, feeling of great heat all over, body covered with a light perspiration, just enough to feel uncomfortable.
    ————————————————————————————
  • Sarcodes Should Be Understood In Terms Of The Biological Ligands They Contain

    Elsewhere im my articles I have discussed about need of developing a new range of Molecular Imprinted Drugs using biological ligands  as the templates for imprinting.

    Sarcodes used in homeopathy should be understood in terms of biological ligands they contain. When potentizing the sarcodes, we are actually producing Molecular Imprints of their constituent biological ligands.

    First of all we have to understand why the molecular imprints of biological ligands are so much important as therapeutic agents.

    All normal biological interactions being part of all biological processes actually happen by binding of a biological molecule with its natural ligands. Biological molecules such as cellular and intercellular  receptors, Various enzymes, transport molecules etc have bind with different natural ligand molecules to do their work.

    These natural ligands have to bind to specific binding sites or active sites of the biological molecules in order to initiate a biochemical interaction between them. Various endogenous or exogenous alien molecules having conformational similarity with natural ligands can compete with natural ligands and produce a molecular inhibition, which amounts to a state of pathology. Since the competing pathogenic molecules and natural ligands have some conformational similarities, molecular imprints of natural ligands can obviously act as artificial binding pockets for those pathogenic molecules also. That is how the molecular imprints of natural ligands or sarcodes work as powerful therapeutic agents.

    Two important questions have to be answered regarding sarcodes when considering from MIT perspective:

    1. If sarcodes are natural biological ligands having specific functional roles in human organism, how they become pathogenic agents, requiring the intervention of their own potentized forms or ‘molecular imprints’?

    2. If the sarcodes are biological ligands being essential parts of living system, will not their physiological functions get negatively affected by the use of their potentized forms, since it is true that potentized form of a drug substance can antidote the biological effects of same drug in crude form?

    Let us consider pituitary hormones first. They play a decisive role in the whole metabolism of the organism, and hence called ‘master gland’. Pitutary hormones control many enzyme systems in our body. Then how can they act as pathogenic agents, requiring the use of potentized pituitary extract?

    Next question is, when we use potentized pitutrin as a sarcode, will it not act as an antidote towards molecular forms of pituitary hormones and create dangerous
    consequences, by disrupting the whole endocrine activities mediated by pituitary hormones?

    Pepsinum is very important in digestion of proteins. If pepsinum 30 is given to a person, will it create problems in protein digestion by deactivating pepsin molecules? If they cannot antidote pepsin molecules, how can they act as therapeutic agents?

    Thyroid hormones play very important roles in metabolic activities in the living organism. Then how it can be pathogenic agents, requiring the intervention of potentized thyroidinum? Will not potentized thyroidinum hinder the biological processes mediated by thyroid hormones?

    These are very pertinent questions we have to answer while trying to explain the science behind using of potentized sarcodes.

    We can answer these questions only if we know the dynamics of molecular processes involved in biochemical interactions.

    Every biological molecules, especially those belonging to hormones, signaling molecules(cytokines), neuro-chemicals, antibodies and enzymes being circulated in the organism enter into two types of biological interactions:

    1. ‘On-target interactions’ 2. ‘Off-target interactions’.

    ‘On-target’ interactions are those happening between natural ligands and their genuine natural biological targets. Such interactions are essential part of vital processes through which biochemical pathways are carried unhindered.

    Natural ligands and their genuine targets interact through two steps:

    a). molecular identification and binding, which is effected by complementary conformational affinity between targets and ligands,

    b). actual chemical interaction, which is effected by perfect charge affinity between ligands and their natural targets.

    Off-target interactions are those accidentally happening between ligands and wrong targets having conformational affinity only. In the absence of exact charge affinity, no chemical changes occur. Such interactions are always ‘inhibitory’, temporarily or permanently deactivating the involved biological molecules. Such ‘inhibitory’ off-target
    interactions inevitably lead to derangement in associated biochemical pathways resulting in pathological states.

    ‘Off-target’ inhibitions caused by biological molecules such as hormones, enzymes, antibodies, signaling molecules(cytokines) and neurochemicals are causative
    factors of a wide range of pathological conditions in living beings.

    Sarcodes, or potentized preparations of these biological molecules, which contain their ‘molecular imprints’, can effectively remove these molecular inhibitions and thereby act as therapeutic agents. Here lies the importance of sarcodes in homeopathic
    therapeutics.

    Then comes the issue of selective action of the potentized sarcodes. As any other molecular imprints, molecular imprints in potentized sarcodes also cannot interfere in in the interactions between natural ligands and their genuine targets which involves conformational affinity as well as charge affinity. Since molecular imprints act through conformational affinity only, they can interfere in only inhibitory ‘off-target’ interactions.

    It is now obvious that thyroidinum 30 cannot interfere in the essential biochemical processes mediated by thyroid hormones, Piturin 30 cannot interfere in the natural actions of pituitary hormones. This principle is applicable to all potentized sarcodes. We can use potentizeds arcodes above 12c without any fear of adverse effects.

    Sarcodes or potentized biological ligands can play a very important role in the treatment of diverse types of diseases belonging to metabolic, emotional, psychosomatic, and ontological factors. They can also be part of constitutional prescriptions.

    Pathogenic molecules cause diseases by binding to the biological targets and inhibiting their actions by mimicking as their natural ligands, due to the similarity of conformations of their functional groups.

    Molecular Imprints of biological ligands can bind and deactivate the pathogenic molecules having functional groups similar to that of the biological ligands used for preparing the particular Molecular Imprints .

    It is by this molecular mechanism that the molecular imprints of thyroid hormones contained in potentized THYROIDINUM removes the molecular inhibitions in the cellular receptors of thyroid hormones caused by pathogenic molecules.

    We often experience cases where the patient shows symptoms of thyroid deficiency, but thyroid function tests will show normal production of thyroid hormones. It is a very confusing situation for physicians. What actually happens is, cellular receptors of thyroid hormones are blocked by some pathogenic molecules having functional groups similar to those of thyroid hormones binding to the receptors, presenting the interactions between thyroid hormones and their receptors.

    If potentized THYROIDINUM.is applied in such cases, molecular imprints contained in the potentized drugs will bind to the pathogenic molecules, there by clearing the pathological inhibitions of receptors. Interactions between thyroid hormones and their biological targets are brought back to normal, and the deficiency symptoms of thyroid hormones are relieved.

    It is by this same biological mechanism most of the HORMONE REMEDIES as well as the whole class of SARCODES used in homeopathy actually work. We should study SARCODES in terms of biological ligands they contain.

     

     

  • Cactus Grandiflorus- Use It Only in Potencies Above 12c In Cardiac Emergencies

    There is a confusion existing among homeopaths regarding the use of CACTUS in conditions of cardiac emergencies. Some people prefer to use mother tinctures and low potencies, whereas others prefer 30c and higher potencies.

    CACTUS GRANDIFLOROUS or NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS is the plant from which our drug CACTUS is procured.

    Raw CACTUS juice contains large amounts of Vitamin K, which contributes to the blood-clotting properties it displays during drug proving.

    Potentized CACTUS contains molecular imprints of vitamin k, which help in reversing the blood clotting process by binding to vitamin k in the organism. Thereby CACTUS 30 gives instant relief in cardiac emergencies by dissolving blood clots that block the arteries.

    Crude CACTUS was proved to have following actions:

    1. Acts on circular muscular fibers, hence constrictions.

    2. Favors formation of clots speedily.

    These two actions are very much similar to what happens during a coronary artery blockage. Circular muscular fibres of coronary arteries suddenly contracts spasmodically, thereby narrowing the lumen of arteries. Blood clots forms and block these arteries, which results in the emergency situation.

    That means, Molecular imprints contained in potenized CACTUS can reverse these processes happening during a heart attack. It relaxes the artery walls, dissolves the blood clots and facilitates the blood flow to cardiac muscles thereby preventing tissue death.

    Frequent repetition is very important until tiding over the emergency situation.

    During acute cardiac emergencies due to coronary artery blockage, give CACTUS 30 (dilution) in frequent doses until symptoms subside or expert medical care is made available. For last many years, I ask people in high risk group to always carry a 30ML bottle of CACTUS 30 (dilution) with them WITHIN REACH. Many of them had informed me that it had helped them to save their own life or others’ life during emergencies.

    Never use CACTUS Q in such situations. It is expressly said in materia medica that “Cactus favors formation of blood clots speedily” during provings with crude forms. That means, “potentized Cactus can dissolve blood clots” according to similia similibus curentur.

    See the Cardiac symptoms of CACTUS:

    HANDBOOK OF MATERIA MEDICA- BOERICKE:

    Acts on circular muscular fibers, hence constrictions.

    *It is the heart and arteries especially that at once respond to the influence of Cactus, producing very characteristic constrictions as of an iron band.

    This sensation is found in various places, oesophagus, bladder, etc.

    The mental symptoms produced correspond to those found when there are heart affections, sadness, and melancholy.

    Whole body feels as if caged, each wire being twisted tighter.

    Atheromatous arteries and weak heart.

    Congestions; irregular distribution of blood.

    *Favors formation of clots speedily.

    Great periodicity.

    Toxic goitre with cardiac symptoms.

    Cactus is pulseless, panting and prostrated.

    *Fear of death.

    Screams with pain.

    Anxiety.

    *Constriction of oesophagus.

    Dryness of tongue, as if burnt; needs much liquid to get food down.

    *Suffocative constriction at throat, with full, throbbing carotids in angina pectoris.

    *Oppressed breathing as from a weight on chest.

    *Constriction in chest, as if bound, hindering respiration.

    Inflammation of diaphragm.

    *Heart-constriction, as from an iron band.

    Heart weakness of arterio-sclerosis.

    Tobacco heart.

    Violent palpitation; worse lying on left side, at approach of menses.

    *Angina pectoris, with suffocation, cold sweat, and ever-present iron band feeling.

    *Pain in apex, shooting down left arm.

    *Palpitation, with vertigo; dyspnoea, flatulence.

    *Constriction; very acute pains and stitches in heart; pulse feeble, irregular, quick, without strength.

    *Angina pectoris.

    *Palpitation; pain shooting down left arm.

    Haemoptysis, with convulsive, spasmodic cough.

    Diaphragmitis, with great difficulty of breathing.

    *Numbness of left arm.

    SYMPTOMS OF CACTUS GIVEN IN
    DICTIONARY OF MATERIA MEDICA- CLARKE:

    *Difficulty of breathing; continued oppression and uneasiness as if the chest were constricted with a (hot) iron band, hindering respiration.-Whirling sensation from chest to brain; arterial throbbing.-Oppressed breathing from a weight on chest.

    *Congestion of the chest which prevents lying down; palpitation; constriction as from a tight cord around false ribs.

    *Sensation of a great constriction in middle of sternum, as if the parts were compressed by iron pincers, with oppression of breathing; worse on motion.

    *Constriction of throat exciting a constant desire to swallow.

    *Suffocative constriction at throat with full, throbbing carotids.

    *Pain deep in heart like a jerking body, frequently repeated.-

    *Something seemed to be whirling up from chest to brain.-

    *Sensation as if heart turned over ; as if it whirled round; as if some one was grasping heart firmly, with sensation as if it whirled round; as if heart was bound down and had not room enough to beat; as if bolts were holding it; as if compressed or squeezed by a band.-

    *Lancinating pain in heart when perspiration fails.-

    *Deathlike feeling at heart and round to l. back.-

    *Acute pains, pricking and stitches in the heart.-

    Palpitation of the heart, day and night; < when walking, and at night, when lying on l. side.-

    Palpitation in small irregular beats (at times frequent, at others slow), from slightest excitement or deep thought, with necessity for deep inspiration.-

    *Pains in apex of heart, shooting down l. arm to ends of fingers; feeble pulse; dyspnœa.-

    Endocardial murmurs; excessive impulse; increased precordial dulness; enlarged ventricle.-

    Heart disease with œdema of l. hand only.-

    Aneurism.-Atheromatous arteries.Pain under l . shoulder-blade (with palpitation)

  • USE OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE POWDER AS DISPENSING VEHICLE MAY REVOLUTIONIZE HOMEOPATHIC PRACTICE

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    Introduction of Microcrystalline Cellulose Powder as a better alternative to sugar of milk and cane sugar in homeopathic dispensing is of course a part of scientific redefining of homeopathic practice. Actually, it is one of the great inventions that happened in homeopathy after the period of Samuel Hahnemann. It may take some time for homeopathic community to recognize it’s revolutionary implications, but it will happen gradually.

    One of the wonderful properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose Powder is it’s extraordinarily high adsorption capacity. 1gm of MCCP can adsorb and hold more than 1 ml potentized drug. In the picture shown above, I have taken 20 gms of MCCP in a vial and added 20ml of potentized drug. Still it remains dry, powdery, uncaked and free flowing. This high adsorption capacity is one of the reason why I am saying MCCP is superior to lactose and cane sugar for using as homeopathic dispensing vehicle.

    MCCP is chemically inert, and will not interact with water or alcohol contained in potentized drugs. It simply adsorbs the medicines on to the periphery of microcrystals of cellulose. Once put in the mouth, MCCP easily disperses into individual microcrystals and releases the whole medicinal content into buccal cavity, wherefrom it is absorbed into blood stream through the walls of buccal capillaries.

    Since our digestive enzymes cannot split cellulose into constituent glucose molecules MCCP passes through the intestinal tract totally undigested. As such, MCCP has no any nutritional or caloric value, unlike lactose and cane sugar which are digested and absorbed into the system as glucose. Obviously, MCCP is more safe to diabetic patients. This factor also makes MCCP an ideal dispensing vehicle.

    Potentized homeopathic medicines are currently dispensed as medicated sugar pills or sugar of milk. MCCP is proved to be a better alternative for this purpose.

    Sugar pills commonly used for homeopathic dispensing are made of cane sugar or sucrose. Sucrose is the organic compound belonging to the class of ‘carbohydrates’, commonly known as table sugar and sometimes called saccharose. A white, odorless, crystalline powder with a sweet taste, it is best known for its role in food. The molecule is a disaccharide composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose with the molecular formula C12H22O11.

    Sugar of milk or Lactose is a disaccharide sugar found in milk. It has a formula of C12H22O11. Lactose is a disaccharide derived from the condensation of monosacharides galactose and glucose, which form a β-1→4 glycosidic linkage. Its systematic name is β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose. The glucose can be in either the α-pyranose form or the β-pyranose form, whereas the galactose can only have the β-pyranose form: hence α-lactose and β-lactose refer to anomeric form of the glucopyranose ring alone. Lactose is hydrolysed to glucose and galactose, isomerised in alkaline solution to lactulose, and catalytically hydrogenated to the corresponding polyhydric alcohol, lactitol. Lactose crystals have a characteristic tomahawk shape that can be observed with a light microscope.

    Both sucrose and lactose, used in homeopathic pharmacy, could be hydrolyzed into their sub-units by digestive enzymes, and absorbed into blood stream.

    HOMEODISP or Ultra-purified Pharmaceutical Grade Microcrystalline Cellulose Powder I.P is a better alternative to cane sugar and lactose for dispensing homeopathic medicines.

    Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand D-glucose units. Cotton fibers represent the purest natural form of cellulose, containing more than 90% of this polysaccharide. In many ways, cellulose makes the ideal excipient for pharmaceuticals as well as food articles. A naturally occurring polymer, it is composed of glucose units connected by a 1-4 beta glycosidic bond. These linear cellulose chains are bundled together as microfibril spiralled together in the walls of plant cell. Each microfibril exhibits a high degree of three-dimensional internal bonding resulting in a crystalline structure that is insoluble in water and resistant to reagents. There are, however, relatively weak segments of the microfibril with weaker internal bonding. These are called amorphous regions but are more accurately called dislocations since microfibril containing single-phase structure. The crystalline region is isolated to produce microcrystalline cellulose.

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a term for refined wood pulp and is used as a texturizer, an anti-caking agent, a fat substitute, an emulsifier, an extender, and a bulking agent in food production.The most common form is used in vitamin supplements or tablets. It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses.

    Microcrystalline Cellulose powder is subjected to an ultra-purification process to make pharmaceutical grade MCCP .IP, which is distributed as HOMEODISP.

    Experiments have been conducted in homeopathic dispensing by using cellulose, both as cotton fibers as well as microcystalline cellulose powder (MCCP). Small quantity of pure MCCP were moistened with potentized drugs selected as similimum, and kept until it is dried and advised the patients to keep it under tongue for some time. It acted very promptly, much better than when administered by other conventional means. By keeping under tongue for extended periods, the molecular imprints adsorbed in the microcrystalline cellulose gets gradually released, thereby ensuring appropriate exposure and availability.

    Since our digestive enzymes cannot break the cellulose into glucose, MCCP is safer to be administered even to diabetic patients.

    HOMEODISP is available in powder as well as tablet forms.

    Responding to my proposition that MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE could be a superior substitute to LACTOSE and CANE SUGAR as dispensing vehicles for potentized homeopathic drugs, many friends asked me to provide more details regarding the safety studies of MCCP. Hence I am posting here World Health Organization Report on Microcrystalline Cellulose, prepared by the forty-ninth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), World Health Organization, Geneva 1998. First draft prepared by Dr J.B. Greig, Department of Health, Skipton House, 80 London Road, London, SE1 6LW, UK

    This report contains a detailed overview, evaluation and comments upon hundreds of studies done regarding Biochemical aspects (Absorption, distribution and excretion), Acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals, Short-term toxicity studies, Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity studies, Reproductive toxicity studies, Special studies on embryotoxicity and teratogenicity, Special studies on genotoxicity, Special studies on sensitization, Special studies on skin and eye irritation, Special studies on effects of cellulose fibre on tumour growth, Toxicity consequent to substance abuse, Changes in gastrointestinal function and nutrient balance etc with complete references.

    “The Committee concluded that the toxicological data from humans and animals provided no evidence that the ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose can cause toxic effects in humans when used in foods according to good manufacturing practice”.

    The committee concludes the report with the following statement:

    “Persorption of microcrystalline cellulose was reported in various species, which included rats, in early studies. A recent study in which a special fine particle size preparation of microcrystalline cellulose (median diameter of particles 6 µm) was administered orally to rats (5 g/kg bw per day) for 90 days has failed to confirm the earlier observations. In this study precautions were taken to ensure that, at autopsy, there was no cross-contamination of the tissues with fine particulate matter.

    In various parenteral studies of the acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals there have been signs consistent with a tissue response to foreign particles. Similarly, microcrystalline cellulose has been associated with the formation of granulomas in human lung when it has been injected intravenously during drug abuse. No such lesions have been described as a consequence of oral ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose by rats or humans.

    In 90-day toxicity tests during which microcrystalline cellulose was administered to rats in the diet at concentrations of 2.5 to 50%, increased consumption of food to compensate for the content of this material was observed. Although this may have some effects on mineral absorption there was, in general, no compound-related systemic toxicity. The NOEL exceeded 50 g/kg diet, at which dose level the mean intakes of microcrystalline cellulose by male and female rats were 3.8 and 4.4 g/kg bw per day, respectively.

    A two-year feeding study of microcrystalline cellulose in rats was brought to the attention of the Committee. Despite a lack of evidence of toxic effects, the Committee considered that the execution and reporting of the study were not adequate to identify a NOEL.

    In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies were negative.

    In a three-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats that had been reviewed by an earlier Committee, there were some effects of using 30% microcrystalline cellulose in the diet; these had been considered to be a consequence of the quantity of material reducing the energy density of the diet. However, in recent embryotoxicity and teratogenicity studies in rats there was no evidence of compound-related effects at dietary levels up to 50 g of microcrystalline cellulose per kg diet (equal to 4.6 g/kg bw per day), given on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy.

    In some human studies there have been reports of alterations to gastrointestinal function following ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose. The changes do not appear to be related to systemic toxicity”

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a purified, partially depolymerzed cellulose prepared by treating alpha-cellulose, obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material, with mineral acids. The degree of polymerization is typically less than 400. Not more than 10% of the material has a particle size of less than 5 nanometer. Insoluble in water, ethanol, ether and dilute mineral acids. Slightly soluble in sodium hydroxide solution.

    Microcrystalline cellulose (C6H10O5)n is refined wood pulp. It is a white, free-flowing powder. Chemically, it is an inert substance, is not degraded during digestion and has no appreciable absorption. In large quantities it provides dietary bulk and may lead to a laxative effect.

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a commonly used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry. It has excellent compressibility properties and is used in solid dose forms, such as tablets. Tablets can be formed that are hard, but dissolve quickly. Microcrystalline cellulose is the same as cellulose, except that it meets USP standards.

    It is also found in many processed food products, and may be used as an anti-caking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, or suspending agent among other uses. According to the Select Committee on GRAS Substances, microcrystalline cellulose is generally regarded as safe when used in normal quantities.

    The most common form is used in vitamin supplements or tablets. It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethylcellulose.

    A naturally occurring polymer, it is composed of glucose units connected by a 1-4 beta glycosidic bond. These linear cellulose chains are bundled together as microfibril spiralled together in the walls of plant cell. Each microfibril exhibits a high degree of three-dimensional internal bonding resulting in a crystalline structure that is insoluble in water and resistant to reagents. There are, however, relatively weak segments of the microfibril with weaker internal bonding. These are called amorphous regions; some argue that they are more accurately called dislocations, because of the single-phase structure of microfibrils. The crystalline region is isolated to produce microcrystalline cellulose.

    Approved within the European Union as a thickener, stabilizer or emulsifiers microcrystalline cellulose was granted the E number E460(i) with basic cellulose given the number E460.

    Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is pure partially depolymerized cellulose synthesized from α-cellulose precursor. The MCC can be synthesized by different processes such as reactive extrusion, enzyme mediated, steam explosion and acid hydrolysis. The later process can be done using mineral acids such as H2SO4, HCl and HBr as well as ionic liquids. The role of these reagents is to destroy the amorphous regions remaining the crystalline domains. The degree of polymerization is typically less than 400. The MCC particles with size lower than 5 µm must not be more than 10%. The MCC is a valuable additive in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries. Different properties of MCC are measured to qualify its suitability to such utilization, namely particle size, density, compressibility index, angle of repose, powder porosity, hydration swelling capacity, moisture sorption capacity, moisture content, crystallinity index, crystallite size and mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are also important to predict the thermal behavior of the MCC upon heat stresses.

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a widely used excipient, an inert substance used in many pill and tablet formulations. As an insoluble fiber, microcrystalline cellulose is not absorbed into the blood stream, so it cannot cause toxicity when taken orally. In fact, it is so inert it is often used as a placebo in controlled drug studies. However, some side effects have been noted in animal studies, although usually at much higher dosages than would be normal for a human subject.

    ————————————–

    World Health Organization Report on Microcrystalline Cellulose

    INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION- SAFETY EVALUATION OF CERTAIN FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS – WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 40- Prepared by: The forty-ninth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization, Geneva 1998 – First draft prepared by Dr J.B. Greig Department of Health, Skipton House, 80 London Road, London, SE1 6LW, UK

    EXPLANATION

    Microcrystalline cellulose was evaluated at the fifteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth meetings of the Committee (see Annex 1, references 26, 32 and 38). At the nineteenth meeting an ADI “not specified” was allocated. In the light of concern about possible persorption and consequential adverse effects of fine particles, the substance was re-evaluated at the present meeting.

    BIOLOGICAL DATA

    Biochemical aspects- Absorption, distribution and excretion

    Rats

    Four rats were fed 14C-labelled microcrystalline cellulose at 10 or 20% of their diet. No evidence of degradation or digestion was noted. Faecal recoveries of radioactivity ranged from 96-104% and were complete for all labelled material. No radioactivity appeared in the urine (Baker, 1966).

    A study was specifically designed to investigate the possibility that persorption of microcrystalline cellulose might induce toxicological effects. Groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley CD rats (20 per group) from Charles River Laboratories were administered, by gavage, suspensions of a special fine particle-size microcrystalline cellulose (median particle size 6 µm). The rats were dosed orally daily for 90 consecutive days at a level of 5000 mg/kg bw per day by means of a 25% suspension in tap water. The animals were killed on study days 91-94 and necropsies were carried out under conditions that reduced the possibility of contamination of tissues with fine particulates. The birefringent microcrystalline cellulose particles were not detected in any organ or tissue, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, liver, lung, spleen and brain. The size limit for detection of the particles was considered to be < 1 µm (Kotkoskie et al., 1996; FMC Corporation N.V., 1996

    Humans

    One human subject received 150 g of microcrystalline cellulose daily in two portions for a 15-day adaptation period. He then received 14C-labelled microcrystalline cellulose (47.6 µCi) in two portions on one day. Supplementation of the diet with unlabelled microcrystalline cellulose continued for 10 days. Twenty-four-hour faecal and urine collections were examined for radioactivity. No radioactivity appeared in the urine or in the expired CO2. All administered radioactivity (98.9 ± 3.0%) was recovered from the faeces within two days (Baker, 1968).

    Metabolism of a preparation of 14C-labelled cellulose by four volunteers has been shown to be increased by the consumption, for a period of 3 months, of an additional 7 g/per day of dietary fibre. In six subjects with an ileostomy, the cumulative excretion of 14CO2 was lower than in controls. In two constipated subjects metabolism appeared to be more extensive and occurred over a longer period (Walters et al., 1989).

    Examination of the stools of one male and one female patient given 30 g microcrystalline cellulose as dry flour or gel for 5´ weeks showed the presence of undegraded material of the same birefringence as the original microcrystalline cellulose administered. No significant effects on the human gastrointestinal tract were noted during the administration (Tusing et al., 1964).

    Most (87%) of the radiolabel associated with 131I-labelled alpha-cellulose fibres (retained by a sieve with pores of 1 mm diam) was excreted by 4 male and 4 female volunteers within 5 days of ingestion. Less than 2% of the faecal radiolabel was unbound; urinary excretion of unbound radio-iodine accounted for another 1.9% of the total dose (Carryer et al., 1982).

    Other studies have been carried out to demonstrate the relationship between persorbability and size and consistency of granules. Using quartz sand, the upper limit for persorbability was shown to be 150 µm. Starch granules must be structurally largely intact to possess the property of persorbability. Persorbed starch granules may be eliminated in the urine, pulmonary alveoli, peritoneal cavity, cerebrospinal fluid, via lactating milk and transplacentally (Volkheimer et al., 1968).

    In another study, dyed plant foods (oatmeal, creamed corn) were fed to human subjects, and blood and urine were examined for coloured fibres. Dyed fibres were shown to be present (Schreiber, 1974).

    Lycopodium spores and pollen grains have also been shown to be persorbed by humans (Linskens & Jorde, 1974).

    Mean intake of dietary microcrystalline cellulose in the USA has been estimated to range from 2.7 g/person per day (children 2 years of age) to 5.1 g/person per day (young adult males). For heavy consumer intake of microcrystalline cellulose (90th percentile) the values are 5.4 to 10.2 g/person per day for the same age groups (CanTox Inc., 1993).

    The mean intake of dietary microcrystalline cellulose in the United Kingdom has been estimated as 0.65 g/person per day. The highest mean intake, 0.90 g/person per day, was for children aged 10-11 (the youngest group for which data were available). For heavy consumer intake of microcrystalline cellulose (90th percentile) the values ranged from 1.13 g/person per day for adults age 16-24 to 1.83 g/person per day for males age 10-11 (Egan & Heimbach, 1994).

    Persorption in animal species:

    Rats, pigs and dogs were used to study the persorption of microcrystalline cellulose. The animals were not fed for 12 hours prior to oral administration of the test compound. Rats, dogs and pigs were given 0.5, 140 and 200 g, respectively, of the test compound. Venous blood was taken from the animals 1-2 hours after administration of the test compound, and examined for particles. Persorbed particles were demonstrated in the blood of all three species. The average maximum diameter for persorbed particles was greater in rats than in dogs or pigs (Pahlke & Friedrich, 1974)

    Acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals

    No deaths in 10 rats of each sex administered 5000 mg/kg of Avicel RCN-15.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex administered 5000 mg/kg of Avicel AC-815.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex treated with 2000 mg/kg of Avicel RCN-15.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex treated with 2000 mg/kg of Avicel AC-815.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex exposed to 5.35 mg/litre of Avicel AC-815.

    In the studies summarized in Table 1, there was no evidence of toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose preparations administered either orally or dermally to rats at doses of 5000 or 2000 mg/kg bw, respectively. The observations seen at necropsy in animals treated intraperitoneally with Cellan 300 at 3160 mg/kg bw are consistent with an irritant reaction caused by the presence of foreign material. An inhalation toxicity study showed only transient effects at a concentration of 5.35 mg/litre.

    Groups of five male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single oral dose, by stomach tube, of 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000 or 3160 mg/kg bw of a suspension of Cellan 300 (refined alpha-cellulose) in either distilled water or Mazola corn oil. The animals were observed for 7 days following administration. No differences were observed among the groups as regards the average body weight, appearance and behavior compared to untreated rats. No observable gross pathology was revealed at autopsy in animals dosed with either suspension. Therefore, the acute oral LD50 was >3160 mg/kg (Pallotta, 1959).

    Similar single doses of refined alpha-cellulose were given i.p. in distilled water suspension to five male rats. During 7 days observation there were no abnormalities in the rats given 316 mg/kg bw or less. At 1000 and 3160 mg/kg bw inactivity, laboured respiration and ataxia were observed 10 min after administration and, at 3160 mg/kg bw, ptosis and sprawling of the limbs were observed. These animals appeared normal after 24 hours and for the remainder of the observation period. At sacrifice body weights were higher than normal and gross autopsy revealed adhesions between the liver, diaphragm and peritoneal wall and congestion of the kidneys. Masses resembling unabsorbed compound were also observed and these were found to a small extent in the mesentery of the animals administered 316 mg/kg bw.

    There were no deaths and therefore the acute i.p. LD50 was >3160 mg/kg bw (Pallotta, 1959).

    Ten male and ten female Sprague-Dawley rats fasted overnight were fed Avicel RCN-15 (a mixture of 85% microcrystalline cellulose with 15% guar gum) at a dose level of 5000 mg/kg bw mixed with parmesan cheese. Six of ten males and five of ten females consumed the mixture within 24 hours. After a 14-day period during which all rats gained weight normally they were killed. There were no gross lesions at necropsy. Under the specified conditions of administration the LD50 was >5000 mg/kg bw (Freeman, 1991a).

    An acute inhalation toxicity study using a preparation of Avicel AC-815 (composed of 85% microcrystalline cellulose and 15% calcium alginate) with mass median aerodynamic diameter of 8.48-8.61 µm (range of measures) was dispersed and delivered at a mean concentration of 5.35 mg/litre in a nose-only inhalation exposure chamber to 5 male and 5 female Crl:CDBR VAF Plus rats for a period of 4 hours. The rats were observed over the 14 days after removal from the chamber. The only signs of toxicity were on removal from the chamber and consisted of chromodacryorrhea, chromorhinorrhea and, in one male rat, decreased locomotion; these signs had resolved by the next day. After 14 days no gross lesions were observed at necropsy (Signorin, 1996)

    Short-term toxicity studies

    Rats

    Groups of four male rats were kept on diets containing 0.25, 2.5 or 25% of various edible celluloses for 3 months. No differences were observed among the groups with regard to growth and faecal output. Histopathology of the gastrointestinal tract revealed no treatment-related abnormalities (Frey et al., 1928).

    Three groups of five male rats received 0.5 or 10% microcrystalline cellulose in their diet for 8 weeks. Growth was comparable to controls but the 10% group showed slightly lower body weights. Haematology, serum chemistry and vitamin B1 levels in blood and faeces showed no differences from controls (Asahi Chemical Industry Co., 1966).

    Groups of five male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats received 0, 5, 10 or 20% of acid-washed cellulose in their diet during three consecutive nutrient balance trials over a period of 17 days. Absorption of magnesium and zinc were significantly lower in the animals that were receiving the 10 and 20% cellulose diets. Histopathology of the gastrointestinal tract revealed increased mitotic activity and the presence of increased numbers of neutrophils in crypt epithelial cells, particularly of the duodenum and jejunum (Gordon et al., 1983).

    A mixture of four types of Elceme (in the ratio of 1:1:1:1) was fed to groups of Wistar rats for 30 days at a dietary level of 50%, and for 90 days at a dietary level of 10% (Elceme is a microcrystalline cellulose, and the four types are identified by particle size, namely, 1-50 (powder), 1-100 (powder), 1-150 (fibrillar), 90-250 (granulate)). All test animals were observed for food intake and weight gain. For animals in the 10% group, urinalysis, haematological tests and serum biochemical tests were carried out at weeks 6 and 13 of the test. A complete autopsy including histopathology was carried out at the end of the study. Animals in the 50% group were subjected to a persorption test, on the last day of the study, by addition of a cellulose staining dye (Renal, Wine-red) to the food of the test animals at a level equivalent to 5% of the Elceme. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after administration of the diet, and a careful histological examination was made of the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, liver, kidney and heart for stained particles.

    Animals in the 10% group gained significantly less weight than those in the control group; the marked decrease commenced in the third or fourth week of the study. Food intake was similar in test and control groups. Urinalysis, haematological values and biochemical values were similar for test and control group 1. At autopsy some ofthe rats on the test diet had distended stomachs, which often contained considerable amounts of the test diet. The absolute liver and kidney weights and the ratio of the weight of these organs to brain weight was increased in test animals when compared with control animals. No compound-related pathology was reported. Animals in the 50% group showed considerable less weight gain than control animals in spite of a marked increase in food consumption. No persorption of dyed fibres was observed (Ferch, 1973a,b).

    Randomly bred rats of both sexes were divided into groups that received a control diet or the control diet with 330 mg/kg microcrystalline cellulose for a period of 6 months. Six rats in each group were then killed, their organs were examined, and tissues were taken for histopathology. No effects of the treatment were observed (Yartsev et al., 1989).

    Groups of Crl: CD(R) BR/VAF/Plus rats (20/sex per group) were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50 000 mg/kg Avicel RCN-15 in the diet for 90 days. A few test animals were noted as having chromodacryorrhea/ chromorhinorrhea, but this was not considered to be biologically significant. In some early weeks the rats increased diet consumption, probably to allow for the increased dietary fibre content. Body weight gain was unaffected. During the study and at necropsy there was no evidence of treatment-related changes. Clinical chemistry, haematology and organ weights were unaffected by treatment. Histopathology of 34 organs or tissues, including gastrointestinal tract and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the ileum, provided no evidence of toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose. The calculated daily consumption of microcrystalline cellulose was 3769 mg/kg bw per day for males and 4446 mg/kg bw per day for females. The author noted that the NOEL exceeded 50 000 mg/kg diet (Freeman, 1992a).

    Groups of Sprague-Dawley CD rats (20 rats/dose per sex) from Charles River Laboratories were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50000 mg/kg Avicel CL-611 in the diet for 90 days. (Avicel CL-611 orAvicel(R) Cellulose Gel is composed of 85% microcrystalline cellulose and 15% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). There were no differences in weight gain of the males; a body weight gain decrement in females was attributed to a decreased caloric intake. No adverse effects attributable to the treatment were observed. At necropsy organ weights of the test groups were normal other than changes to adrenals of males receiving 50 000 mg/kg and to absolute brain and kidney weights in females receiving 25 000 mg/kg, but these were not attributed to the treatment. Histopathology of 36 organs or tissues from the control and high-dose groups, including gastrointestinal tract and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the ileum, provided no evidence of toxicity of the microcrystalline cellulose. The mean nominal consumptions, averaged over weekly periods, of Avicel CL-611 by males and females of the top-dose groups ranged from 2768 to 5577 and 3673 to 6045 mg/kg bw per day, respectively (Freeman, 1994a).

    Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) was used as a positive control in a short-term toxicity study (approximately 13 weeks) of Cellulon, a cellulose fibre. Sprague-Dawley Crl:CB (SD) BR rats, 20 rats/sex per group, received a diet containing 0, 5 or 10% of the appropriate fibre ad libitum. Animals were checked daily, and body weights and food consumption were monitored weekly. Haematology (10 parameters) and clinical chemistry (14 parameters) were performed on blood samples taken from 10 rats/sex per group. All animals were necropsied, and gross observations and the weights of liver, testes with epididymes, adrenals and kidneys were recorded. Histological examination was carried out on tissue sections from control and high-dose groups.

    Food consumption was increased in the groups fed cellulose fibre, although there were no differences in body weight between the fibre-fed and control groups. This effect was attributed to the altered nutritional value of the diet. From the haematology and clinical chemistry there was only one significant difference of microcrystalline cellulose group from the control value; this was in the group of female rats fed 5% microcrystalline cellulose in which there was an elevation of the haematocrit. There was no evidence of a dose response.

    Study of the necropsy results and the histological observations indicate that there was no evidence of any treatment-related effects of microcrystalline cellulose during the 13-week feeding study in rats at either 5 or 10% in the diet (Schmitt et al., 1991).

    Groups of Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats (20 rats/dose per sex) from Charles River Laboratories were administered, by gavage, suspensions of a special, fine particle size, microcrystalline cellulose (median particle size 6 µm). The dose levels were 0 (control), 500, 2500 or 5000 mg/kg per day as a 25% suspension in tap water. Dosing was performed daily for 90 consecutive days. No treatment-related deaths occurred during the study and the only treatment-related clinical sign (pale faeces) was not attributed to toxicity. There were no toxicologically significant effects in treated animals with respect to body weight, absolute and relative organ weights (5 organs weighed), food consumption, clinical chemistry measurements, haematology measurements or opthalmoscopic examinations. In animals that has received 5000 mg/kg per day there were no treatment-related lesions detected histopathologically (in 36 tissues including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, liver, lung, spleen and brain) nor was there any macroscopic or microscopic finding of microemboli or granulomatous inflammatory lesions (Kotkoskie et al., 1996).

    Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity studies

    Rats

    Three groups of 50 male and 50 female rats received in their die for 72 weeks either 30% ordinary cellulose or dry microcrystalline cellulose or micro-crystalline cellulose gel. Appearance and behavior was comparable in all groups. No adverse effects were noted. The body weights of males given microcrystalline cellulose gel were higher than those of the controls. Food efficiency, survival and haematology were comparable in all groups. The liver and kidney weights of males receiving microcrystalline cellulose gel were higher than the controls. Gross and histopathology showed some dystrophic calcification of renal tubules in females on microcrystalline cellulose but all other organs appeared unremarkable. Tumour incidence did not differ between the groups (Hazleton Labs, 1963).

    The Committtee was aware of a study in which a microcrystalline cellulose preparation, of which 90% of the particles had a diameter < 20 µm, was fed to male and female rats at 0 (control), 30, 100 or 200 g/kg diet. The high mortality during the course of the study, the evidence of confounding infection, the limited number of animals for which there was histopathological examination, and the absence of details of the first year of feeding do not provide adequate reassurance as to the ability of this study to detect other than gross effects (Lewerenz et al., 1981).

    Reproductive toxicity studies

    Rats

    Groups of eight male and 16 female rats were used to produce P, F1a, F1b, F2 and F3 generations after having been fed on diets containing 30% microcrystalline cellulose flour or gel or ordinary cellulose as a control. The presence in the diet of such an amount of non-nutritious material, which contributed no calories, had an adverse effect on reproduction. Fertility and numbers of live pups were relatively depressed, and lactation performances in all three generations, as well as survival and the physical condition of the pups, were unsatisfactory throughout the study. The new-born pup appeared smaller, weak and showed evidence of disturbed motor coordination. Liver weights were increased in the group receiving microcrystalline cellulose gel in all generations but other organ weights showed no consistent patterns. At autopsy female rats of all generations showed kidney changes comprising pitting, occasional enlargement and zonation of the cortex. Other organs showed no consistent changes. No teratological deformities were seen (Hazleton Labs, 1964).

    Special studies on embryotoxicity and teratogenicity

    Rats

    Seventy-two rats (Sprague-Dawley CD) divided into eight groups were fed a mixture of four types of Elceme in the ratio of 1:1:1:1 in the diet at a level of 0, 2.5, 5 or 10% for 10 days, between days 6 and 15 of pregnancy. Rats of four test groups were killed on day 21 of pregnancy and the following parameters studied: number of fetuses and resorption sites, litter size and average weight of rats, average weight of fetuses and average backbone length. Fetuses were also examined for soft tissue or skeletal defects. The remaining groups were allowed to bear young, which were maintained to weaning (21 days). The following parameters were studied: litter size, weight of pups at days 7 and 21, and there was a histological study of the offspring. Although there is some suggestion that administration of dietary Elceme resulted in a dose-dependent increase in resorption sites, as well as a change in sex ratio, and possible defects such as opaque crystalline lenses, the data has not been presented in a manner that permits a meaningful interpretation. However, the author concluded that Elceme is non-teratogenic (Ferch, 1973a,b).

    Groups of 25 presumed pregnant Crl:CD(R) BR VAF/Plus rats were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50 000 mg Avicel RCN-15/kg diet (equal to 2.1 and 4.5 g/kg bw per day, respectively) ad libitum on days 6 to 15 of gestation. Animals received basal diet at all other times. In the group receiving 50 000 mg/kg the food consumption on days 6 to 15 was significantly higher than that of controls, probably because of the increased fibre content. On day 20 of gestation thedams were killed by carbon dioxide inhalation and the following parameters studied: number and distribution of implantation sites, early and late resorptions, live and dead fetuses and corpora lutea. External, visceral and skeletal examinations of the fetuses were also performed. There was no evidence of any adverse effects of the test material on either the dams or the fetuses. Due to a protocol error fetal sex was not recorded (Freeman, 1992b).

    Groups of 25 presumed pregnant Charles River Sprague-Dawley CD rats were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50 000 mg Avicel CL-611/kg (equal to 2.2 and 4.6 g/kg bw per day, respectively) diet ad libitum on days 6 to 15 of gestation. Animals received basal diet at all other times. In the test groups the food consumption on days to 15 was significantly higher than for controls, probably because of the increased fibre content. The parameters studied and examinations performed were the same as in the study of Freeman (1992b). There was no evidence of any effects of the Avicel treatment on the fetuses, and there was no evidence of a change of sex ratio in the pups or of eye defects. Under the conditions of the study, the maternal and fetal NOEL was > 50 000 mg/kg diet (equal to 4.6 g/kg bw per day) (Freeman, 1994b).

    Special studies on genotoxicity

    Various microcrystalline cellulose preparations have been tested for genotoxicity in several different assay systems. The results of which were negative, are summarized in Table 2.

    In the reverse mutation assays the microcrystalline cellulose formulations produced a heavy precipitate on the plate at the highest concentration. Solubility also affected the forward mutation assays and it was not possible to include concentrations of the test material that were cytotoxic. In the in vivo mammalian micronucleus assays it is improbable that there was appreciable persorption of the test materials, and, therefore, there was little exposure of the bone marrow cells. In the test in which Avicel RCN-15 was used it was administered admixed with the diet of male and female ICR mice. Only mice that had consumed all the diet within 10 hours were retained in the study and were killed after 24, 48 or 72 hours. Because one group of control mice had 0 micronuclei per 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes, the comparison with the test group was statistically significant. This was not considered to be a valid observation. There is no evidence that microcrystalline cellulose is genotoxic.

    Special studies on sensitization

    Avicel RCN-15 was determined to be non-sensitizing when topically applied to ten male and ten female Hartley guinea-pigs (Freeman, 1991e).

    Avicel AC-815 was determined to be non-sensitizing when topicall applied to ten male Hartley guinea-pigs (Freeman, 1996c).

    Special studies on skin and eye irritation

    Avicel RCN-15 was judged to be minimally irritating after instillation into the eyes of four male and two female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1991c).

    Avicel AC-815 was judged to be minimally irritating after instillation into the eyes of four male and two female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1996a).

    Avicel RCN-15 was judged to be non-irritating after a 4-hour occlusive contact with the skin of three male and three female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1991d).

    Avicel AC-815 was judged to be non-irritating after a 4-hour occlusive contact with the skin of three male and three female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1996b).

    Special studies on effects of cellulose fibre on tumour growth

    The effect of artifical diets containing varied concentrations of either wheat bran or pure cellulose fibre on the induction of mammary tumours by N-nitrosomethylurea (i.v., 40 mg/kg) was studied in female F344 rats. The wheat bran diet appeared to possess anti-promotion properties that pure cellulose lacked. The concentrations of serum estrogens, urinary estrogens and faecal estrogens did not vary in a consistent, statistically significant manner (Cohen et al., 1996).

    The effect of a high-fibre diet containing 45 000 mg/kg Avicel PH- 105 on the development of colon tumours was investigated in male Wistar rats that were injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (25 mg/kg, s.c., once weekly for 16 weeks). The test and control diets were administered for 2 weeks prior to the first injection of the carcinogen. There was a reduction in the number of animals bearing colon tumours and a statistically significant reduction in the number of colon tumours/rat in the high-fibre dietary group. However, for small bowel tumours and tumours of the ear canal there was no significant difference between the dietary groups Freeman et al., 1978).

    A later study by the same authors demonstrated that there was no significant effect of increasing the level of cellulose in the diet to 9000 mg/kg (Freeman et al., 1980).

    Observations in humans

    Toxicity consequent to substance abuse

    Intravenous abuse of drugs available in tablet form has led to the detection of excipients, e.g., talc, magnesium stearate or microcrystalline cellulose, in the tissues of a series of 33 fatality cases of intravenous drug addicts. Microcrystalline cellulose (21 cases) and talc (31 cases) were detected most frequently and, in some cases, were associated with granulomatous lesions (Kringsholm & Christoffersen, 1987).

    Changes in gastrointestinal function and nutrient balance

    A number of clinical studies using refined cellulose as roughage in the human diet for the treatment of constipation showed no deleterious effects. Groups of 18 children received regular amounts of edible cellulose instead of normal cereal for three months. The only effect noted was an increase in bowel movements but no diarrhoea or other gastrointestinal disturbances were seen (Frey et al., 1928).

    Eight male and eight female volunteers supplemented their normal diet with 30 g microcrystalline cellulose per day as either dry powder or gel (15% aqueous) for 6 weeks followed by 2 weeks without supplementation. No adverse findings were reported regarding acceptance or body weight but most subjects complained of fullness and mild constipation. Haematology was normal in all subjects. Biochemical blood values showed no differences between treatment and control periods, nor was there evidence of liver or kidney function disturbance. Urinalysis produced normal findings. The faecal flora remained unchanged. The cellulose content of faeces increase five to eight times during the test period. Microscopy revealed the presence of microcrystalline cellulose (Hazleton Labs, 1962).

    In another study, eight healthy males received 30 g microcrystalline cellulose daily as supplement to their diet for 15 days. D-xylose absorption varied between pretest, test and post-test periods, being lower during microcrystalline cellulose ingestion. The absorption of 131I-triolein was unaffected by microcrystalline cellulose ingestion. No change was noted in the faecal flora nor was there any significant effect on blood chemistry during ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose. Examination of urine, blood and faecal levels of vitamin B1 during microcrystalline cellulose ingestion showed no difference from control periods (Asahi Chemical Industry Co., 1966).

    Twelve men consumed diets containing fibres from various sources for periods of 4 weeks. There was no significant difference between alues of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels measured after consumption of the basal diet, compared with the values measured after consumption of a diet containing cellulose fibres (90% cellulose, 10% hemicellulose; James River Corp., Berlin, New Hampshire, USA). There were no significant differences in plasma VLDL and HDL cholesterol or in the ratio of HDL/VLDL+LDL cholesterol. However, the increase in plasma LDL cholesterol after the cellulose diet was significant (Behall et al., 1984).

    A similar study in a group of four men and six women could detect no effect of a diet containing added alpha-cellulose (15 g daily) on serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol. The cellulose was well tolerated (Hillman et al., 1985).

    A double-blind cross-over trial of the effects of guar gum andmicrocrystalline cellulose on metabolic control and serum lipids in 22 Type 2 diabetic patients has been carried out. The fibre preparations were given at 15 g/day for a 2-week period and then at 5 g/day for the remaining 10-week period of each treatment phase. There was no effect of the microcrystalline cellulose diet on fasting blood glucose level, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum HDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum zinc or ferritin, or urinary magnesium excretion (Niemi et al., 1988).

    The effect of various dietary fibres, including microcrystalline cellulose (40 g), on the uptake of vitamin A (approximately sixty times the daily requirement) from a test meal was investigated in 11 female subjects aged 19 to 22. All the dietary fibres significantly increased the absorption of the vitamin A over a period of 9 hours (Kasper et al., 1979).

    A study of apparent mineral balance in a group of eleven men revealed that there was no significant effect of cellulose, added to the diet at 7.5 g per 1000 kcal for 4 weeks, on the mineral balance of calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper or zinc. However, in this report the source of the cellulose fibre was not specified (Behall et al., 1987).

    The addition of nutritional grade cellulose (21 g) to the daily diet of healthy adolescent girls resulted in reduction of the serum calcium, phosphorus and iron concentrations. The authors suggested that high-fibre diets may not be advisable (Godara et al., 1981).

    A study of only three men on a low-fibre diet claimed changes in mineral balance consequent on the consumption of additional cellulose fibre, 10 g of Whatman No. 3 filter paper daily, in the diet (Ismail-Beigi et al., 1977).

    Microcrystalline cellulose (5 g) did not appear to inhibit the uptake of iron in women who were neither pregnant nor lactating (Gillooly et al., 1984).

    A group of twenty women, aged 27-48, who were given 20 g packs of alpha-cellulose to be consumed daily for three months, were included in a study of the effect of indole-3-carbinol on estrogen metabolite ratios. Because the control group and the group fed indole-3-carbinol received capsules, the cellulose group could not be blinded; in addition, an unspecified number of subjects in this group dropped out as they found that the cellulose suspension was unpalatable. However, the authors suggest that the estrogen metabolite ratio in the high- fibre group was not different from that in the control group (Bradlow et al., 1994).

    COMMENTS

    Persorption of microcrystalline cellulose was reported in various species, which included rats, in early studies. A recent study in which a special fine particle size preparation of microcrystalline cellulose (median diameter of particles 6 µm) was administered orally to rats (5 g/kg bw per day) for 90 days has failed to confirm the earlier observations. In this study precautions were taken to ensure that, at autopsy, there was no cross-contamination of the tissues with fine particulate matter.

    In various parenteral studies of the acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals there have been signs consistent with a tissue response to foreign particles. Similarly, microcrystalline cellulose has been associated with the formation of granulomas in human lung when it has been injected intravenously during drug abuse. No such lesions have been described as a consequence of oral ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose by rats or humans.

    In 90-day toxicity tests during which microcrystalline cellulose was administered to rats in the diet at concentrations of 2.5 to 50%, increased consumption of food to compensate for the content of this material was observed. Although this may have some effects on mineral absorption there was, in general, no compound-related systemic toxicity. The NOEL exceeded 50 g/kg diet, at which dose level the mean intakes of microcrystalline cellulose by male and female rats were 3.8 and 4.4 g/kg bw per day, respectively.

    A two-year feeding study of microcrystalline cellulose in rats was brought to the attention of the Committee. Despite a lack of evidence of toxic effects, the Committee considered that the execution and reporting of the study were not adequate to identify a NOEL.

    In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies were negative.

    In a three-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats that had been reviewed by an earlier Committee, there were some effects of using 30% microcrystalline cellulose in the diet; these had been considered to be a consequence of the quantity of material reducing the energy density of the diet. However, in recent embryotoxicity and teratogenicity studies in rats there was no evidence of compound-related effects at dietary levels up to 50 g of microcrystalline cellulose per kg diet (equal to 4.6 g/kg bw per day), given on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy.

    In some human studies there have been reports of alterations to gastrointestinal function following ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose. The changes do not appear to be related to systemic toxicity.

    EVALUATION

    The Committee concluded that the toxicological data from humans and animals provided no evidence that the ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose can cause toxic effects in humans when used in foods according to good manufacturing practice.

    It is recognized that small particles of other materials may be persorbed and that the extent of persorption is greater with sub-micrometre particles. Despite the absence of any demonstrated persorption of microcrystalline cellulose in the recent study in rats, the Committee, as a precautionary measure, revised the specifications for microcrystalline cellulose at the present meeting to limit the content of particles less than 5 µm in diameter. The Committee retained the ADI “not specified” for microcrystalline cellulose conforming to these specifications.

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    Behall, K.M., Scholfield, D.J., Lee, K., Powell, A.S., & Moser, P.B. (1987) Mineral balance in adult men: effect of four refined fibers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 46: 307-314.

    Bradlow, H.L., Michnovicz, J.J., Halper, M., Miller, D.G., Wong, G.Y.C., & Osborne, M.P. (1994) Long-term response of women to indole-3-carbinol or a high fiber diet. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev, 3: 591-593.

    CanTox Inc. (1993) Estimated consumption of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose from current and proposed food uses of Avicel cellulose gel. Unpublished report dated December 1993, prepared by CanTox Inc. for FMC Corporation (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Carryer, P.W., Brown, M.L., Malagelada, J.-R., Carlson, G.L., & McCall, J.T. (1982) Quantification of the fate of dietary fiber in humans by a newly developed radiolabeled fiber marker. Gastroenterology, 82: 1389-1394.

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    Cifone, M.A. (1994) Mutagenicity test on Avicel CL-611, E329N in theL5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay with a confirmatory assay. Unpublished report by Hazleton Washington Inc., Vienna, Virginia, USA (FMC Study No. 194-1834) (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.)

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    Eldridge, J.H., Gilley, R.M., Staas, J.K., Moldoveanu, Z., Meulbroek, J.A., & Tice, T.R. (1989) Biodegradable microspheres: vaccine delivery system for oral immunization. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Imunol., 146: 59-66.

    Eldridge, J.H., Hammond, C.J., Meulbroek, J.A., Staas, J.K., Gilley, R.M. & Tice, T.R. (1990) Controlled vaccine release in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues: I. Orally administered biodegradable microspheres target the Peyer’s patches. J. Control. Release, 11: 205-214.

    Ferch, H. (1973a) Innocuity of Elceme (R). Part I. Pharm. Ind.,35(9): 578-583.

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    FMC Corporation N.V. (1996) Microcrystalline cellulose. MCC, Ins 460 (i). Technical and Scientific Dossier. Unpublished report from FMC Europe N.V., Brussels, Belgium, dated November 1996 (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1991a) Avicel RCN-15. Acute oral toxicity study in rats. Unpublished report No. I91-1217 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1991b) Avicel RCN-15. Acute dermal toxicity study in rats. Unpublished report No. I91-1219 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1991c) Avicel RCN-15. Primary eye irritation study in rabbits. Unpublished report No. I91-1218 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1991d) Avicel RCN-15. Primary skin irritation study in rabbits. Unpublished report No. I91-1220 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1991e) Avicel RCN-15. Skin sensitisation study in guinea pigs. Unpublished report No. I91-1216 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1992a) Avicel RCN-15. Ninety-day feeding study in rats. Unpublished report No. I91-1202 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1992b) Avicel RCN-15. Teratology study in rats (dietary). Unpublished report No. I91-1213 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1994a) Avicel CL-611. Ninety-day feeding study in rats. Unpublished report No. I92-1711 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1994b) Avicel CL-611. Teratology study in rats (dietary). Unpublished report No. I92-1712 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1996a) Avicel AC-815. Primary eye irritation study in rabbits. Unpublished report No. I95-2042 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1996b) Avicel AC-815. Primary skin irritation study in rabbits. Unpublished report No. I95-2043 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1996c) Avicel AC-815. Skin sensitization study in guinea pigs. Unpublished report No. I95-2044 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1996d) Avicel AC-815. Acute oral toxicity study in rats. Unpublished report No. I95-2040 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, C. (1996e) Avicel AC-815. Acute dermal toxicity study in rats. Unpublished report No. I95-2041 from FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Freeman, H.J., Spiller, G.A., & Kim, Y.S. (1978) A double-blind study on the effect of purified cellulose dietary fiber on 1,2- dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colonic neoplasia. Cancer Res., 38: 2912-2917.

    Freeman, H.J., Spiller, G.A., & Kim, Y.S. (1980) A double-blind study on the effects of differing purified cellulose and pectin fiber diets on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colonic neoplasia. CancerRes., 40: 2661-2665.

    Frey, J.W., Harding, E.R., & Helmbold, T.R. (1928) Dietetic investigations of edible pure cellulose. Med. J. Rec., 127: 585-589.

    Gillooly, M., Bothwell, T.H., Charlton, R.W., Torrance, J.D., Bezwoda, W.R., MacPhail, A.P., Derman, D.P., Novelli, L., Morrall, P., & Mayet, (1984) Factors affecting the absorption of iron from cereals. Br. J. Nutr., 51: 37-46.

    Godara, R., Kaur, A.P., & Bhat, C.M. (1981) Effect of cellulose incorporation in a low fiber diet on fecal excretion and serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and iron in adolescent girls. Am. J. Clin.Nutr., 34: 1083-1086.

    Gordon, D.T., Besch-Williford, C., & Ellersieck, M.R. (1983) The action of cellulose on the intestinal mucosa and element absorption by the rat. J. Nutr., 113: 2545-2556.

    Hazleton Labs (1962) Microcrystalline cellulose; oral administration – Human. Unpublished report from Hazleton Labs, Inc. (Submitted to WHO by FMC Corporation).

    Hazleton Labs (1963) Long-term nutritional balance study – Rats. Unpublished report from Hazleton Labs, Inc. (Submitted to WHO by FMC Corporation).

    Hazleton Labs (1964) Microcrystalline cellulose: reproduction study – Rats. Unpublished report from Hazleton Labs, Inc. (Submitted to WHO by FMC Corporation).

    Hillman, L.C., Peters, S.G., Fisher, C.A., & Pomare, E.W. (1985) The effects of the fiber components pectin, cellulose and lignin on serum cholesterol levels. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 42: 207-213.

    Ismail-Beigi, F., Reinhold, J.G., Faraji, B., & Abadi, P. (1977) Effects of cellulose added to diets of low and high fiber content upon the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus by man. Nutr., 107: 510-518.

    Jani, P., Halbert, G.W., Langridge, J., & Florence, A.T. (1990) Nanoparticle uptake by the rat gastrointestinal mucosa: quantitation and particle size dependency. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 42: 821-826.

    Jani, P.U., McCarthy, D.E., & Florence, A.T. (1994) Titanium dioxide rutile particle uptake from the rat GI tract and translocation to systemic organs after oral administration. Int. J. Pharm., 105: 157-168.

    Jenkins, P.G., Howard, K.A., Blackhall, N.W., Thomas, N.W., Davis, S.S., & O’Hagan, D.T. (1994) The quantitation of the absorption of microparticles into the intestinal lymph of Wistar rats. Int. J.Pharm., 102: 261-266.

    Kasper, H., Rabast, U., Fassl, H., & Fehle, F. (1979) The effect of dietary fiber on the postprandial serum vitamin A concentration in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 32: 1847-1849.

    Kotkoskie, L.A., Butt, M.T., Selinger, E., Freeman, C., & Weiner, M.L. (1996). Qualitative investigation of uptake of fine particle size microcrystalline cellulose following oral administration in rats. Anat., 189: 531-535.

    Kringsholm, B. & Christoffersen, P. (1987) The nature and the occurrence of birefringent material in different organs in fatal drug addiction. Forensic Sci. Int., 34: 53-62.

    Lawlor, T.E. (1996) Mutagenicity test with Avicel AC-815 in the Salmonella-Escherichia coli/mammalian microsome reverse mutation assay with a confirmatory assay. Unpublished report by Corning Hazleton Inc., Vienna, Virginia, USA (FMC Study No. I95-2047) (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    LeFevre, M.E., Hancock, D.C., & Joel, D.D. (1980) Intestinal barrier to large particulates in mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 6: 691.

    Lewerenz, H.J., Bleyl, D.W.R., & Plass, R. (1981) Report on investigations in the second test year of continuous administration of microcrystalline cellulose into rats with their feed. Translation (and German original) of an unpublished report from the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic, Research Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Linskens, H.F. & Jorde, W. (1974) Persorption of lycopodium spores and pollen grains, Naturwissenschaften, 61: 275-276.

    McKeon, M.E. (1992). Genotoxicity test on Avicel RCN-15 in the assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver primary cell cultures with a confirmatory assay. Unpublished report by Hazleton Washington Inc., Kensington, Maryland, USA (FMC Study No. I91-1229) (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Murli, H. (1992) Mutagenicity test on Avicel RCN-15 in vivo mammalian micronucleus assay. Unpublished report by Hazleton Washington Inc., Kensington, Maryland, USA FMC Study No. I91-1228) (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Murli, H. (1994a) Mutagenicity test on Avicel pH101 Pharmaceutical in an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Unpublished report by Hazleton Washington, Inc., Vienna, Virginia, USA (FMC Study No. I94-1837) (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Murli, H. (1994b) Mutagenicity test on Avicel CL-611 in an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Unpublished report by Hazleton Washington, Inc., Vienna, Virginia, USA (FMC Study No. I94-1835) (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Niemi, M.K., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S.M., & Salmela, P.I. (1988) Long-term effects of guar gum and microcrystalline cellulose on glycaemic control and serum lipids in Type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 34: 427-429.

    Pahlke, G. & Friedrich, R. (1974) Persorption of microcrystalline cellulose, Naturwissenschaften, 61: 35.

    Pallotta, A.J. (1959) Acute oral administration – Rats; and acute intraperitoneal administration – Rats, of microcrystalline cellulose. Unpublished report from Hazleton Labs, Inc. (Submitted to WHO by FMC Corporation).

    Schmitt, D.F., Frankos, V.H., Westland, J., & Zoetis, T. (1991) Toxicologic evaluation of Cellulon fiber; genotoxicity, pyrogenicity, acute and subchronic toxicity. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol., 10: 541-554.

    Schreiber, G. (1974) Ingested dyed cellulose in the blood and urine of man. Arch. Environ. Health, 29: 39.

    Signorin, J. (1996) Avicel AC-815. Acute inhalation study in rats. Unpublished report No. I95-2045 by FMC Corporation Toxicology Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA (Submitted to WHO by FMC Europe N.V.).

    Simon, L., Shine, G., & Dayan, A.D. (1994) Effect of animal age on the uptake of large particulates across the epithelium of the rat small intestine. Int. J. Exp. Pathol., 75: 369-373.

    Steege, H., Lewerenz, H.J., Philipp, B., & George, J. (1980) Characterization of cellulose powders with special attention to the physiological aspects. International Dissolving Pulp Conference, German Democratic Republic, 5, 169-183.

    Tomashefski, J.F., Hirsch, C.S., & Jolly, P.N. (1981) Microcrystalline cellulose pulmonary embolism and granulomatosis. A complication of illicit intravenous injections of pentazocine tablets. Arch.Pathol. Lab. Med., 105: 89-93.

    Tusing, T.W., Paynter, O.E., & Battista, O.A. (1964) Birefringence of plant fibrous cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose in human stools freezer-stored immediately after evacuation. Agric. Food Chem., 12(3): 284-287.

    Volkheimer, G., Schultz, F.H., Lehmann, H., Aurich, I., Hubner, R., Hubner, M., Hallmayer, A., Munch, H., Opperman, H., & Strauch, S.(1968) Primary portal transport of persorbed starch granules from the intestinal wall. Med. Exp., 18: 103-108

    Walters, M.P., Kelleher, J., Findlay, J.M., & Srinivasan, S.T. (1989) Preparation and characterisation of a [14C]cellulose suitable for human metabolic studies. Br. J. Nutr., 62: 121-129.

    Yartsev, N.M., Ivanova, V.S., Altymyshev, A.A., Sarybayeva, R.I., & Vasil’kova, T.V. (1989) Anatomical and histological state of rats given microcrystalline cellulose in long-term experiments. Izvestiya AN Kirgizskoi SSR, 3: 63-65.

    Zeltner, T.B., Nussbaumer, U., Rudin, O., & Zimmermann, A. (1982) Unusual pulmonary vascular lesions after intravenous injections of microcrystalline cellulose. A complication of pentazocine tablet abuse. Virchows Arch. [Pathol. Anat.], 395: 207-216.

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  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REPORT ON SAFETY ASPECTS OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (MCCP)

    Responding to my proposition that MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE could be a superior substitute to LACTOSE and CANE SUGAR as dispensing vehicles for potentized homeopathic drugs, many friends asked me to provide more details regarding the safety studies of MCCP. Hence I am posting here World Health Organization Report on Microcrystalline Cellulose, prepared by the forty-ninth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), World Health Organization, Geneva 1998. First draft prepared  by Dr J.B. Greig, Department of Health, Skipton House, 80 London Road, London, SE1 6LW, UK

    This report contains a detailed overview, evaluation and comments upon hundreds of studies done regarding Biochemical aspects (Absorption, distribution and excretion), Acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals, Short-term toxicity studies, Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity studies, Reproductive toxicity studies, Special studies on embryotoxicity and teratogenicity, Special studies on genotoxicity, Special studies on sensitization, Special studies on skin and eye irritation, Special studies on effects of cellulose fibre on tumour growth,  Toxicity consequent to substance abuse,  Changes in gastrointestinal function and nutrient balance etc with complete references.

    “The Committee concluded that the toxicological data from humans  and animals provided no evidence that the ingestion of  microcrystalline cellulose can cause toxic effects in humans when used  in foods according to good manufacturing practice”.

    The committee concludes the report with the following statement:

    “Persorption of microcrystalline cellulose was reported in various species, which included rats, in early studies. A recent study in which a special fine particle size preparation of microcrystalline  cellulose (median diameter of particles 6 µm) was administered orally to rats (5 g/kg bw per day) for 90 days has failed to confirm the earlier observations. In this study precautions were taken to ensure that, at autopsy, there was no cross-contamination of the tissues with fine particulate matter.

    In various parenteral studies of the acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals there have been signs consistent with a tissue response to foreign particles. Similarly, microcrystalline cellulose has been associated with the formation of granulomas in human lung when it has been injected intravenously during drug abuse. No such lesions have been described as a consequence of oral ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose by rats or humans.

    In 90-day toxicity tests during which microcrystalline cellulose was administered to rats in the diet at concentrations of 2.5 to 50%, increased consumption of food to compensate for the content of this material was observed. Although this may have some effects on mineral absorption there was, in general, no compound-related systemic toxicity. The NOEL exceeded 50 g/kg diet, at which dose level the mean intakes of microcrystalline cellulose by male and female rats were 3.8 and 4.4 g/kg bw per day, respectively.

    A two-year feeding study of microcrystalline cellulose in rats was brought to the attention of the Committee. Despite a lack of evidence of toxic effects, the Committee considered that the execution and reporting of the study were not adequate to identify a NOEL.

    In vitro and  in vivo genotoxicity studies were negative.

    In a three-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats that had been reviewed by an earlier Committee, there were some effects of using 30% microcrystalline cellulose in the diet; these had been considered to be a consequence of the quantity of material reducing the energy density of the diet. However, in recent embryotoxicity and teratogenicity studies in rats there was no evidence of compound-related effects at dietary levels up to 50 g of microcrystalline cellulose per kg diet (equal to 4.6 g/kg bw per day), given on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy.

    In some human studies there have been reports of alterations to gastrointestinal function following ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose. The changes do not appear to be related to systemic toxicity”

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a purified, partially depolymerzed cellulose prepared by treating alpha-cellulose, obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material, with mineral acids. The degree of polymerization is typically less than 400. Not more than 10% of the material has a particle size of less than 5 nanometer. Insoluble in water, ethanol, ether and dilute mineral acids. Slightly soluble in sodium hydroxide solution.

    Microcrystalline cellulose (C6H10O5)n is refined wood pulp. It is a white, free-flowing powder. Chemically, it is an inert substance, is not degraded during digestion and has no appreciable absorption. In large quantities it provides dietary bulk and may lead to a laxative effect.

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a commonly used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry. It has excellent compressibility properties and is used in solid dose forms, such as tablets. Tablets can be formed that are hard, but dissolve quickly. Microcrystalline cellulose is the same as cellulose, except that it meets USP standards.

    It is also found in many processed food products, and may be used as an anti-caking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, or suspending agent among other uses. According to the Select Committee on GRAS Substances, microcrystalline cellulose is generally regarded as safe when used in normal quantities.

    The most common form is used in vitamin supplements or tablets. It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethylcellulose.

    A naturally occurring polymer, it is composed of glucose units connected by a 1-4 beta glycosidic bond. These linear cellulose chains are bundled together as microfibril spiralled together in the walls of plant cell. Each microfibril exhibits a high degree of three-dimensional internal bonding resulting in a crystalline structure that is insoluble in water and resistant to reagents. There are, however, relatively weak segments of the microfibril with weaker internal bonding. These are called amorphous regions; some argue that they are more accurately called dislocations, because of the single-phase structure of microfibrils. The crystalline region is isolated to produce microcrystalline cellulose.

    Approved within the European Union as a thickener, stabilizer or emulsifiers microcrystalline cellulose was granted the E number E460(i) with basic cellulose given the number E460.

    Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is pure partially depolymerized cellulose synthesized from α-cellulose precursor. The MCC can be synthesized by different processes such as reactive extrusion, enzyme mediated, steam explosion and acid hydrolysis. The later process can be done using mineral acids such as H2SO4, HCl and HBr as well as ionic liquids. The role of these reagents is to destroy the amorphous regions remaining the crystalline domains. The degree of polymerization is typically less than 400. The MCC particles with size lower than 5 µm must not be more than 10%. The MCC is a valuable additive in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries. Different properties of MCC are measured to qualify its suitability to such utilization, namely particle size, density, compressibility index, angle of repose, powder porosity, hydration swelling capacity, moisture sorption capacity, moisture content, crystallinity index, crystallite size and mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are also important to predict the thermal behavior of the MCC upon heat stresses.

    Microcrystalline cellulose is a widely used excipient, an inert substance used in many pill and tablet formulations. As an insoluble fiber, microcrystalline cellulose is not absorbed into the blood stream, so it cannot cause toxicity when taken orally. In fact, it is so inert it is often used as a placebo in controlled drug studies. However, some side effects have been noted in animal studies, although usually at much higher dosages than would be normal for a human subject.

    World Health Organization Report on Microcrystalline Cellulose

    INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION- SAFETY EVALUATION OF CERTAIN FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS – WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 40-  Prepared by: The forty-ninth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).  World Health Organization, Geneva 1998 –  First draft prepared     by Dr J.B. Greig Department of Health, Skipton House, 80 London Road, London, SE1 6LW, UK

    EXPLANATION

    Microcrystalline cellulose was evaluated at the fifteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth meetings of the Committee (see Annex 1, references 26, 32 and 38). At the nineteenth meeting an ADI “not specified” was allocated. In the light of concern about possible persorption and consequential adverse effects of fine particles, the substance was re-evaluated at the present meeting.

    BIOLOGICAL DATA

    Biochemical aspects-  Absorption, distribution and excretion

    Rats

    Four rats were fed 14C-labelled microcrystalline cellulose at 10 or 20% of their diet. No evidence of degradation or digestion was noted. Faecal recoveries of radioactivity ranged from 96-104% and were complete for all labelled material. No radioactivity appeared in the urine (Baker, 1966).

    A study was specifically designed to investigate the possibility that persorption of microcrystalline cellulose might induce toxicological effects. Groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley CD rats (20 per group) from Charles River Laboratories were administered, by gavage, suspensions of a special fine particle-size microcrystalline cellulose (median particle size 6 µm). The rats were dosed orally daily for 90 consecutive days at a level of 5000 mg/kg bw per day by means of a 25% suspension in tap water. The animals were killed on study days 91-94 and necropsies were carried out under conditions that reduced the possibility of contamination of tissues with fine particulates. The birefringent microcrystalline cellulose particles were not detected in any organ or tissue, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, liver, lung, spleen and brain. The size limit for detection of the particles was considered to be < 1 µm (Kotkoskie  et al., 1996; FMC Corporation N.V., 1996

    Humans

    One human subject received 150 g of microcrystalline cellulose daily in two portions for a 15-day adaptation period. He then received 14C-labelled microcrystalline cellulose (47.6 µCi) in two portions on one day. Supplementation of the diet with unlabelled microcrystalline cellulose continued for 10 days. Twenty-four-hour faecal and urine collections were examined for radioactivity. No radioactivity appeared in the urine or in the expired CO2. All administered radioactivity (98.9 ± 3.0%) was recovered from the faeces within two days (Baker, 1968).

    Metabolism of a preparation of 14C-labelled cellulose by four volunteers has been shown to be increased by the consumption, for a period of 3 months, of an additional 7 g/per day of dietary fibre. In six subjects with an ileostomy, the cumulative excretion of 14CO2 was lower than in controls. In two constipated subjects metabolism appeared to be more extensive and occurred over a longer period (Walters  et al., 1989).

    Examination of the stools of one male and one female patient given 30 g microcrystalline cellulose as dry flour or gel for 5´ weeks showed the presence of undegraded material of the same birefringence as the original microcrystalline cellulose administered. No significant effects on the human gastrointestinal tract were noted during the administration (Tusing  et al., 1964).

    Most (87%) of the radiolabel associated with 131I-labelled alpha-cellulose fibres (retained by a sieve with pores of 1 mm diam) was excreted by 4 male and 4 female volunteers within 5 days of ingestion. Less than 2% of the faecal radiolabel was unbound; urinary excretion of unbound radio-iodine accounted for another 1.9% of the total dose (Carryer  et al., 1982).

    Other studies have been carried out to demonstrate the relationship between persorbability and size and consistency of granules. Using quartz sand, the upper limit for persorbability was shown to be 150 µm. Starch granules must be structurally largely intact to possess the property of persorbability. Persorbed starch granules may be eliminated in the urine, pulmonary alveoli, peritoneal cavity, cerebrospinal fluid, via lactating milk and transplacentally (Volkheimer  et al., 1968).

    In another study, dyed plant foods (oatmeal, creamed corn) were fed to human subjects, and blood and urine were examined for coloured fibres. Dyed fibres were shown to be present (Schreiber, 1974).

    Lycopodium spores and pollen grains have also been shown to be persorbed by humans (Linskens & Jorde, 1974).

    Mean intake of dietary microcrystalline cellulose in the USA has been estimated to range from 2.7 g/person per day (children 2 years of age) to 5.1 g/person per day (young adult males). For heavy consumer intake of microcrystalline cellulose (90th percentile) the values are 5.4 to 10.2 g/person per day for the same age groups (CanTox Inc., 1993).

    The mean intake of dietary microcrystalline cellulose in the United Kingdom has been estimated as 0.65 g/person per day. The highest mean intake, 0.90 g/person per day, was for children aged 10-11 (the youngest group for which data were available). For heavy consumer intake of microcrystalline cellulose (90th percentile) the values ranged from 1.13 g/person per day for adults age 16-24 to 1.83 g/person per day for males age 10-11 (Egan & Heimbach, 1994).

    Persorption in animal species:

    Rats, pigs and dogs were used to study the persorption of microcrystalline cellulose. The animals were not fed for 12 hours prior to oral administration of the test compound. Rats, dogs and pigs were given 0.5, 140 and 200 g, respectively, of the test compound. Venous blood was taken from the animals 1-2 hours after administration of the test compound, and examined for particles. Persorbed particles were demonstrated in the blood of all three species. The average maximum diameter for persorbed particles was greater in rats than in dogs or pigs (Pahlke & Friedrich, 1974)

    Acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals

    No deaths in 10 rats of each sex administered 5000 mg/kg of Avicel RCN-15.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex administered 5000 mg/kg of Avicel AC-815.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex treated with 2000 mg/kg of Avicel RCN-15.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex treated with 2000 mg/kg of Avicel AC-815.

    No deaths in 5 rats of each sex exposed to 5.35 mg/litre of Avicel AC-815.

    In the studies summarized in Table 1, there was no evidence of toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose preparations administered either orally or dermally to rats at doses of 5000 or 2000 mg/kg bw, respectively. The observations seen at necropsy in animals treated  intraperitoneally with Cellan 300 at 3160 mg/kg bw are consistent with an irritant reaction caused by the presence of foreign material. An inhalation toxicity study showed only transient effects at a concentration of 5.35 mg/litre.

    Groups of five male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single oral dose, by stomach tube, of 10.0, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000 or 3160 mg/kg bw of a suspension of Cellan 300 (refined alpha-cellulose) in either  distilled water or Mazola corn oil. The animals were observed for 7 days following administration. No differences were observed among the groups as regards the average body weight, appearance and behavior  compared to untreated rats. No observable gross pathology was revealed  at autopsy in animals dosed with either suspension. Therefore, the  acute oral LD50 was >3160 mg/kg (Pallotta, 1959).

    Similar single doses of refined alpha-cellulose were given i.p. in distilled water suspension to five male rats. During 7 days observation there were no abnormalities in the rats given 316 mg/kg bw or less. At 1000 and 3160 mg/kg bw inactivity, laboured respiration and ataxia were observed 10 min after administration and, at 3160 mg/kg bw, ptosis and sprawling of the limbs were observed. These  animals appeared normal after 24 hours and for the remainder of the  observation period. At sacrifice body weights were higher than normal and gross autopsy revealed adhesions between the liver, diaphragm and peritoneal wall and congestion of the kidneys. Masses resembling   unabsorbed compound were also observed and these were found to a small extent in the mesentery of the animals administered 316 mg/kg bw.

    There were no deaths and therefore the acute i.p. LD50 was >3160 mg/kg bw (Pallotta, 1959).

    Ten male and ten female Sprague-Dawley rats fasted overnight were  fed Avicel RCN-15 (a mixture of 85% microcrystalline cellulose with 15% guar gum) at a dose level of 5000 mg/kg bw mixed with parmesan cheese. Six of ten males and five of ten females consumed the mixture within 24 hours. After a 14-day period during which all rats gained  weight normally they were killed. There were no gross lesions at necropsy. Under the specified conditions of administration the LD50 was >5000 mg/kg bw (Freeman, 1991a).

    An acute inhalation toxicity study using a preparation of Avicel AC-815 (composed of 85% microcrystalline cellulose and 15% calcium  alginate) with mass median aerodynamic diameter of 8.48-8.61 µm (range of measures) was dispersed and delivered at a mean concentration of  5.35 mg/litre in a nose-only inhalation exposure chamber to 5 male and 5 female Crl:CDBR VAF Plus rats for a period of 4 hours. The rats were observed over the 14 days after removal from the chamber. The only signs of toxicity were on removal from the chamber and consisted of  chromodacryorrhea, chromorhinorrhea and, in one male rat, decreased  locomotion; these signs had resolved by the next day. After 14 days no gross lesions were observed at necropsy (Signorin, 1996)

    Short-term toxicity studies

    Rats

    Groups of four male rats were kept on diets containing 0.25, 2.5 or 25% of various edible celluloses for 3 months. No differences were observed among the groups with regard to growth and faecal output. Histopathology of the gastrointestinal tract revealed no treatment-related abnormalities (Frey  et al., 1928).

    Three groups of five male rats received 0.5 or 10% microcrystalline cellulose in their diet for 8 weeks. Growth was comparable to controls but the 10% group showed slightly lower body  weights. Haematology, serum chemistry and vitamin B1 levels in blood and faeces showed no differences from controls (Asahi Chemical Industry Co., 1966).

    Groups of five male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats received 0, 5, 10 or 20% of acid-washed cellulose in their diet during three consecutive nutrient balance trials over a period of 17 days. Absorption of magnesium and zinc were significantly lower in the animals that were receiving the 10 and 20% cellulose diets. Histopathology of the gastrointestinal tract revealed increased mitotic activity and the presence of increased numbers of neutrophils in crypt epithelial cells, particularly of the duodenum and jejunum (Gordon  et al., 1983).

    A mixture of four types of Elceme (in the ratio of 1:1:1:1) was fed to groups of Wistar rats for 30 days at a dietary level of 50%,  and for 90 days at a dietary level of 10% (Elceme is a  microcrystalline cellulose, and the four types are identified by particle size, namely, 1-50 (powder), 1-100 (powder), 1-150 (fibrillar), 90-250 (granulate)). All test animals were observed for food intake and weight gain. For animals in the 10% group, urinalysis,  haematological tests and serum biochemical tests were carried out at weeks 6 and 13 of the test. A complete autopsy including  histopathology was carried out at the end of the study. Animals in the 50% group were subjected to a persorption test, on the last day of the  study, by addition of a cellulose staining dye (Renal, Wine-red) to  the food of the test animals at a level equivalent to 5% of the Elceme. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after administration of the diet, and a careful histological examination was made of the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, liver, kidney and heart for stained particles.

    Animals in the 10% group gained significantly less weight than  those in the control group; the marked decrease commenced in the third or fourth week of the study. Food intake was similar in test and  control groups. Urinalysis, haematological values and biochemical values were similar for test and control group 1. At autopsy some ofthe rats on the test diet had distended stomachs, which often contained considerable amounts of the test diet. The absolute liver and kidney weights and the ratio of the weight of these organs to brain weight was increased in test animals when compared with control animals. No compound-related pathology was reported. Animals in the 50% group showed considerable less weight gain than control animals in spite of a marked increase in food consumption. No persorption of dyed fibres was observed (Ferch, 1973a,b).

    Randomly bred rats of both sexes were divided into groups that  received a control diet or the control diet with 330 mg/kg microcrystalline cellulose for a period of 6 months. Six rats in each group were then killed, their organs were examined, and tissues were taken for histopathology. No effects of the treatment were observed (Yartsev  et al., 1989).

    Groups of Crl: CD(R) BR/VAF/Plus rats (20/sex per group) were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50 000 mg/kg Avicel RCN-15 in the diet for 90 days. A few test animals were noted as having  chromodacryorrhea/ chromorhinorrhea, but this was not considered to be   biologically significant. In some early weeks the rats increased diet consumption, probably to allow for the increased dietary fibre content. Body weight gain was unaffected. During the study and at necropsy there was no evidence of treatment-related changes. Clinical chemistry, haematology and organ weights were unaffected by treatment. Histopathology of 34 organs or tissues, including gastrointestinal tract and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the ileum, provided no evidence of toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose. The calculated  daily consumption of microcrystalline cellulose was 3769 mg/kg bw per day for males and 4446 mg/kg bw per day for females. The author noted that the NOEL exceeded 50 000 mg/kg diet (Freeman, 1992a).

    Groups of Sprague-Dawley CD rats (20 rats/dose per sex) from Charles River Laboratories were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50000 mg/kg Avicel CL-611 in the diet for 90 days. (Avicel CL-611 orAvicel(R) Cellulose Gel is composed of 85% microcrystalline cellulose and 15% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). There were no differences in weight gain of the males; a body weight gain decrement in females was attributed to a decreased caloric intake. No adverse  effects attributable to the treatment were observed. At necropsy organ  weights of the test groups were normal other than changes to adrenals of males receiving 50 000 mg/kg and to absolute brain and kidney weights in females receiving 25 000 mg/kg, but these were not  attributed to the treatment. Histopathology of 36 organs or tissues  from the control and high-dose groups, including gastrointestinal tract and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the ileum, provided no evidence of toxicity of the microcrystalline cellulose. The mean  nominal consumptions, averaged over weekly periods, of Avicel CL-611  by males and females of the top-dose groups ranged from 2768 to 5577 and 3673 to 6045 mg/kg bw per day, respectively (Freeman, 1994a).

    Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) was used as a positive control  in a short-term toxicity study (approximately 13 weeks) of Cellulon, a  cellulose fibre. Sprague-Dawley Crl:CB (SD) BR rats, 20 rats/sex per group, received a diet containing 0, 5 or 10% of the appropriate fibre ad libitum. Animals were checked daily, and body weights and food consumption were monitored weekly. Haematology (10 parameters) and clinical chemistry (14 parameters) were performed on blood samples taken from 10 rats/sex per group. All animals were necropsied, and gross observations and the weights of liver, testes with epididymes, adrenals and kidneys were recorded. Histological examination was  carried out on tissue sections from control and high-dose groups.

    Food consumption was increased in the groups fed cellulose fibre, although there were no differences in body weight between the fibre-fed and control groups. This effect was attributed to the altered nutritional value of the diet. From the haematology and  clinical chemistry there was only one significant difference of   microcrystalline cellulose group from the control value; this was in  the group of female rats fed 5% microcrystalline cellulose in which there was an elevation of the haematocrit. There was no evidence of a  dose response.

    Study of the necropsy results and the histological observations  indicate that there was no evidence of any treatment-related effects of microcrystalline cellulose during the 13-week feeding study in rats  at either 5 or 10% in the diet (Schmitt  et al., 1991).

    Groups of Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats (20 rats/dose per sex) from Charles River Laboratories were administered, by gavage, suspensions  of a special, fine particle size, microcrystalline cellulose (median particle size 6 µm). The dose levels were 0 (control), 500, 2500 or  5000 mg/kg per day as a 25% suspension in tap water. Dosing was   performed daily for 90 consecutive days. No treatment-related deaths occurred during the study and the only treatment-related clinical sign (pale faeces) was not attributed to toxicity. There were no toxicologically significant effects in treated animals with respect to body weight, absolute and relative organ weights (5 organs weighed), food consumption, clinical chemistry measurements, haematology measurements or opthalmoscopic examinations. In animals that has received 5000 mg/kg per day there were no treatment-related lesions detected histopathologically (in 36 tissues including gut-associated lymphoid tissue, liver, lung, spleen and brain) nor was there any macroscopic or microscopic finding of microemboli or granulomatous  inflammatory lesions (Kotkoskie  et al., 1996).

    Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity studies

    Rats

    Three groups of 50 male and 50 female rats received in their die  for 72 weeks either 30% ordinary cellulose or dry microcrystalline cellulose or micro-crystalline cellulose gel. Appearance and behavior was comparable in all groups. No adverse effects were noted. The body weights of males given microcrystalline cellulose gel were higher than  those of the controls. Food efficiency, survival and haematology were comparable in all groups. The liver and kidney weights of males receiving microcrystalline cellulose gel were higher than the controls. Gross and histopathology showed some dystrophic calcification of renal tubules in females on microcrystalline  cellulose but all other organs appeared unremarkable. Tumour incidence  did not differ between the groups (Hazleton Labs, 1963).

    The Committtee was aware of a study in which a microcrystalline  cellulose preparation, of which 90% of the particles had a diameter   < 20 µm, was fed to male and female rats at 0 (control), 30, 100 or 200 g/kg diet. The high mortality during the course of the study, the evidence of confounding infection, the limited number of animals for which there was histopathological examination, and the absence of details of the first year of feeding do not provide adequate reassurance as to the ability of this study to detect other than gross effects (Lewerenz  et al., 1981).

    Reproductive toxicity studies

    Rats 

    Groups of eight male and 16 female rats were used to produce P,  F1a, F1b, F2 and F3 generations after having been fed on diets containing 30% microcrystalline cellulose flour or gel or ordinary cellulose as a control. The presence in the diet of such an amount of  non-nutritious material, which contributed no calories, had an adverse effect on reproduction. Fertility and numbers of live pups were  relatively depressed, and lactation performances in all three  generations, as well as survival and the physical condition of the pups, were unsatisfactory throughout the study. The new-born pup appeared smaller, weak and showed evidence of disturbed motor  coordination. Liver weights were increased in the group receiving microcrystalline cellulose gel in all generations but other organ  weights showed no consistent patterns. At autopsy female rats of all generations showed kidney changes comprising pitting, occasional  enlargement and zonation of the cortex. Other organs showed  no consistent changes. No teratological deformities were seen (Hazleton Labs, 1964).

    Special studies on embryotoxicity and teratogenicity

    Rats  

    Seventy-two rats (Sprague-Dawley CD) divided into eight groups were fed a mixture of four types of Elceme in the ratio of 1:1:1:1 in the diet at a level of 0, 2.5, 5 or 10% for 10 days, between days 6 and 15 of pregnancy. Rats of four test groups were killed on day 21 of pregnancy and the following parameters studied: number of fetuses and resorption sites, litter size and average weight of rats, average weight of fetuses and average backbone length. Fetuses were also examined for soft tissue or skeletal defects. The remaining groups were allowed to bear young, which were maintained to weaning (21 days). The following parameters were studied: litter size, weight of  pups at days 7 and 21, and there was a histological study of the offspring. Although there is some suggestion that administration of dietary Elceme resulted in a dose-dependent increase in resorption  sites, as well as a change in sex ratio, and possible defects such as  opaque crystalline lenses, the data has not been presented in a manner  that permits a meaningful interpretation. However, the author concluded that Elceme is non-teratogenic (Ferch, 1973a,b).

    Groups of 25 presumed pregnant Crl:CD(R) BR VAF/Plus rats were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50 000 mg Avicel RCN-15/kg diet (equal to 2.1 and 4.5 g/kg bw per day, respectively)  ad libitum on   days 6 to 15 of gestation. Animals received basal diet at all other  times. In the group receiving 50 000 mg/kg the food consumption on  days 6 to 15 was significantly higher than that of controls, probably because of the increased fibre content. On day 20 of gestation thedams were killed by carbon dioxide inhalation and the following parameters studied: number and distribution of implantation sites,  early and late resorptions, live and dead fetuses and corpora lutea.  External, visceral and skeletal examinations of the fetuses were also  performed. There was no evidence of any adverse effects of the test  material on either the dams or the fetuses. Due to a protocol error fetal sex was not recorded (Freeman, 1992b).

    Groups of 25 presumed pregnant Charles River Sprague-Dawley CD  rats were administered 0 (control), 25 000 or 50 000 mg Avicel  CL-611/kg (equal to 2.2 and 4.6 g/kg bw per day, respectively) diet   ad libitum on days 6 to 15 of gestation. Animals received basal diet at all other times. In the test groups the food consumption on days     to 15 was significantly higher than for controls, probably because of   the increased fibre content. The parameters studied and examinations performed were the same as in the study of Freeman (1992b). There was  no evidence of any effects of the Avicel treatment on the fetuses, and there was no evidence of a change of sex ratio in the pups or of eye defects. Under the conditions of the study, the maternal and fetal  NOEL was > 50 000 mg/kg diet (equal to 4.6 g/kg bw per day) (Freeman,   1994b).

    Special studies on genotoxicity

    Various microcrystalline cellulose preparations have been tested for genotoxicity in several different assay systems. The results of which were negative, are summarized in Table 2.

    In the reverse mutation assays the microcrystalline cellulose formulations produced a heavy precipitate on the plate at the highest concentration. Solubility also affected the forward mutation assays and it was not possible to include concentrations of the test material that were cytotoxic. In the  in vivo mammalian micronucleus assays it is improbable that there was appreciable persorption of the test materials, and, therefore, there was little exposure of the bone marrow cells. In the test in which Avicel RCN-15 was used it was administered admixed with the diet of male and female ICR mice. Only mice that had consumed all the diet within 10 hours were retained in the study and were killed after 24, 48 or 72 hours. Because one group of control mice had 0 micronuclei per 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes, the comparison with the test group was statistically significant. This was not considered to be a valid observation. There is no evidence that microcrystalline cellulose is genotoxic.

    Special studies on sensitization

      Avicel RCN-15 was determined to be non-sensitizing when topically  applied to ten male and ten female Hartley guinea-pigs (Freeman,  1991e).

    Avicel AC-815 was determined to be non-sensitizing when topicall    applied to ten male Hartley guinea-pigs (Freeman, 1996c).

    Special studies on skin and eye irritation

    Avicel RCN-15 was judged to be minimally irritating after  instillation into the eyes of four male and two female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1991c).

    Avicel AC-815 was judged to be minimally irritating after   instillation into the eyes of four male and two female New Zealand  White rabbits (Freeman, 1996a).

    Avicel RCN-15 was judged to be non-irritating after a 4-hour occlusive contact with the skin of three male and three female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1991d).

    Avicel AC-815 was judged to be non-irritating after a 4-hour occlusive contact with the skin of three male and three female New Zealand White rabbits (Freeman, 1996b).

    Special studies on effects of cellulose fibre on tumour growth 

    The effect of artifical diets containing varied concentrations of either wheat bran or pure cellulose fibre on the induction of mammary  tumours by  N-nitrosomethylurea (i.v., 40 mg/kg) was studied in female F344 rats. The wheat bran diet appeared to possess anti-promotion properties that pure cellulose lacked. The concentrations of serum estrogens, urinary estrogens and faecal estrogens did not vary in a consistent, statistically significant manner (Cohen  et al., 1996).

    The effect of a high-fibre diet containing 45 000 mg/kg Avicel PH- 105 on the development of colon tumours was investigated in male Wistar rats that were injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (25 mg/kg, s.c., once weekly for 16 weeks). The test and control diets were administered for 2 weeks prior to the first injection of the carcinogen. There was a reduction in the number of animals bearing colon tumours and a statistically significant reduction in the number of colon tumours/rat in the high-fibre dietary group. However, for small bowel tumours and tumours of the ear canal there was no significant difference between the dietary groups Freeman et al., 1978).

    A later study by the same authors demonstrated that there was no significant effect of increasing the level of cellulose in the diet to 9000 mg/kg (Freeman  et al., 1980).

    Observations in humans

    Toxicity consequent to substance abuse 

    Intravenous abuse of drugs available in tablet form has led to the detection of excipients, e.g., talc, magnesium stearate or microcrystalline cellulose, in the tissues of a series of 33 fatality cases of intravenous drug addicts. Microcrystalline cellulose (21  cases) and talc (31 cases) were detected most frequently and, in some cases, were associated with granulomatous lesions (Kringsholm & Christoffersen, 1987).

    Changes in gastrointestinal function and nutrient balance

    A number of clinical studies using refined cellulose as roughage  in the human diet for the treatment of constipation showed no  deleterious effects. Groups of 18 children received regular amounts of   edible cellulose instead of normal cereal for three months. The only  effect noted was an increase in bowel movements but no diarrhoea or other gastrointestinal disturbances were seen (Frey  et al., 1928).

    Eight male and eight female volunteers supplemented their normal diet with 30 g microcrystalline cellulose per day as either dry powder or gel (15% aqueous) for 6 weeks followed by 2 weeks without supplementation. No adverse findings were reported regarding acceptance or body weight but most subjects complained of fullness and mild constipation. Haematology was normal in all subjects. Biochemical blood values showed no differences between treatment and control periods, nor was there evidence of liver or kidney function disturbance. Urinalysis produced normal findings. The faecal flora remained unchanged. The cellulose content of faeces increase five to eight times during the test period. Microscopy revealed the presence of microcrystalline cellulose (Hazleton Labs, 1962).

    In another study, eight healthy males received 30 g microcrystalline cellulose daily as supplement to their diet for 15 days. D-xylose absorption varied between pretest, test and post-test periods, being lower during microcrystalline cellulose ingestion. The absorption of 131I-triolein was unaffected by microcrystalline  cellulose ingestion. No change was noted in the faecal flora nor was there any significant effect on blood chemistry during ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose. Examination of urine, blood and faecal levels of vitamin B1 during microcrystalline cellulose ingestion showed no difference from control periods (Asahi Chemical Industry Co., 1966).

    Twelve men consumed diets containing fibres from various sources for periods of 4 weeks. There was no significant difference between alues of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels measured after consumption of the basal diet, compared with the values measured after consumption of a diet containing cellulose fibres (90% cellulose, 10% hemicellulose; James River Corp., Berlin, New Hampshire, USA). There were no significant differences in plasma VLDL and HDL cholesterol or in the ratio of HDL/VLDL+LDL cholesterol. However, the increase in plasma LDL cholesterol after the cellulose diet was significant (Behall  et al., 1984).

    A similar study in a group of four men and six women could detect no effect of a diet containing added alpha-cellulose (15 g daily) on serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol. The cellulose was well tolerated (Hillman et al., 1985).

    A double-blind cross-over trial of the effects of guar gum andmicrocrystalline cellulose on metabolic control and serum lipids in 22 Type 2 diabetic patients has been carried out. The fibre preparations were given at 15 g/day for a 2-week period and then at 5 g/day for the remaining 10-week period of each treatment phase. There was no effect of the microcrystalline cellulose diet on fasting blood glucose level, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum HDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum zinc or ferritin, or urinary magnesium excretion (Niemi   et al., 1988).

    The effect of various dietary fibres, including microcrystalline cellulose (40 g), on the uptake of vitamin A (approximately sixty times the daily requirement) from a test meal was investigated in 11 female subjects aged 19 to 22. All the dietary fibres significantly increased the absorption of the vitamin A over a period of 9 hours (Kasper  et al., 1979).

    A study of apparent mineral balance in a group of eleven men revealed that there was no significant effect of cellulose, added to the diet at 7.5 g per 1000 kcal for 4 weeks, on the mineral balance of calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper or zinc. However, in this report the source of the cellulose fibre was not specified (Behall et al., 1987).

    The addition of nutritional grade cellulose (21 g) to the daily diet of healthy adolescent girls resulted in reduction of the serum calcium, phosphorus and iron concentrations. The authors suggested that high-fibre diets may not be advisable (Godara  et al., 1981).

    A study of only three men on a low-fibre diet claimed changes in mineral balance consequent on the consumption of additional cellulose fibre, 10 g of Whatman No. 3 filter paper daily, in the diet (Ismail-Beigi  et al., 1977).

    Microcrystalline cellulose (5 g) did not appear to inhibit the uptake of iron in women who were neither pregnant nor lactating (Gillooly  et al., 1984).

    A group of twenty women, aged 27-48, who were given 20 g packs of alpha-cellulose to be consumed daily for three months, were included in a study of the effect of indole-3-carbinol on estrogen metabolite ratios. Because the control group and the group fed indole-3-carbinol received capsules, the cellulose group could not be blinded; in addition, an unspecified number of subjects in this group dropped out as they found that the cellulose suspension was unpalatable. However, the authors suggest that the estrogen metabolite ratio in the high- fibre group was not different from that in the control group (Bradlow et al., 1994).

    COMMENTS

    Persorption of microcrystalline cellulose was reported in various species, which included rats, in early studies. A recent study in which a special fine particle size preparation of microcrystalline  cellulose (median diameter of particles 6 µm) was administered orally to rats (5 g/kg bw per day) for 90 days has failed to confirm the earlier observations. In this study precautions were taken to ensure that, at autopsy, there was no cross-contamination of the tissues with fine particulate matter.

    In various parenteral studies of the acute toxicity of microcrystalline cellulose in animals there have been signs consistent with a tissue response to foreign particles. Similarly, microcrystalline cellulose has been associated with the formation of granulomas in human lung when it has been injected intravenously during drug abuse. No such lesions have been described as a consequence of oral ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose by rats or humans.

    In 90-day toxicity tests during which microcrystalline cellulose was administered to rats in the diet at concentrations of 2.5 to 50%, increased consumption of food to compensate for the content of this material was observed. Although this may have some effects on mineral absorption there was, in general, no compound-related systemic toxicity. The NOEL exceeded 50 g/kg diet, at which dose level the mean intakes of microcrystalline cellulose by male and female rats were 3.8 and 4.4 g/kg bw per day, respectively.

    A two-year feeding study of microcrystalline cellulose in rats was brought to the attention of the Committee. Despite a lack of evidence of toxic effects, the Committee considered that the execution and reporting of the study were not adequate to identify a NOEL.

    In vitro and  in vivo genotoxicity studies were negative.

    In a three-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats that had been reviewed by an earlier Committee, there were some effects of using 30% microcrystalline cellulose in the diet; these had been considered to be a consequence of the quantity of material reducing the energy density of the diet. However, in recent embryotoxicity and teratogenicity studies in rats there was no evidence of compound-related effects at dietary levels up to 50 g of microcrystalline cellulose per kg diet (equal to 4.6 g/kg bw per day), given on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy.

    In some human studies there have been reports of alterations to gastrointestinal function following ingestion of microcrystalline cellulose. The changes do not appear to be related to systemic toxicity.

    EVALUATION

    The Committee concluded that the toxicological data from humans  and animals provided no evidence that the ingestion of  microcrystalline cellulose can cause toxic effects in humans when used  in foods according to good manufacturing practice.

    It is recognized that small particles of other materials may be   persorbed and that the extent of persorption is greater with sub-micrometre particles. Despite the absence of any demonstrated persorption of microcrystalline cellulose in the recent study in rats, the Committee, as a precautionary measure, revised the specifications   for microcrystalline cellulose at the present meeting to limit the content of particles less than 5 µm in diameter. The Committee  retained the ADI “not specified” for microcrystalline cellulose  conforming to these specifications.

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